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Subbaiah MAM, Rautio J, Meanwell NA. Prodrugs as empowering tools in drug discovery and development: recent strategic applications of drug delivery solutions to mitigate challenges associated with lead compounds and drug candidates. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:2099-2210. [PMID: 38226865 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00957a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
The delivery of a drug to a specific organ or tissue at an efficacious concentration is the pharmacokinetic (PK) hallmark of promoting effective pharmacological action at a target site with an acceptable safety profile. Sub-optimal pharmaceutical or ADME profiles of drug candidates, which can often be a function of inherently poor physicochemical properties, pose significant challenges to drug discovery and development teams and may contribute to high compound attrition rates. Medicinal chemists have exploited prodrugs as an informed strategy to productively enhance the profiles of new chemical entities by optimizing the physicochemical, biopharmaceutical, and pharmacokinetic properties as well as selectively delivering a molecule to the site of action as a means of addressing a range of limitations. While discovery scientists have traditionally employed prodrugs to improve solubility and membrane permeability, the growing sophistication of prodrug technologies has enabled a significant expansion of their scope and applications as an empowering tool to mitigate a broad range of drug delivery challenges. Prodrugs have emerged as successful solutions to resolve non-linear exposure, inadequate exposure to support toxicological studies, pH-dependent absorption, high pill burden, formulation challenges, lack of feasibility of developing solid and liquid dosage forms, first-pass metabolism, high dosing frequency translating to reduced patient compliance and poor site-specific drug delivery. During the period 2012-2022, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved 50 prodrugs, which amounts to 13% of approved small molecule drugs, reflecting both the importance and success of implementing prodrug approaches in the pursuit of developing safe and effective drugs to address unmet medical needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murugaiah A M Subbaiah
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb R&D Centre, Biocon Park, Bommasandra Phase IV, Bangalore, PIN 560099, India.
| | - Jarkko Rautio
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Nicholas A Meanwell
- The Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The College of Pharmacy, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Goyal R, Gupta S, Sharma P, Sharma M. Insights into Prospects of Novel NSAID Prodrugs in the Management of Gastrointestinal Toxicity: A Perspective Review. RECENT ADVANCES IN INFLAMMATION & ALLERGY DRUG DISCOVERY 2024; 18:2-10. [PMID: 38275026 DOI: 10.2174/0127722708278736231205055035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have a long history in the healthcare system due to their therapeutic potential. These NSAIDs cause ulcerogenicity, stomach pains, gastrointestinal hemorrhage, mucosa bleeding, and pancreatitis when used moderately and consistently. With researchers, managing the aforementioned adverse effects therapeutically is getting increasingly difficult. One method for creating NSAID moieties with low penetration as well as ulcerogenic properties is the prodrug technique. During the oral consumption of NSAID-prodrugs, ulcerations, intestinal hemorrhage, and mucosa hemorrhage have significantly decreased. Considering this background, this review focussed on NSAID prodrugs as well as their justifications, the pathogenesis of NSAIDs inducing gastrointestinal toxicity, and the role of different antioxidants and spacer groups. Prodrug moieties have more advantages over parent medicines concerning both solubility and lipophilicity. In general, NSAID-class prodrugs can successfully treat both acute and long-term inflammation and aches without causing ulcerotoxicity and related gastrointestinal side effects, which reduces their burden from the pharmacoeconomic perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajat Goyal
- MM College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala, Haryana, 133207, India
| | - Sumeet Gupta
- MM College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala, Haryana, 133207, India
| | - Prabodh Sharma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University (DPSRU), Government of NCT of Delhi, New Delhi, 110017, India
| | - Manu Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Forensic Science Laboratory, New Delhi, India
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Baranov DS, Kashnik AS, Atnyukova AN, Dzuba SA. Spin-Labeled Diclofenac: Synthesis and Interaction with Lipid Membranes. Molecules 2023; 28:5991. [PMID: 37630243 PMCID: PMC10458756 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28165991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Diclofenac is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) from the group of phenylacetic acid derivatives, which has analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties. The interaction of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with cell membranes can affect their physicochemical properties, which, in turn, can cause a number of side effects in the use of these drugs. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy could be used to study the interaction of diclofenac with a membrane, if its spin-labeled analogs existed. This paper describes the synthesis of spin-labeled diclofenac (diclofenac-SL), which consists of a simple sequence of transformations such as iodination, esterification, Sonogashira cross-coupling, oxidation and saponification. EPR spectra showed that diclofenac-SL binds to a lipid membrane composed of palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC). 2H electron spin echo spectroscopy (ESEEM) was used to determine the position of the diclofenac-SL relative to the membrane surface. It was established that its average depth of immersion corresponds to the 5th position of the carbon atom in the lipid chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis S. Baranov
- Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (D.S.B.); (A.S.K.)
| | - Anna S. Kashnik
- Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (D.S.B.); (A.S.K.)
| | | | - Sergei A. Dzuba
- Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (D.S.B.); (A.S.K.)
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Kawanami T, LaBonte LR, Amin J, Thibodeaux SJ, Lee CC, Argintaru OA, Adams CM. A novel diclofenac-hydrogel conjugate system for intraarticular sustained release: Development of 2-pyridylamino-substituted 1-phenylethanol (PAPE) and its derivatives as tunable traceless linkers. Int J Pharm 2020; 585:119519. [PMID: 32535069 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A local sustained-release drug delivery system, or depot, for intra-articular injection offers the opportunity to release a therapeutic agent directly to the joint with limited need for reinjection. A successful system would provide more consistent efficacy and minimize systemic side effects. In this paper, we explore the potential use of diclofenac, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, for use in a polymer-conjugate depot system. During the course of our exploration it was determined that "conventional ester" conjugates of diclofenac were not appropriate as upon incubation in buffer (pH 7.4) or in bovine synovial fluid, a considerable amount of undesired diclofenac-lactam was released. Thus we developed a novel linker system for diclofenac in order to minimize the production of the lactam. This new linker enables a diclofenac conjugate system with tunable release rates and minimizes the production of undesired lactam side-products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Kawanami
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 100 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States.
| | - Laura R LaBonte
- Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Jakal Amin
- Analytical Sciences and Imaging, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Stefan J Thibodeaux
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 100 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Cameron C Lee
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 100 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - O Andreea Argintaru
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 100 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Christopher M Adams
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 100 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
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Mazumder MMU, Sukul A, Saha SK, Chowdhury AA, Mamun Y. A comprehensive in vitro biological investigation of metal complexes of tolfenamic acid. ALEXANDRIA JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajme.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Md. Mahabob Ullah Mazumder
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Abhijit Sukul
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Northern University Bangladesh, Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Sajal Kumar Saha
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Asif Alam Chowdhury
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Yasir Mamun
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
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Hafeez F, Zahoor AF, Ahmad S, Ahmad M, Faiz S. Recent progress in the synthesis of diclofenac based NSAIDs analogs/derivatives. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2018.1515367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Freeha Hafeez
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ameer Fawad Zahoor
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Sajjad Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore, Faisalabad Campus, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Matloob Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Sadia Faiz
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Shah K, Gupta JK, Chauhan NS, Upmanyu N, Shrivastava SK, Mishra P. Prodrugs of NSAIDs: A Review. THE OPEN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY JOURNAL 2017; 11:146-195. [PMID: 29387273 PMCID: PMC5748882 DOI: 10.2174/1874104501711010146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
INTORODUCTION Prodrug approach deals with chemical biotransformation or enzymatic conversion or involves inactive or less active bio-reversible derivatives of active drug molecules. They have to pass through enzymatic or chemical biotransformation before eliciting their pharmacological action. METHODS & MATERIALS The two different pharmacophores combine to give synergistic activity or may help in targeting the active drug to its target. Prodrug super seeds the problems of prodrug designing, for example solubility enhancement, bioavailability enhancement, chemical stability improvement, presystemic metabolism, site specific delivery, toxicity masking, improving patient acceptance, or eradicating undesirable adverse effects. RESULTS As an outcome the search for a prodrug or mutual prodrug with reduced toxicity has continued during recent years. This present review emphasizes the common help to revamp physiochemical, pharmaceutical and therapeutic effectiveness of drugs. CONCLUSION This gives the researcher a common platform where they can find prodrugs of commonly used NSAIDs to overcome the gastrointestinal toxicity (irritation, ulcergenocity and bleeding).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Shah
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, U.P.- 281406, India
| | - Jeetendra K. Gupta
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, U.P.- 281406, India
| | | | - Neeraj Upmanyu
- School of Pharmacy & Research, Peoples University, Bhopal, M.P.- 462037, India
| | - Sushant K. Shrivastava
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi U.P.- 221005, India
| | - Pradeep Mishra
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, U.P.- 281406, India
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Hajnal K, Gabriel H, Aura R, Erzsébet V, Blanka SS. Prodrug Strategy in Drug Development. ACTA MEDICA MARISIENSIS 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/amma-2016-0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Prodrugs are chemically modified derivatives introduced in therapy due to their advantageous physico-chemical properties (greater stability, improved solubility, increased permeability), used in inactive form. Biological effect is exerted by the active derivatives formed in organism through chemical transformation (biotransformation). Currently, 10% of pharmaceutical products are used as prodrugs, nearly half of them being converted to active form by hydrolysis, mainly by ester hydrolysis. The use of prodrugs aims to improve the bioavailability of compounds in order to resolve some unfavorable characteristics and to reduce first-pass metabolism. Other objectives are to increase drug absorption, to extend duration of action or to achieve a better tissue/organ selective transport in case of non-oral drug delivery forms. Prodrugs can be characterized by chemical structure, activation mechanism or through the presence of certain functional groups suitable for their preparation. Currently we distinguish in therapy traditional prodrugs prepared by chemical derivatisation, bioprecursors and targeted delivery systems. The present article is a review regarding the introduction and applications of prodrug design in various areas of drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelemen Hajnal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Tîrgu Mureş, Romania
| | - Hancu Gabriel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Tîrgu Mureş, Romania
| | - Rusu Aura
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Tîrgu Mureş, Romania
| | - Varga Erzsébet
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Tîrgu Mureş, Romania
| | - Székely Szentmiklósi Blanka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Tîrgu Mureş, Romania
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Sharif MR, Haji Rezaei M, Aalinezhad M, Sarami G, Rangraz M. Rectal Diclofenac Versus Rectal Paracetamol: Comparison of Antipyretic Effectiveness in Children. IRANIAN RED CRESCENT MEDICAL JOURNAL 2016; 18:e27932. [PMID: 26889398 PMCID: PMC4753024 DOI: 10.5812/ircmj.27932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Background Fever is the most common complaint in pediatric medicine and its treatment is
recommended in some situations. Paracetamol is the most common antipyretic drug, which
has serious side effects such as toxicity along with its positive effects. Diclofenac is
one of the strongest non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAID) drugs, which has received
little attention as an antipyretic drug. Objectives This study was designed to compare the antipyretic effectiveness of the rectal form of
Paracetamol and Diclofenac. Patients and Methods This double-blind controlled clinical trial was conducted on 80 children aged six
months to six years old. One group was treated with rectal Paracetamol suppositories at
15 mg/kg dose and the other group received Diclofenac at 1 mg/kg by rectal
administration (n = 40). Rectal temperature was measured before and one hour after the
intervention. Temperature changes in the two groups were compared. Results The average rectal temperature in the Paracetamol group was 39.6 ± 1.13°C,
and 39.82 ± 1.07°C in the Diclofenac group (P = 0.37). The average rectal
temperature, one hour after the intervention, in the Paracetamol and the Diclofenac
group was 38.39 ± 0.89°C and 38.95 ± 1.09°C, respectively (P =
0.02). Average temperature changes were 0.65 ± 0.17°C in the Paracetamol group
and 1.73 ± 0.69°C in the Diclofenac group (P < 0.001). Conclusions In the first one hour, Diclofenac suppository is able to control the fever more
efficient than Paracetamol suppositories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Sharif
- Autoimmune Diseases Research Center, Kashan University of
Medical Sciences, Kashan, IR Iran
- Trauma Research Center, Kashan University of Medical
Sciences, Kashan, IR Iran
| | - Mostafa Haji Rezaei
- Trauma Research Center, Kashan University of Medical
Sciences, Kashan, IR Iran
| | - Marzieh Aalinezhad
- Department of Radiology, Isfahan University of Medical
Sciences, Isfahan, IR Iran
- Medical Student Research Center, Isfahan University of
Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IR Iran
| | - Golbahareh Sarami
- Department of Pediatrcis, Kashan University of Medical
Sciences, Kashan, IR Iran
| | - Masoud Rangraz
- Department of Pediatrcis, Kashan University of Medical
Sciences, Kashan, IR Iran
- Corresponding Author: Masoud Rangraz, Department of
Pediatrcis, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, IR Iran. Tel: +98-3155540021,
Fax: +98-3155540111, E-mail:
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