1
|
Aslam M, Augustine S, Ann Mathew A, Kanthlal SK, Panonummal R. Apoptosis promoting activity of selected plant steroid in MRMT-1 breast cancer cell line by modulating mitochondrial permeation pathway. Steroids 2023; 190:109151. [PMID: 36455654 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2022.109151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Escape from apoptosis is one of the main demeanor characteristics of cancer cells. Mitochondria are key players in initiating and regulating the intrinsic apoptosis pathway. Hexokinase2 (HK2) is ubiquitously expressed in several cancer cells and is essential for cell survival and death. The binding of HK2 to mitochondria promotes cell proliferation, while AKT-1 mediated pathway is crucial in this process. Peimine, a steroidal alkaloid derived from plant steroids, is screened for docking properties, ADMET properties, and drug-likeness. Apoptosis targets are predicted by network pharmacology using 47 genes associated with apoptosis. According to in silico study, peimine has the potential for dual Targeting on HK2 and AKT1. For further confirmation, peimine was subjected to Cell culture studies using MRMT-1 rat breast cancer cells. The elevated levels of cytochrome c and Caspase 9 activity indicate that the intrinsic apoptosis pathway causes cell death. The decreased glucose uptake by the MRMT-1 cells indicates that pimine inhibits glucose transport by inhibiting the membrane HK2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Aslam
- Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Institute of Medical & Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi 682041, India
| | - Sanu Augustine
- Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Institute of Medical & Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi 682041, India
| | - Aparna Ann Mathew
- Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Institute of Medical & Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi 682041, India
| | - S K Kanthlal
- Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Institute of Medical & Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi 682041, India.
| | - Rajitha Panonummal
- Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Institute of Medical & Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi 682041, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Seyedi SMR, Asoodeh A, Darroudi M. The human immune cell simulated anti-breast cancer nanorobot: the efficient, traceable, and dirigible anticancer bio-bot. Cancer Nanotechnol 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s12645-022-00150-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Various types of cancer therapy strategies have been investigated and successfully applied so far. There are a few modern strategies for improving drug selectivity and biocompatibility, such as nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems. Herein, we designed the traceable enzyme-conjugated magnetic nanoparticles to target human breast cancer cells by simulating the innate immune cell’s respiratory explosion response.
Methods
The human immune cell simulated anti-breast cancer-nanorobot (hisABC-NB) was produced by conjugating the mouse-derived iNOS and human-originated MPO enzymes on the folate-linked chitosan-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles. The synthesized nanoparticles were functionalized with folic acid as the breast cancer cell detector. Then, the hisABC-NB’s stability and structural properties were characterized by studying Zeta-potential, XRD, FTIR, VSM, FESEM, and DLS analysis. Next, the selectivity and anti-tumor activity of the hisABC-NB were comparatively analyzed on both normal (MCF-10) and cancerous (MCF-7) human breast cells by analyzing the cells’ survival, apoptotic gene expression profile (P53, BAX, BCL2), and flow cytometry data. Finally, the hisABC-NB’s traceability was detected by T2-weighted MRI imaging on the balb-c breast tumor models.
Results
The hisABC-NB significantly reduced the MCF-7 human breast cancer cells by inducing apoptosis response and arresting the cell cycle at the G2/M phase compared with the normal cell type (MCF-10). Moreover, the hisABC-NB exhibited a proper MRI contrast at the tumor region of treated mice compared with the non-treated type, which approved their appropriate MRI-mediated traceability.
Conclusion
The hisABC-NB’s traceability, dirigibility, and selective cytotoxicity were approved, which are the three main required factors for an efficient anticancer compound. Therefore, it has the potential to be used as an intelligent safe anticancer agent for human breast cancer treatment. However, several in vitro and in vivo studies are required to clarify its selectivity, stability, and safety.
Collapse
|
3
|
NUCKS1 is a highly modified, chromatin-associated protein involved in a diverse set of biological and pathophysiological processes. Biochem J 2022; 479:1205-1220. [PMID: 35695515 PMCID: PMC10016235 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20220075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The Nuclear Casein and Cyclin-dependent Kinase Substrate 1 (NUCKS1) protein is highly conserved in vertebrates, predominantly localized to the nucleus and one of the most heavily modified proteins in the human proteome. NUCKS1 expression is high in stem cells and the brain, developmentally regulated in mice and associated with several diverse malignancies in humans, including cancer, metabolic syndrome and Parkinson's disease. NUCKS1 function has been linked to modulating chromatin architecture and transcription, DNA repair and cell cycle regulation. In this review, we summarize and discuss the published information on NUCKS1 and highlight the questions that remain to be addressed to better understand the complex biology of this multifaceted protein.
Collapse
|
4
|
Feng S, Lou K, Zou X, Zou J, Zhang G. The Potential Role of Exosomal Proteins in Prostate Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:873296. [PMID: 35747825 PMCID: PMC9209716 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.873296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most prevalent malignant tumor in men across developed countries. Traditional diagnostic and therapeutic methods for this tumor have become increasingly difficult to adapt to today’s medical philosophy, thus compromising early detection, diagnosis, and treatment. Prospecting for new diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets has become a hot topic in today’s research. Notably, exosomes, small vesicles characterized by a phospholipid bilayer structure released by cells that is capable of delivering different types of cargo that target specific cells to regulate biological properties, have been extensively studied. Exosomes composition, coupled with their interactions with cells make them multifaceted regulators in cancer development. Numerous studies have described the role of prostate cancer-derived exosomal proteins in diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer. However, so far, there is no relevant literature to systematically summarize its role in tumors, which brings obstacles to the later research of related proteins. In this review, we summarize exosomal proteins derived from prostate cancer from different sources and summarize their roles in tumor development and drug resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shangzhi Feng
- The First Clinical College, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Kecheng Lou
- The First Clinical College, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zou
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Institute of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ganna Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Department of Jiangxi Engineering Technology Research Center of Calculi Prevention, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Junrong Zou
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Institute of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ganna Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Department of Jiangxi Engineering Technology Research Center of Calculi Prevention, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- *Correspondence: Junrong Zou, ; Guoxi Zhang,
| | - Guoxi Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Institute of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ganna Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Department of Jiangxi Engineering Technology Research Center of Calculi Prevention, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- *Correspondence: Junrong Zou, ; Guoxi Zhang,
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abdel Ghany LMA, El-Dydamony NM, Helwa AA, Abdelraouf SM, Abdelnaby RM. Coumarin-acetohydrazide derivatives as novel antiproliferative agents via VEGFR-2/AKT axis inhibition and apoptosis triggering. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj02436e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The VEGFR-2/AKT pathway is a crucial axis in tumor survival where it is highly dysregulated in many cancer types.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lina M. A. Abdel Ghany
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Manufacturing, Misr University for Science and Technology, 6th of October City, Egypt
| | - Nehad M. El-Dydamony
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Manufacturing, Misr University for Science and Technology, 6th of October City, Egypt
| | - Amira A. Helwa
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Manufacturing, Misr University for Science and Technology, 6th of October City, Egypt
| | - Sahar M. Abdelraouf
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of pharmacy, Misr International University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rana M. Abdelnaby
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University, Cairo, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abdraboh ME, Daw DS, AbouEl-ezz AM, El-Kholy WM. Impact of the phytochemicals cocktail "breast safeguard" in regulating the interplay between redox signalling and murine adenocarcinoma cell proliferation, survival and angiogenesis. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07562. [PMID: 34355084 PMCID: PMC8322271 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytochemicals are natural plant extracts with a potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer characteristics by acting as a cell signalling modulator. This study aims to evaluate the effect of a commercial cocktail of phytochemicals "Breast safeguard" (BSG) in upregulating the expression of antioxidant enzymes to counteract signalling pathways that promote Ehrlich cells progression. The potent antioxidant activity and total phenolics and flavonoids contents of BSG was chemically validated, BSG treated mice showed a significant reduction at the tumor size, along with significant reduction in the expression of prognostic markers CEA and TNFα and induction of cell cycle arrest at G1/S phase as well as downregulation of Ki67. BSG supplementation significantly diminished H2O2, NO, MDA levels and upregulated the expression of SOD, CAT, GPx and GSH antioxidant enzymes in plasma and tumor tissues. BSG treatment markedly activated P53/Bax/Bcl2/c-caspase 3 signalling for cell apoptosis and attenuated the expression of antiapoptotic survivin protein. Meanwhile, BSG significantly diminished the expression of VEGF as an indication of angiogenesis inhibition. In conclusion, BSG exerted a significant upregulation of antioxidant enzymes which may be involved in upregulating P53/Bax/c-caspase 3 expression and attenuation of cell proliferation and angiogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Daw S. Daw
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Egypt
| | - Ali M. AbouEl-ezz
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Egypt
| | - Wafaa M. El-Kholy
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Heck AL, Mishra S, Prenzel T, Feulner L, Achhammer E, Särchen V, Blagg BSJ, Schneider-Brachert W, Schütze S, Fritsch J. Selective HSP90β inhibition results in TNF and TRAIL mediated HIF1α degradation. Immunobiology 2021; 226:152070. [PMID: 33639524 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2021.152070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Signaling via TNF-R1 mediates pleiotropic biological outcomes ranging from inflammation and proliferation to cell death. Previous reports demonstrated that pro-survival signaling emanates from membrane resident TNF-R1 complexes (complex I) while only internalized TNF-R1 complexes are capable for DISC formation (complex II) and thus, apoptosis induction. Internalized TNF-R1 containing endosomes undergo intracellular maturation towards lysosomes, resulting in activation and release of Cathepsin D (CtsD) into the cytoplasm. We recently revealed HSP90 as target for proteolytic cleavage by CtsD, resulting in cell death amplification. In this study, we show that extrinsic cell death activation via TNF or TRAIL results in HSP90β degradation. Co-incubation of cells with either TNF or TRAIL in combination with the HSP90β inhibitor KUNB105 but not HSP90α selective inhibition promotes apoptosis induction. In an attempt to reveal further downstream targets of combined TNF-R1 or TRAIL-R1/-R2 activation with HSP90β inhibition, we identify HIF1α and validate its ligand:inhibitor triggered degradation. Together, these findings suggest that selective inhibition of HSP90 isoforms together with death ligand stimulation may provide novel strategies for therapy of inflammatory diseases or cancer, in future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A L Heck
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - S Mishra
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, United States
| | - T Prenzel
- Department of Infection Prevention and Infectious Diseases, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - L Feulner
- Department of Infection Prevention and Infectious Diseases, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - E Achhammer
- Department of Infection Prevention and Infectious Diseases, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - V Särchen
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - B S J Blagg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, United States
| | - W Schneider-Brachert
- Department of Infection Prevention and Infectious Diseases, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - S Schütze
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - J Fritsch
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany; Department of Infection Prevention and Infectious Diseases, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Overcoming Hypoxia-Induced Chemoresistance in Cancer Using a Novel Glycoconjugate of Methotrexate. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 14:ph14010013. [PMID: 33374474 PMCID: PMC7830245 DOI: 10.3390/ph14010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The oxygen and nutrient-deprived tumor microenvironment is considered a key mechanism responsible for cancer resistance to chemotherapy. Methotrexate (MTX) is a widely incorporated chemotherapeutic agent employed in the treatment of several malignancies. However, drug resistance and systemic toxicity limit the curative effect in most cases. The present work aimed to design, synthesize, and biologically evaluate a novel glucose-methotrexate conjugate (Glu-MTX). Our study showed that Glu-MTX exerts an increased cytotoxic effect on cancer cells in comparison to MTX in hypoxia (1% O2) and glucose starvation conditions. Furthermore, Glu-MTX was found to inhibit the proliferation and migration of cancer cells more effectively than MTX does. Our results demonstrate that the conjugation of MTX to glucose led to an increase in potency against malignant cells under oxygen and nutrient stress. The observations shed light on a potential therapeutic approach to overcome chemoresistance in cancer.
Collapse
|
9
|
Barcelo-Bovea V, Dominguez-Martinez I, Joaquin-Ovalle F, Amador LA, Castro-Rivera E, Medina-Álvarez K, McGoron A, Griebenow K, Ferrer-Acosta Y. Optimization and Characterization of Protein Nanoparticles for the Targeted and Smart Delivery of Cytochrome c to Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12051215. [PMID: 32413975 PMCID: PMC7281605 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12051215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The delivery of Cytochrome c (Cyt c) to the cytosol stimulates apoptosis in cells where its release from mitochondria and apoptotic induction is inhibited. We developed a drug delivery system consisting of Cyt c nanoparticles decorated with folate-poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)-thiol (FA-PEG-PLGA-SH) to deliver Cyt c into cancer cells and tested their targeting in the Lewis Lung Carcinoma (LLC) mouse model. Cyt c-PLGA-PEG-FA nanoparticles (NPs) of 253 ± 55 and 354 ± 11 nm were obtained by Cyt c nanoprecipitation, followed by surface decoration with the co-polymer SH-PLGA-PEG-FA. The internalization of Cyt c-PLGA-PEG-FA nanoparticles (NPs) in LLC cells was confirmed by confocal microscopy. NP caspase activation was more efficient than the NP-free formulation. Caspase activity assays showed NPs retained 88-96% Cyt c activity. The NP formulations were more effective in decreasing LLC cell viability than NP-free formulation, with IC50 49.2 to 70.1 μg/mL versus 129.5 μg/mL, respectively. Our NP system proved to be thrice as selective towards cancerous than normal cells. In vivo studies using near infrared-tagged nanoparticles show accumulation in mouse LLC tumor 5 min post-injection. In conclusion, our NP delivery system for Cyt c shows superiority over the NP-free formulation and reaches a folic acid-overexpressing tumor in an immune-competent animal model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Barcelo-Bovea
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan 00925, Puerto Rico; (V.B.-B.); (I.D.-M.); (F.J.-O.); (L.A.A.); (K.G.)
- Molecular Sciences Research Center, San Juan 00926, Puerto Rico
| | - Irivette Dominguez-Martinez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan 00925, Puerto Rico; (V.B.-B.); (I.D.-M.); (F.J.-O.); (L.A.A.); (K.G.)
- Molecular Sciences Research Center, San Juan 00926, Puerto Rico
| | - Freisa Joaquin-Ovalle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan 00925, Puerto Rico; (V.B.-B.); (I.D.-M.); (F.J.-O.); (L.A.A.); (K.G.)
- Molecular Sciences Research Center, San Juan 00926, Puerto Rico
| | - Luis A. Amador
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan 00925, Puerto Rico; (V.B.-B.); (I.D.-M.); (F.J.-O.); (L.A.A.); (K.G.)
- Molecular Sciences Research Center, San Juan 00926, Puerto Rico
| | - Elizabeth Castro-Rivera
- Department of Neuroscience, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamon 00956, Puerto Rico; (E.C.-R.); (K.M.-Á.)
| | - Kristofer Medina-Álvarez
- Department of Neuroscience, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamon 00956, Puerto Rico; (E.C.-R.); (K.M.-Á.)
| | - Anthony McGoron
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33174, USA;
| | - Kai Griebenow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan 00925, Puerto Rico; (V.B.-B.); (I.D.-M.); (F.J.-O.); (L.A.A.); (K.G.)
| | - Yancy Ferrer-Acosta
- Department of Neuroscience, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamon 00956, Puerto Rico; (E.C.-R.); (K.M.-Á.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-787-798-3001 (ext. 2164)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Barcelo-Bovea V, Dominguez-Martinez I, Joaquin-Ovalle F, Amador LA, Castro-Rivera E, Medina-Álvarez K, McGoron A, Griebenow K, Ferrer-Acosta Y. Optimization and Characterization of Protein Nanoparticles for the Targeted and Smart Delivery of Cytochrome c to Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers12051215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The delivery of Cytochrome c (Cyt c) to the cytosol stimulates apoptosis in cells where its release from mitochondria and apoptotic induction is inhibited. We developed a drug delivery system consisting of Cyt c nanoparticles decorated with folate-poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)-thiol (FA-PEG-PLGA-SH) to deliver Cyt c into cancer cells and tested their targeting in the Lewis Lung Carcinoma (LLC) mouse model. Cyt c-PLGA-PEG-FA nanoparticles (NPs) of 253 ± 55 and 354 ± 11 nm were obtained by Cyt c nanoprecipitation, followed by surface decoration with the co-polymer SH-PLGA-PEG-FA. The internalization of Cyt c-PLGA-PEG-FA nanoparticles (NPs) in LLC cells was confirmed by confocal microscopy. NP caspase activation was more efficient than the NP-free formulation. Caspase activity assays showed NPs retained 88–96% Cyt c activity. The NP formulations were more effective in decreasing LLC cell viability than NP-free formulation, with IC50 49.2 to 70.1 μg/mL versus 129.5 μg/mL, respectively. Our NP system proved to be thrice as selective towards cancerous than normal cells. In vivo studies using near infrared-tagged nanoparticles show accumulation in mouse LLC tumor 5 min post-injection. In conclusion, our NP delivery system for Cyt c shows superiority over the NP-free formulation and reaches a folic acid-overexpressing tumor in an immune-competent animal model.
Collapse
|
11
|
Mello FV, de Moraes GN, Maia RC, Kyeremateng J, Iram SH, Santos-Oliveira R. The Effect of Nanosystems on ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters: Understanding the Influence of Nanosystems on Multidrug Resistance Protein-1 and P-glycoprotein. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2630. [PMID: 32290047 PMCID: PMC7178121 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The cancer multidrug resistance is involved in the failure of several treatments during cancer treatment. It is a phenomenon that has been receiving great attention in the last years due to the sheer amount of mechanisms discovered and involved in the process of resistance which hinders the effectiveness of many anti-cancer drugs. Among the mechanisms involved in the multidrug resistance, the participation of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters is the main one. The ABC transporters are a group of plasma membrane and intracellular organelle proteins involved in the process of externalization of substrates from cells, which are expressed in cancer. They are involved in the clearance of intracellular metabolites as ions, hormones, lipids and other small molecules from the cell, affecting directly and indirectly drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion. Other mechanisms responsible for resistance are the signaling pathways and the anti- and pro-apoptotic proteins involved in cell death by apoptosis. In this study we evaluated the influence of three nanosystem (Graphene Quantum Dots (GQDs), mesoporous silica (MSN) and poly-lactic nanoparticles (PLA)) in the main mechanism related to the cancer multidrug resistance such as the Multidrug Resistance Protein-1 and P-glycoprotein. We also evaluated this influence in a group of proteins involved in the apoptosis-related resistance including cIAP-1, XIAP, Bcl-2, BAK and Survivin proteins. Last, colonogenic and MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)- 2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assays have also been performed. The results showed, regardless of the concentration used, GQDs, MSN and PLA were not cytotoxic to MDA-MB-231 cells and showed no impairment in the colony formation capacity. In addition, it has been observed that P-gp membrane expression was not significantly altered by any of the three nanomaterials. The results suggest that GQDs nanoparticles would be suitable for the delivery of other multidrug resistance protein 1 (MRP1) substrate drugs that bind to the transporter at the same binding pocket, while MSN can strongly inhibit doxorubicin efflux by MRP1. On the other hand, PLA showed moderate inhibition of doxorubicin efflux by MRP1 suggesting that this nanomaterial can also be useful to treat MDR (Multidrug resistance) due to MRP1 overexpression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco V.C. Mello
- Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission, Nuclear Engineering Institute, Rua Helio de Almeida 75, Ilha do Fundão, CEP 21941-614 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;
| | - Gabriela N. de Moraes
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Hemato-Oncology, Program of Molecular Hemato-Oncology, Brazilian National Cancer Institute (INCA), CEP 20230130 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; (G.N.d.M.); (R.C.M.)
| | - Raquel C. Maia
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Hemato-Oncology, Program of Molecular Hemato-Oncology, Brazilian National Cancer Institute (INCA), CEP 20230130 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; (G.N.d.M.); (R.C.M.)
| | - Jennifer Kyeremateng
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA; (J.K.); (S.H.I.)
| | - Surtaj Hussain Iram
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA; (J.K.); (S.H.I.)
| | - Ralph Santos-Oliveira
- Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission, Nuclear Engineering Institute, Rua Helio de Almeida 75, Ilha do Fundão, CEP 21941-614 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;
- Laboratory of Radiopharmacy and Nanoradiopharmaceuticals, Zona Oeste State University, Campo Grande, CEP 23070200 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kim JH, Ko ES, Kim D, Park SH, Kim EJ, Rho J, Seo H, Kim MJ, Yang WM, Ha IJ, Park MJ, Lee JY. Cancer cell‑specific anticancer effects of Coptis chinensis on gefitinib‑resistant lung cancer cells are mediated through the suppression of Mcl‑1 and Bcl‑2. Int J Oncol 2020; 56:1540-1550. [PMID: 32236607 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2020.5025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)‑tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), gefitinib, is an effective therapeutic drug used in the treatment of non‑small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) harboring EGFR mutations. However, acquired resistance significantly limits the efficacy of EGFR‑TKIs and consequently, the current chemotherapeutic strategies for NSCLCs. It is, therefore, necessary to overcome this resistance. In the present study, the anticancer potential of natural extracts of Coptis chinensis (ECC) against gefitinib‑resistant (GR) NSCLC cells were investigated in vitro and in vivo. ECC inhibited the viability, migration and invasion, and effectively induced the apoptosis of GR cells. These effects were associated with the suppression of EGFR/AKT signaling and the expression of anti‑apoptotic proteins, Mcl‑1 and Bcl‑2, which were overexpressed in GR NSCLC cells. Combination treatment with ECC and gefitinib enhanced the sensitivity of GR cells to gefitinib in vitro, but not in vivo. However, ECC increased the survival of individual zebrafish without affecting the anticancer effect to cancer cells in vivo, which indicated a specific cytotoxic effect of ECC on cancer cells, but not on normal cells; this is an important property for the development of novel anticancer drugs. On the whole, the findings of the present study indicate the potential of ECC for use in the treatment of NSCLC, particularly in combination with EGFR‑TKI therapy, in EGFR‑TKI‑resistant cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hwan Kim
- Department of Pathology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Sun Ko
- Department of Pathology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Dasom Kim
- Department of Pathology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Hee Park
- Department of Pathology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Jung Kim
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, College of Oriental Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju‑si, Gyeongsangbuk‑do 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinkyung Rho
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyemin Seo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jung Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Woong Mo Yang
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - In Jin Ha
- Korean Medicine Clinical Trial Center (K‑CTC), Kyung Hee University Korean Medicine Hospital, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Jin Park
- Division of Radiation Cancer Research, Research Center for Radio‑Senescence, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Yun Lee
- Department of Pathology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Formononetin Regulates Multiple Oncogenic Signaling Cascades and Enhances Sensitivity to Bortezomib in a Multiple Myeloma Mouse Model. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9070262. [PMID: 31284669 PMCID: PMC6681380 DOI: 10.3390/biom9070262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we determined the anti-neoplastic actions of formononetin (FT) against multiple myeloma (MM) and elucidated its possible mode of action. It was observed that FT enhanced the apoptosis caused by bortezomib (Bor) and mitigated proliferation in MM cells, and these events are regulated by nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT, and activator protein-1 (AP-1) activation. We further noted that FT treatment reduced the levels of diverse tumorigenic proteins involved in myeloma progression and survival. Interestingly, we observed that FT also blocked persistent NF-κB, PI3K/AKT, and AP-1 activation in myeloma cells. FT suppressed the activation of these oncogenic cascades by affecting a number of signaling molecules involved in their cellular regulation. In addition, FT augmented tumor growth-inhibitory potential of Bor in MM preclinical mouse model. Thus, FT can be employed with proteasomal inhibitors for myeloma therapy by regulating the activation of diverse oncogenic transcription factors involved in myeloma growth.
Collapse
|
14
|
Pokhriyal R, Hariprasad R, Kumar L, Hariprasad G. Chemotherapy Resistance in Advanced Ovarian Cancer Patients. BIOMARKERS IN CANCER 2019; 11:1179299X19860815. [PMID: 31308780 PMCID: PMC6613062 DOI: 10.1177/1179299x19860815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the seventh most common gynaecologic malignancy seen in women. Majority of the patients with ovarian cancer are diagnosed at the advanced stage making prognosis poor. The standard management of advanced ovarian cancer includes tumour debulking surgery followed by chemotherapy. Various types of chemotherapeutic regimens have been used to treat advanced ovarian cancer, but the most promising and the currently used standard first-line treatment is carboplatin and paclitaxel. Despite improved clinical response and survival to this combination of chemotherapy, numerous patients either undergo relapse or succumb to the disease as a result of chemotherapy resistance. To understand this phenomenon at a cellular level, various macromolecules such as DNA, messenger RNA and proteins have been developed as biomarkers for chemotherapy response. This review comprehensively summarizes the problem that pertains to chemotherapy resistance in advanced ovarian cancer and provides a good overview of the various biomarkers that have been developed in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruchika Pokhriyal
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Roopa Hariprasad
- Division of Clinical Oncology, National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, India
| | - Lalit Kumar
- Department of Medical Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Gururao Hariprasad
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Garbuz DG, Zatsepina OG, Evgen’ev MB. The Major Human Stress Protein Hsp70 as a Factor of Protein Homeostasis and a Cytokine-Like Regulator. Mol Biol 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893319020055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
16
|
Sbiera S, Kendl S, Weigand I, Sbiera I, Fassnacht M, Kroiss M. Hsp90 inhibition in adrenocortical carcinoma: Limited drug synergism with mitotane. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 480:36-41. [PMID: 30315857 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
90 kDa heat shock proteins (Hsp90) act as protein chaperones and play a role in modulating endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Hsp90 inhibitors are under clinical investigation as cancer treatment. Mitotane therapy of adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) has been shown to act through lipid-induced ER-stress. To explore the potential of Hsp90 inhibitors in ACC as a single agent and in combination with mitotane, we analyzed two independent gene expression data sets of adrenal tumors in silico and treated the ACC cell line model NCI-H295 with Hsp90 inhibitors BIIB021 (B) and CCT18159 (C) alone and in combination with mitotane. ER-stress markers were monitored by immunoblotting. Drug synergism was quantified using the median effect model with cell viability as read-out. Cytosolic Hsp90 isoforms AA1 and AB1 were significantly overexpressed in ACC. Viability of H295 cells was impaired by B and C as single agents with an EC50 of 5.7 × 10-6M and 12.1 × 10-6M. B but not C dose-dependently increased XBP1 splicing and CHOP expression indicative of ER-stress activation. ER-stress marker expression was enhanced by co-incubation of B with 10 μM but not 5 μM mitotane. Maximal CHOP expression was induced by 25 μM mitotane alone with no additional effect of B. Combination indices (CI) of B and C with mitotane ranged from 0.64 to 1.38 and 0.68 to 1.30, respectively where CI values < 0.5 support clinically-relevant drug synergism. In conclusion, Hsp90 paralogs are differentially expressed in ACC and B but not C activates ER-stress in ACC cells. No meaningful drug synergism of Hsp90 inhibitors with mitotane was observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silviu Sbiera
- University Hospital Würzburg, Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Kendl
- University Hospital Würzburg, Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Isabel Weigand
- University Hospital Würzburg, Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Iuliu Sbiera
- University Hospital Würzburg, Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Martin Fassnacht
- University Hospital Würzburg, Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Kroiss
- University Hospital Würzburg, Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Würzburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Losuwannarak N, Sritularak B, Chanvorachote P. Cycloartobiloxanthone Induces Human Lung Cancer Cell Apoptosis via Mitochondria-dependent Apoptotic Pathway. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 32:71-78. [PMID: 29275301 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.11206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung cancer is one of most malignant types of cancer and new anticancer agents are still required. Cycloartobiloxanthone, a flavonoid isolated from stem bark of Artocarpus gomezianus, has potential for being developed for anticancer therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cytotoxicity of cycloartobiloxanthone was evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay against four human lung cancer cell lines (H23, H460, H292 and A549) and their half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) were assessed. Apoptotic induction in H460 cells was investigated by Hoechst 33342/propidium iodide (PI) staining assay and protein hallmarks of mitochondria-dependent apoptotic pathway were examined by western blot analysis. RESULTS Cycloartobiloxanthone exhibited potent cytotoxic effect on both small and non-small cell lung cancer cells. Nuclear Hoechst/PI staining revealed that apoptotic cell death was the main mechanism of toxicity of cycloartobiloxanthone. The apoptosis-inducing potency of cycloartobiloxanthone was comparable to those of standard anticancer drugs cisplatin and etoposide at the same concentration. Protein analysis further showed that apoptosis was mediated via mitochondria-dependent pathway. p53 was activated in cells treated with cycloartobiloxanthone. Subsequently, pro-apoptotic protein B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2)-associated X protein (BAX) was found to be significantly increased, concomitantly with the decrease of anti-apoptotic proteins BCL2 and myeloid cell leukemia 1 (MCL1). Moreover, markers of the intrinsic apoptosis pathway, namely activated caspase-9, activated caspase-3, and cleaved poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase (PARP), dramatically increased in cycloartobiloxanthone-treated cells compared to the non-treated controls. CONCLUSION Cycloartobiloxanthone has anticancer activity against human lung cancer cells by triggering mitochondrial apoptotic caspase-dependent mechanism. This compound might have promising effects for cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nattanan Losuwannarak
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Cell-based Drug and Health Product Development Research Unit, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Boonchoo Sritularak
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pithi Chanvorachote
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand .,Cell-based Drug and Health Product Development Research Unit, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kayacan S, Sener LT, Melikoglu G, Kultur S, Albeniz I, Ozturk M. Induction of apoptosis by Centaurea nerimaniae extract in HeLa and MDA-MB-231 cells by a caspase-3 pathway. Biotech Histochem 2018; 93:311-319. [DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2017.1401662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S Kayacan
- Department of Medical Biology, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty
| | - LT Sener
- Department of Biophysics, Medical Faculty
| | - G Melikoglu
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Pharmacy Faculty
| | - S Kultur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Pharmacy Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - I Albeniz
- Department of Biophysics, Medical Faculty
| | - M Ozturk
- Department of Medical Biology, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Kaymak A, Sayols S, Papadopoulou T, Richly H. Role for the transcriptional activator ZRF1 in early metastatic events in breast cancer progression and endocrine resistance. Oncotarget 2018; 9:28666-28690. [PMID: 29983888 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most common malignancies among women which is often treated with hormone therapy and chemotherapy. Despite the improvements in detection and treatment of breast cancer, the vast majority of breast cancer patients are diagnosed with metastatic disease either at the beginning of the disease or later during treatment. Still, the molecular mechanisms causing a therapy resistant metastatic breast cancer are still elusive. In the present study we addressed the function of the transcriptional activator ZRF1 during breast cancer progression. We provide evidence that ZRF1 plays an essential role for the early metastatic events in vitro and acts like a tumor suppressor protein during the progression of breast invasive ductal carcinoma into a more advanced stage. Hence, depletion of ZRF1 results in the acquisition of metastatic behavior by facilitating the initiation of the metastatic cascade, notably for cell adhesion, migration and invasion. Furthermore absence of ZRF1 provokes endocrine resistance via misregulation of cell death and cell survival related pathways. Taken together, we have identified ZRF1 as an important regulator of breast cancer progression that holds the potential to be explored for new treatment strategies in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aysegül Kaymak
- Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Institute of Molecular Biology, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sergi Sayols
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Institute of Molecular Biology, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thaleia Papadopoulou
- Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Institute of Molecular Biology, Mainz, Germany.,Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institute Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Holger Richly
- Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Institute of Molecular Biology, Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
PNT2258, a novel deoxyribonucleic acid inhibitor, induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis via a distinct mechanism of action: a new class of drug for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Oncotarget 2018; 7:42374-42384. [PMID: 27283896 PMCID: PMC5173141 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Current therapy for BCL-2-associated tumors such as Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas (NHL) is inadequate. The DNAi PNT2258, a 24 base single-stranded phosphodiester DNA oligodeoxynucleotide (PNT100) encapsulated in a protective liposome, was precisely designed to treat cancers that over-express BCL-2. PNT2258 strongly inhibited BCL-2 promoter activity, confirming its predicted mechanism of action. BCL-2 mRNA and protein expression were significantly downregulated in a follicular small cleaved cell lymphoma (WSU-FSCCL) cell line. 2.5μM PNT2258 induced an initial S- phase arrest followed by a gradual increase in the sub-G0 (apoptosis) compartment and a reciprocal progressive decrease of the S phase. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-positive populations and cleaved caspase-3 and PARP were also increased. The data are consistent with the idea that BCL-2 inhibition by PNT2258 activates apoptotic pathways in WSU-FSCCL cells. This is the first report to address the distinct mechanism of action underlying the anti-BCL-2 functions of PNT2258. Growth inhibition in two other cell lines, WSU-DLCL2 and WSU-WM, supports broad applicability of BCL-2 DNAi to treatment of B-cell NHL.
Collapse
|
21
|
A comparison of cell survival and heat shock protein expression after radiation in normal dermal fibroblasts, microvascular endothelial cells, and different head and neck squamous carcinoma cell lines. Clin Oral Investig 2018; 22:2251-2262. [PMID: 29307045 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-017-2323-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) shows increased radioresistance due to the manipulation of homeostatic mechanisms like the heat shock response. This study intended to comparatively analyze effects of ionizing radiation on different HNSCC cell lines (PCI) and normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHFs) and human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HDMECs) to uncover differences in radiation coping strategies. MATERIALS AND METHODS Proliferation (BrdU assay), apoptosis (caspase 3/7) and intracellular protein expression of heat shock protein (HSP)-70, and phosphorylated and total HSP27, determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), were analyzed after exposure to increasing doses of ionizing radiation (2, 6, and 12 Gray, Gy). RESULTS Cell count decreased dose-dependently, but PCI cell lines consistently showed higher numbers compared to NHF and HDMEC. Likewise, high doses reduced cell proliferation, but low-dose radiation (2 Gy) instead increased proliferation in PCI 9 and 52. Apoptosis was not detectable in PCI cell lines. Basic HSP70 expression was high in PCI cells with little additional increase by irradiation. PCI cells yielded high basic total HSP27 concentrations but irradiation dose-dependently increased HSP27 in HDMEC, NHF, and PCI cells. Phosphorylated HSP27 concentrations were highest in NHF. CONCLUSION PCI cell lines showed higher resistance to dose-dependent reduction in cell number, proliferation, and protection from apoptosis compared to NHF and HDMEC. In parallel, we observed a high basic and radiation-induced expression of intracellular HSP70 leading to the assumption that the radioresistance of PCI cells is conferred by HSP70. CLINICAL RELEVANCE HNSCC use HSP to escape radiation-induced apoptosis and certain subtypes might increase proliferation after low-dose irradiation.
Collapse
|
22
|
Ramisetti SR, Pandey MK, Lee SY, Karelia D, Narayan S, Amin S, Sharma AK. Design and synthesis of novel thiobarbituric acid derivatives targeting both wild-type and BRAF-mutated melanoma cells. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 143:1919-1930. [PMID: 29133035 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel thio- and seleno-barbituric acid derivatives were synthesized by varying the substituents at N1 and N3 (ethyl, methyl, allyl, and phenyl), and C5 tethered with dienyl and trienyl moieties attached to substituents such as phenyl, 2-furanyl, 2-thiophenyl, 1-naphthyl, and 3-pyridyl. The cytotoxic potential of these derivatives was evaluated by using MTT assay against melanoma cell lines expressing either wild-type (CHL-1) or mutant (UACC 903) BRAF gene. Among all, 2b and 8b were identified as the most potent compounds. Both 2b and 8b inhibited viability of various melanoma cells and induced cell death as evidenced by Live and Dead assay. Western blot analysis showed that they induce PARP cleavage and inhibit anti-apoptotic Bcl-2, Bcl-xL and Survivin in a dose-dependent manner within 24 h of the treatment. Novel thiobarbituric acid analogs also inhibited viability of various other solid tumor cell lines, such as pancreatic, breast, and colon. Overall, 2b, 2d, and 8b emerged as the most effective compounds and make good leads for the development of future therapeutic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasa Rao Ramisetti
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State Cancer Institute, CH72, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Manoj K Pandey
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State Cancer Institute, CH72, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Sang Y Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State Cancer Institute, CH72, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Deepkamal Karelia
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State Cancer Institute, CH72, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Satya Narayan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Shantu Amin
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State Cancer Institute, CH72, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Arun K Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State Cancer Institute, CH72, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Chen C, Wu J, Zhu P, Xu C, Yao L. Investigating isoquinoline derivatives for inhibition of inhibitor of apoptosis proteins for ovarian cancer treatment. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2017; 11:2697-2707. [PMID: 28979099 PMCID: PMC5602439 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s137608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Objective To discover novel isoquinoline derivatives for inhibition of inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAP) for the treatment of ovarian cancer. Methods We first synthesized 533 isoquinoline derivatives, and screened them using CCK-8 to measure their antiproliferative activity. These compounds were further tested by Hoechst staining and flow cytometric analysis to assess proapoptotic activity. The in vivo antitumor efficacy and safety of the screened compounds were evaluated on the xenograft mouse model. Ki-67 staining and TUNEL assay were used to evaluate proliferation and apoptosis in the resected tumors, respectively. Western blot and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were conducted to evaluate the levels of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), caspase-3, PARP, and IAP in resected tumors. Results Compound B01002 and C26001 displayed antiproliferative and proapoptotic activity on SKOV3 ovarian cancer with an IC50 of 7.65 and 11.68 µg/mL, respectively. Both compounds inhibited tumor growth in a xenografted mouse model with good safety profiles, and tumor growth inhibition (TGI) of B01002 and C26001 was 99.53% and 84.23%, respectively. Resected tumors showed that both compounds inhibited tumor cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in vivo. Caspase-3 and PARP were activated, whereas IAP proteins were downregulated at the protein level. Conclusion Compound B01002 and C26001 could inhibit ovarian tumor growth and promote tumor apoptosis, partly by downregulating the IAPs, and, thus, might be promising candidates for treatment of ovarian cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai
| | - Pengfei Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shangyu City Hospital, Shangyu, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Congjian Xu
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases
| | - Liangqing Yao
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Begalli F, Bennett J, Capece D, Verzella D, D'Andrea D, Tornatore L, Franzoso G. Unlocking the NF-κB Conundrum: Embracing Complexity to Achieve Specificity. Biomedicines 2017; 5:E50. [PMID: 28829404 PMCID: PMC5618308 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines5030050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription factors of the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) family are central coordinating regulators of the host defence responses to stress, injury and infection. Aberrant NF-κB activation also contributes to the pathogenesis of some of the most common current threats to global human health, including chronic inflammatory diseases, autoimmune disorders, diabetes, vascular diseases and the majority of cancers. Accordingly, the NF-κB pathway is widely considered an attractive therapeutic target in a broad range of malignant and non-malignant diseases. Yet, despite the aggressive efforts by the pharmaceutical industry to develop a specific NF-κB inhibitor, none has been clinically approved, due to the dose-limiting toxicities associated with the global suppression of NF-κB. In this review, we summarise the main strategies historically adopted to therapeutically target the NF-κB pathway with an emphasis on oncology, and some of the emerging strategies and newer agents being developed to pharmacologically inhibit this pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Begalli
- Centre for Cell Signalling and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK.
| | - Jason Bennett
- Centre for Cell Signalling and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK.
| | - Daria Capece
- Centre for Cell Signalling and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK.
| | - Daniela Verzella
- Centre for Cell Signalling and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK.
| | - Daniel D'Andrea
- Centre for Cell Signalling and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK.
| | - Laura Tornatore
- Centre for Cell Signalling and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK.
| | - Guido Franzoso
- Centre for Cell Signalling and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Cippà PE, Fehr T. Pharmacological modulation of cell death in organ transplantation. Transpl Int 2017; 30:851-859. [PMID: 28480540 DOI: 10.1111/tri.12977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
New options to pharmacologically modulate fundamental mechanisms of regulated cell death are rapidly evolving and found first clinical applications in cancer therapy. Here, we present an overview on how the recent advances in the understanding of the biology and pharmacology of cell death might influence research and clinical practice in solid organ transplantation. Of particular interest are the novel opportunities related to organ preservation and immunomodulation, which might contribute to promote organ repair and to develop more selective ways to modulate allogeneic immune responses to prevent rejection and induce immunological tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pietro E Cippà
- Division of Nephrology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Fehr
- Division of Nephrology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Internal Medicine, Cantonal Hospital Graubuenden, Chur, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Exploiting Cell Death Pathways for Inducible Cell Elimination to Modulate Graft-versus-Host-Disease. Biomedicines 2017; 5:biomedicines5020030. [PMID: 28613269 PMCID: PMC5489816 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines5020030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is a potent form of immunotherapy, potentially life-saving for many malignant hematologic diseases. However, donor lymphocytes infused with the graft while exerting a graft versus malignancy effect can also cause potentially fatal graft versus host disease (GVHD). Our group has previously validated the inducible caspase-9 suicide gene in the haploidentical stem cell transplant setting, which proved successful in reversing signs and symptoms of GVHD within hours, using a non-therapeutic dimerizing agent. Cellular death pathways such as apoptosis and necroptosis are important processes in maintaining healthy cellular homeostasis within the human body. Here, we review two of the most widely investigated cell death pathways active in T-cells (apoptosis and necroptosis), as well as the emerging strategies that can be exploited for the safety of T-cell therapies. Furthermore, such strategies could be exploited for the safety of other cellular therapeutics as well.
Collapse
|
27
|
Ding Y, Wang B, Chen X, Zhou Y, Ge J. Staurosporine suppresses survival of HepG2 cancer cells through Omi/HtrA2-mediated inhibition of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317694317. [PMID: 28349827 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317694317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Staurosporine, which is an inhibitor of a broad spectrum of protein kinases, has shown cytotoxicity on several human cancer cells. However, the underlying mechanism is not well understood. In this study, we examined whether and how this compound has an inhibitory action on phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway in vitro using HepG2 human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line. Cell viability and apoptosis were determined using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase–mediated dUTP-digoxigenin nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay, respectively. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) pull-down assay and co-immunoprecipitation were performed to detect protein–protein interactions. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) was used to silence the expression of targeted protein. We found that staurosporine significantly decreased cell viability and increased cell apoptosis in a concentration- and time-dependent manner in HepG2 cancer cells, along with the decreased expressions of PDK1 protein and Akt phosphorylation. Staurosporine was also found to enhance Omi/HtrA2 release from mitochondria. Furthermore, Omi/HtrA2 directly bound to PDK1. Pharmacological and genetic inhibition of Omi/HtrA2 restored protein levels of PDK1 and protected HepG2 cancer cells from staurosporine-induced cell death. In addition, staurosporine was found to activate autophagy. However, inhibition of autophagy exacerbated cell death under concomitant treatment with staurosporine. Taken together, our results indicate that staurosporine induced cytotoxicity response by inhibiting PI3K/Akt signaling pathway through Omi/HtrA2-mediated PDK1 degradation, and the process provides a novel mechanism by which staurosporine produces its therapeutic effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youming Ding
- Department of Hepatobiliary & Laparoscopic Surgery, Wuhan University Renmin Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary & Laparoscopic Surgery, Wuhan University Renmin Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoyan Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary & Laparoscopic Surgery, Wuhan University Renmin Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary & Laparoscopic Surgery, Wuhan University Renmin Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianhui Ge
- Department of Hepatobiliary & Laparoscopic Surgery, Wuhan University Renmin Hospital, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Obatoclax, a Pan-BCL-2 Inhibitor, Targets Cyclin D1 for Degradation to Induce Antiproliferation in Human Colorectal Carcinoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 18:ijms18010044. [PMID: 28035994 PMCID: PMC5297679 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer worldwide. Aberrant overexpression of antiapoptotic BCL-2 (B-cell lymphoma 2) family proteins is closely linked to tumorigenesis and poor prognosis in colorectal cancer. Obatoclax is an inhibitor targeting all antiapoptotic BCL-2 proteins. A previous study has described the antiproliferative action of obatoclax in one human colorectal cancer cell line without elucidating the underlying mechanisms. We herein reported that, in a panel of human colorectal cancer cell lines, obatoclax inhibits cell proliferation, suppresses clonogenicity, and induces G1-phase cell cycle arrest, along with cyclin D1 downregulation. Notably, ectopic cyclin D1 overexpression abrogated clonogenicity suppression but also G1-phase arrest elicited by obatoclax. Mechanistically, pre-treatment with the proteasome inhibitor MG-132 restored cyclin D1 levels in all obatoclax-treated cell lines. Cycloheximide chase analyses further revealed an evident reduction in the half-life of cyclin D1 protein by obatoclax, confirming that obatoclax downregulates cyclin D1 through induction of cyclin D1 proteasomal degradation. Lastly, threonine 286 phosphorylation of cyclin D1, which is essential for initiating cyclin D1 proteasomal degradation, was induced by obatoclax in one cell line but not others. Collectively, we reveal a novel anticancer mechanism of obatoclax by validating that obatoclax targets cyclin D1 for proteasomal degradation to downregulate cyclin D1 for inducing antiproliferation.
Collapse
|
29
|
Li T, Liu Y, Xiao H, Xu G. Long non-coding RNA TUG1 promotes cell proliferation and metastasis in human breast cancer. Breast Cancer 2016; 24:535-543. [PMID: 27848085 DOI: 10.1007/s12282-016-0736-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) utilize a wide variety of mechanisms to regulate RNAs or proteins on the transcriptional or post-transcriptional levels. Accumulating studies have identified numerous LncRNAs to exert critical effects on different physiological processes, genetic disorders, and human diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS Both clinical tissues from breast cancer patients and cultured cells were used for the qRT-PCR analysis. Specific siRNAs were included to assess the roles of TUG1 with cell viability assay, transwell assay, and cell apoptosis assay, respectively. RESULTS The expression of TUG1 was enhanced in breast cancerous tissues and in highly invasive breast cancer cell lines and was associated with clinical variables, including tumor size, distant metastasis and TNM staging. Knockdown of TUG1 significantly slowed down cell proliferation, cell migration, and invasion in breast cancer cell lines MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-436. In addition, cell apoptotic rate was shown to increase upon siTUG1 treatment as evidenced by increases of the activities of caspase-3 and caspase-9. CONCLUSION The identification of TUG1 as a critical mediator of breast cancer progression implied that it might serve as a biomarker for the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer in clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teng Li
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The People's Hospital of Weifang City, Weifang City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yun Liu
- Department of Hematology, The People's Hospital of Weifang City, No. 151 Guangwen Street, Weifang City, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Haifeng Xiao
- Department of Internal Medicine of Oncology, The People's Hospital of Weifang City, Weifang City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Guanghui Xu
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The People's Hospital of Weifang City, Weifang City, Shandong Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Lai KH, Liu YC, Su JH, El-Shazly M, Wu CF, Du YC, Hsu YM, Yang JC, Weng MK, Chou CH, Chen GY, Chen YC, Lu MC. Antileukemic Scalarane Sesterterpenoids and Meroditerpenoid from Carteriospongia (Phyllospongia) sp., Induce Apoptosis via Dual Inhibitory Effects on Topoisomerase II and Hsp90. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36170. [PMID: 27796344 PMCID: PMC5086919 DOI: 10.1038/srep36170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Two new scalarane sesterterpenoids, 12β-(3′β-hydroxybutanoyloxy)-20,24-dimethyl-24-oxo-scalara-16-en-25-al (1) and 12β-(3′β-hydroxypentanoyloxy)-20,24-dimethyl-24-oxo-scalara-16-en-25-al (2), along with one known tetraprenyltoluquinol-related metabolite (3), were isolated from the sponge Carteriospongia sp. In leukemia Molt 4 cells, 1 at 0.0625 μg/mL (125 nM) triggered mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) disruption and apoptosis showing more potent effect than 2 and 3. The isolates inhibited topoisomerase IIα expression. The apoptotic-inducing effect of 3 was supported by the in vivo experiment through suppressing the volume of xenograft tumor growth (47.58%) compared with the control. Compound 1 apoptotic mechanism of action in Molt 4 cells was further elucidated through inducing ROS generation, calcium release and ER stress. Using the molecular docking analysis, 1 exhibited more binding affinity to N-terminal ATP-binding pocket of Hsp90 protein than 17-AAG, a standard Hsp90 inhibitor. The expression of Hsp90 client proteins, Akt, p70S6k, NFκB, Raf-1, p-GSK3β, and XIAP, MDM 2 and Rb2, and CDK4 and Cyclin D3, HIF 1 and HSF1 were suppressed by the use of 1. However, the expression of Hsp70, acetylated tubulin, and activated caspase 3 were induced after 1 treatment. Our results suggested that the proapoptotic effect of the isolates is mediated through the inhibition of Hsp90 and topoisomerase activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kuei-Hung Lai
- Graduate Institute of Marine Biology, National Dong Hwa University, Pingtung, 944, Taiwan.,National Museum of Marine Biology &Aquarium, Pingtung 944, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.,Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Yi-Chang Liu
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Hsin Su
- Graduate Institute of Marine Biology, National Dong Hwa University, Pingtung, 944, Taiwan.,National Museum of Marine Biology &Aquarium, Pingtung 944, Taiwan
| | - Mohamed El-Shazly
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, Organization of African Unity Street, Abassia, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Chih-Fung Wu
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chi Du
- Graduate Institute of Marine Biology, National Dong Hwa University, Pingtung, 944, Taiwan.,National Museum of Marine Biology &Aquarium, Pingtung 944, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ming Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Juan-Cheng Yang
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Kai Weng
- Graduate Institute of Marine Biology, National Dong Hwa University, Pingtung, 944, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hua Chou
- Graduate Institute of Marine Biology, National Dong Hwa University, Pingtung, 944, Taiwan.,National Museum of Marine Biology &Aquarium, Pingtung 944, Taiwan
| | - Guan-Yu Chen
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Cheng Chen
- The Ph.D. Program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, China Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Chin Lu
- Graduate Institute of Marine Biology, National Dong Hwa University, Pingtung, 944, Taiwan.,National Museum of Marine Biology &Aquarium, Pingtung 944, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|