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Radivojev S, Kargl L, Pinto JT, Swedrowska M, Malmlöf M, Meindl C, Forbes B, Gerde P, Paudel A, Fröhlich E. Integration of mucus and its impact within in vitro setups for inhaled drugs and formulations: Identifying the limits of simple vs. complex methodologies when studying drug dissolution and permeability. Int J Pharm 2024; 661:124455. [PMID: 38986963 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 07/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Traditionally, developing inhaled drug formulations relied on trial and error, yet recent technological advancements have deepened the understanding of 'inhalation biopharmaceutics' i.e. the processes that occur to influence the rate and extent of drug exposure in the lungs. This knowledge has led to the development of new in vitro models that predict the in vivo behavior of drugs, facilitating the enhancement of existing formulation and the development of novel ones. Our prior research examined how simulated lung fluid (SLF) affects the solubility of inhaled drugs. Building on this, we aimed to explore drug dissolution and permeability in lung mucosa models containing mucus. Thus, the permeation of four active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), salbutamol sulphate (SS), tiotropium bromide (TioBr), formoterol fumarate (FF) and budesonide (BUD), was assayed in porcine mucus covered Calu-3 cell layers, cultivated at an air liquid interface (ALI) or submerged in a liquid covered (LC) culture system. Further analysis on BUD and FF involved their transport in a mucus-covered PAMPA system. Finally, their dissolution post-aerosolization from Symbicort® was compared using 'simple' Transwell and complex DissolvIt® apparatuses, alone or in presence of porcine mucus or polymer-lipid mucus simulant. The presence of porcine mucus impacted both permeability and dissolution of inhaled drugs. For instance, permeability of SS was reduced by a factor of ten in the Calu-3 ALI model while the permeability of BUD was reduced by factor of two in LC and ALI setups. The comparison of dissolution methodologies indicated that drug dissolution performance was highly dependent on the setup, observing decreased release efficiency and higher variability in Transwell system compared to DissolvIt®. Overall, results demonstrate that relatively simple methodologies can be used to discriminate between formulations in early phase drug product development. However, for more advanced stages complex methods are required. Crucially, it was clear that the impact of mucus and selection of its composition in in vitro testing of dissolution and permeability should not be neglected when developing drugs and formulations intended for inhalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snezana Radivojev
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria; Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Lukas Kargl
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Joana T Pinto
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Magda Swedrowska
- King's College London, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, SE1 9NH London, UK
| | | | - Claudia Meindl
- Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Ben Forbes
- King's College London, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, SE1 9NH London, UK
| | - Per Gerde
- Inhalation Sciences AB, Huddinge, Sweden; Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Amrit Paudel
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria; Institute of Process and Particle Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Eleonore Fröhlich
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria; Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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Yan X, Sha X. Nanoparticle-Mediated Strategies for Enhanced Drug Penetration and Retention in the Airway Mucosa. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2457. [PMID: 37896217 PMCID: PMC10610050 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15102457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Airway mucus is a complex viscoelastic gel composed mainly of water, glycoproteins, lipids, enzymes, minerals, etc. Among them, glycoproteins are the main factors determining mucus's gel-like rheology. Airway mucus forms a protective barrier by secreting mucin, which represents a barrier for absorption, especially for more lipophilic drugs. It rapidly removes drugs from the airway through the physiological mucus clearance mechanism so drugs cannot remain in the lungs or reach the airway epithelial tissue for a long time. Significant progress has been made in enhancing drug lung deposition recently, but strategies are still needed to help drugs break through the lung mucosal barrier. Based on the physiopathological mechanisms of airway mucus, this paper reviews and summarizes strategies to enhance drug penetration and retention in the airway mucosa mediated by nano-delivery systems, including mucosal permeation systems, mucosal adhesion systems, and enzyme-modified delivery systems. On this basis, the potential and challenges of nano-delivery systems for improving airway mucus clearance are revealed. New ideas and approaches are provided for designing novel nano-delivery systems that effectively improve drug retention and penetration in the airway mucus layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yan
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201203, China;
| | - Xianyi Sha
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201203, China;
- The Institutes of Integrative Medicine of Fudan University, 120 Urumqi Middle Road, Shanghai 200040, China
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3
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Ma’ali A, Naseef H, Qurt M, Abukhalil AD, Rabba AK, Sabri I. The Preparation and Evaluation of Cyanocobalamin Mucoadhesive Sublingual Tablets. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1412. [PMID: 37895883 PMCID: PMC10610133 DOI: 10.3390/ph16101412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cobalamin (vitamin B12), an essential vitamin with low oral bioavailability, plays a vital role in cellular functions. This research aimed to enhance the absorption of vitamin B12 using sublingual mucoadhesive tablets by increasing the residence time of the drug at the administration site. This research involved the preparation of different 50 mg placebo formulas using different methods. Formulas with disintegration times less than one minute and appropriate physical characteristics were incorporated into 1 mg of cyanocobalamin (S1-S20) using the direct compression method. The tablets obtained were evaluated ex vivo for residence time, and only those remaining for >15 min were included. The final formulas (S5, S8, S11, and S20) were evaluated in several ways, including pre- and post-compression, drug content, mucoadhesive strength, dissolution, and Permeapad® permeation test employed in the Franz diffusion cell. After conducting the evaluation, formula S11 (Eudragit L100-55) emerged as the most favorable formulation. It exhibited a mucoadhesive residence time of 118.2 ± 2.89 min, required a detachment force of 26 ± 1 g, maintained a drug content of 99.124 ± 0.001699%, and achieved a 76.85% drug release over 22 h, fitting well with the Peppas-Sahlin kinetic model (R2: 0.9949). This suggests that the drug release process encompasses the Fickian and non-Fickian kinetic mechanisms. Furthermore, Eudragit L100-55 demonstrated the highest permeability, boasting a flux value of 6.387 ± 1.860 µg/h/cm2; over 6 h. These findings indicate that including this polymer in the formulation leads to an improved residence time, which positively impacts bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hani Naseef
- Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nursing and Health Professions, Birzeit University, Ramallah P.O. Box 14, Palestine; (A.M.); (M.Q.); (A.D.A.); (A.K.R.); (I.S.)
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4
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Henriques P, Bicker J, Silva S, Doktorovová S, Fortuna A. Nasal-PAMPA: A novel non-cell-based high throughput screening assay for prediction of nasal drug permeability. Int J Pharm 2023; 643:123252. [PMID: 37479103 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
In nasal drug product development, screening studies are vital to select promising compounds or formulations. The Parallel Artificial Membrane Permeability Assay (PAMPA), a high throughput screening tool, has been applied to evaluate drug permeability across several barriers such as the skin or blood-brain barrier. Herein, a new nasal-PAMPA model was optimized to predict nasal permeability, using a biorelevant donor medium containing mucin. The apparent permeability (Papp) of 15 reference compounds was assessed in six different experimental conditions, and the most discriminating and predictive model was applied to a test drug (piroxicam) and mucoadhesive powder formulations loading the same drug. The model with 0.5% (w/v) mucin in the donor compartment and 2% (w/v) phosphatidylcholine in the lipid membrane accurately distinguished high and low permeable compounds. Additionally, it exhibited the highest correlation with permeation across human nasal epithelial cells, RPMI 2650 (R2 = 0.93). When applied to powder formulations, this model was sensitive to the presence of mucoadhesive excipients and the drug solid state. Overall, the nasal-PAMPA model was more rapid than cell-based assays, without requiring specialized training or equipment, showing to be a promising in vitro tool that can be applied in drug and formulation screening for nasal delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Henriques
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, Coimbra, Portugal; R&D, Drug Product Development, Hovione FarmaCiencia SA, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joana Bicker
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, Coimbra, Portugal; University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Soraia Silva
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, Coimbra, Portugal; University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Ana Fortuna
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, Coimbra, Portugal; University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, Coimbra, Portugal.
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Lenders V, Koutsoumpou X, Phan P, Soenen SJ, Allegaert K, de Vleeschouwer S, Toelen J, Zhao Z, Manshian BB. Modulation of engineered nanomaterial interactions with organ barriers for enhanced drug transport. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:4672-4724. [PMID: 37338993 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00574j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
The biomedical use of nanoparticles (NPs) has been the focus of intense research for over a decade. As most NPs are explored as carriers to alter the biodistribution, pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of associated drugs, the delivery of these NPs to the tissues of interest remains an important topic. To date, the majority of NP delivery studies have used tumor models as their tool of interest, and the limitations concerning tumor targeting of systemically administered NPs have been well studied. In recent years, the focus has also shifted to other organs, each presenting their own unique delivery challenges to overcome. In this review, we discuss the recent advances in leveraging NPs to overcome four major biological barriers including the lung mucus, the gastrointestinal mucus, the placental barrier, and the blood-brain barrier. We define the specific properties of these biological barriers, discuss the challenges related to NP transport across them, and provide an overview of recent advances in the field. We discuss the strengths and shortcomings of different strategies to facilitate NP transport across the barriers and highlight some key findings that can stimulate further advances in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Lenders
- Translational Cell and Tissue Research Unit, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, B3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Xanthippi Koutsoumpou
- Translational Cell and Tissue Research Unit, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, B3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Philana Phan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Stefaan J Soenen
- Translational Cell and Tissue Research Unit, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, B3000 Leuven, Belgium.
- NanoHealth and Optical Imaging Group, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, B3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Karel Allegaert
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, CN Rotterdam, 3015, The Netherlands
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, B3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Child and Youth Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Woman and Child, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steven de Vleeschouwer
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurosurgery and Neuroanatomy, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jaan Toelen
- Leuven Child and Youth Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Woman and Child, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Zongmin Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Bella B Manshian
- Translational Cell and Tissue Research Unit, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, B3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Sahoo DK, Martinez MN, Dao K, Gabriel V, Zdyrski C, Jergens AE, Atherly T, Iennarella-Servantez CA, Burns LE, Schrunk D, Volpe DA, Allenspach K, Mochel JP. Canine Intestinal Organoids as a Novel In Vitro Model of Intestinal Drug Permeability: A Proof-of-Concept Study. Cells 2023; 12:cells12091269. [PMID: 37174669 PMCID: PMC10177590 DOI: 10.3390/cells12091269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A key component of efforts to identify the biological and drug-specific aspects contributing to therapeutic failure or unexpected exposure-associated toxicity is the study of drug-intestinal barrier interactions. While methods supporting such assessments are widely described for human therapeutics, relatively little information is available for similar evaluations in support of veterinary pharmaceuticals. There is, therefore, a critical need to develop novel approaches for evaluating drug-gut interactions in veterinary medicine. Three-dimensional (3D) organoids can address these difficulties in a reasonably affordable system that circumvents the need for more invasive in vivo assays in live animals. However, a first step in developing such systems is understanding organoid interactions in a 2D monolayer. Given the importance of orally administered medications for meeting the therapeutic need of companion animals, we demonstrate growth conditions under which canine-colonoid-derived intestinal epithelial cells survive, mature, and differentiate into confluent cell systems with high monolayer integrity. We further examine the applicability of this canine-colonoid-derived 2D model to assess the permeability of three structurally diverse, passively absorbed β-blockers (e.g., propranolol, metoprolol, and atenolol). Both the absorptive and secretive apparent permeability (Papp) of these drugs at two different pH conditions were evaluated in canine-colonoid-derived monolayers and compared with that of Caco-2 cells. This proof-of-concept study provides promising preliminary results with regard to the utility of canine-derived organoid monolayers for species-specific assessments of therapeutic drug passive permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipak Kumar Sahoo
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Marilyn N Martinez
- Office of New Animal Drug Evaluation, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Kimberly Dao
- 3D Health Solutions, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Vojtech Gabriel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, SMART Pharmacology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Christopher Zdyrski
- 3D Health Solutions, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, SMART Pharmacology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Albert E Jergens
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Todd Atherly
- 3D Health Solutions, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | | | - Laura E Burns
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Dwayne Schrunk
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Donna A Volpe
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20852, USA
| | - Karin Allenspach
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- 3D Health Solutions, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Jonathan P Mochel
- 3D Health Solutions, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, SMART Pharmacology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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Zhai K, Gong Y, Sun L, He L, Xue Z, Yang Y, Fang M, Zhang J. DNA starvation/stationary phase protection protein of Helicobacter pylori as a potential immunodominant antigen for infection detection. Helicobacter 2023; 28:e12955. [PMID: 36775815 DOI: 10.1111/hel.12955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Application of chicken egg yolk immunoglobulin Y (IgY) for Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori, HP) has gained much interest in recent years. Comparing with for treatment, IgY may be more advantageous when used for H. pylori detection. METHODS Nine strains of H. pylori with different genetic backgrounds were inactivated and used to immunize hens, respectively, for the preparation of polyclonal anti-H. pylori immunoglobulin Y (anti-HP IgY). The proteins of H. pylori with reactivity to anti-HP IgY were detected by Western Blot. The five protein bands that can be well recognized by anti-HP IgY of each group, and were prevalent in all nine strains were excised from SDS-PAGE gel, digested and identified by Nano-HPLC-MS/MS analysis. The potential of these identified proteins as antigen detection targets was then assessed by sequence analysis. RESULTS Anti-HP IgY derived from each group of specific strain immunized hens can recognize self-strain and non-self-strain antigens well. Five immunodominant antigens were identified as chaperonin GroEL, flagellin A, urease subunit alpha, peroxiredoxin and DNA starvation/stationary phase protection protein. Sequences analysis showed that both peroxiredoxin and DNA starvation/stationary phase protection protein were present in all 1000 strains of H. pylori queried, and the amino acid sequences were highly conserved. The highest sequence consistency between the DNA starvation/stationary phase protection protein of H. pylori and non-Helicobacter organisms was 52.59%, and the consistent sites were scattered and there was no continuous long fragment consensus sequence. CONCLUSION DNA starvation/stationary phase protection protein was identified as an immunodominant antigen of H. pylori and sequence analysis indicated that it could serve as a potential antigen target for the diagnosis of H. pylori infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangle Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yanan Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Lihua He
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Zhijing Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,Research Center of Translational Medicine, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Yaming Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Mengyang Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jianzhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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Matsuzawa M, Ando T, Fukase S, Kimura M, Kume Y, Ide T, Izawa K, Kaitani A, Hara M, Nakamura E, Kamei A, Matsuda A, Nakano N, Maeda K, Tada N, Ogawa H, Okumura K, Murakami A, Ebihara N, Kitaura J. The protective role of conjunctival goblet cell mucin sialylation. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1417. [PMID: 36932081 PMCID: PMC10023771 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37101-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Gel-forming mucins secreted by conjunctival goblet cells have been implicated in the clearance of allergens, pathogens, and debris. However, their roles remain incompletely understood. Here we show that human and mouse conjunctival goblet cell mucins have Alcian blue-detectable sialic acids, but not sulfates in the steady state. Interestingly, Balb/c mouse strain lacks this sialylation due to a point mutation in a sialyltransferase gene, St6galnac1, which is responsible for sialyl-Tn synthesis. Introduction of intact St6galnac1 to Balb/c restores the sialylation of conjunctival goblet cell mucus. Sialylated mucus efficiently captures and encapsulates the allergen particles in an impenetrable layer, leading to the protection of mice from the development of allergic conjunctivitis. Expression of ST6GALNAC1 and sialyl-Tn is upregulated in humans under conditions with chronic stimuli. These results indicate that the sialylated glycans on the ocular mucins play an essential role in maintaining the conjunctival mucosa by protecting from the incoming foreign bodies such as allergen particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moe Matsuzawa
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Urayasu, Chiba, 279-0021, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Ando
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan.
| | - Saaya Fukase
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Urayasu, Chiba, 279-0021, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Meiko Kimura
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Urayasu, Chiba, 279-0021, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Yasuharu Kume
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Urayasu, Chiba, 279-0021, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Takuma Ide
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Kumi Izawa
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Ayako Kaitani
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Mutsuko Hara
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular and Biochemical Research, Biomedical Research Core Facilities, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Eri Nakamura
- Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Anna Kamei
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
- Department of Science of Allergy and Inflammation, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Akira Matsuda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Nakano
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Keiko Maeda
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
- Department of Immunological Diagnosis, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Norihiro Tada
- Center for Biomedical Research Resources, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Hideoki Ogawa
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Ko Okumura
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Akira Murakami
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Ebihara
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Urayasu, Chiba, 279-0021, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Jiro Kitaura
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan.
- Department of Science of Allergy and Inflammation, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan.
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9
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Britza SM, Musgrave IF, Farrington R, Byard RW. Intestinal epithelial damage due to herbal compounds - an in vitro study. Drug Chem Toxicol 2023; 46:247-255. [PMID: 34979837 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2021.2021929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial injury from herbal products has rarely been reported, despite the gut being the first point of contact for oral preparations. These products often consist of multiple herbs, thereby potentially exposing consumers to higher levels of reactive phytochemicals than predicted due to pharmacokinetic interactions. The phytochemical coumarin, found in many herbal products, may be taken in combination with herbal medicines containing astragalosides and atractylenolides, purported cytochrome P450 (CYP) modulators. As herbal use increases, the need to predict interactions in multiple at-risk organ systems is becoming critical. Hence, to determine whether certain herbal preparations containing coumarin may cause damage to the intestinal epithelium, Caco2 cells were exposed to common phytochemicals. Coumarin, astragaloside IV (AST-IV) or atractylenolide I (ATR-I) solutions were exposed to Caco2 cultures in increasing concentrations, individually or combined. Coumarin produced a significant concentration-dependant fall in cell viability that was potentiated when CYP enzymes were induced with rifampicin and incubated with CYP3A4 inhibitor econazole, suggesting a role for other CYP enzymes generating toxic metabolites. ATR-I alone produced no toxicity in uninduced cells but showed significant toxicity in rifampicin-induced cells. ATR-I had no effect on coumarin-induced toxicity. AST-IV was nontoxic alone but produced significant toxicity when combined with nontoxic concentrations of coumarin. The combination of coumarin, ATR-I and AST-IV was significantly toxic, but no synergistic interaction was seen. This investigation was conducted to determine the likelihood for intestinal-based interactions, with the results demonstrating coumarin is potentially toxic to intestinal epithelium, and combinations with other phytochemicals can potentiate this toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Britza
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Ian F Musgrave
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Rachael Farrington
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Roger W Byard
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia.,Forensic Science South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia
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10
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Butnarasu C, Garbero OV, Petrini P, Visai L, Visentin S. Permeability Assessment of a High-Throughput Mucosal Platform. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020380. [PMID: 36839702 PMCID: PMC9966667 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Permeability across cellular membranes is a key factor that influences absorption and distribution. Before absorption, many drugs must pass through the mucus barrier that covers all the wet surfaces of the human body. Cell-free in vitro tools currently used to evaluate permeability fail to effectively model the complexity of mucosal barriers. Here, we present an in vitro mucosal platform as a possible strategy for assessing permeability in a high-throughput setup. The PermeaPad 96-well plate was used as a permeability system and further coupled to a pathological, tridimensional mucus model. The physicochemical determinants predicting passive diffusion were determined by combining experimental and computational approaches. Drug solubility, size, and shape were found to be the critical properties governing permeability, while the charge of the drug was found to be influential on the interaction with mucus. Overall, the proposed mucosal platform could be a promising in vitro tool to model the complexity of mucosal tissues and could therefore be adopted for drug-permeability profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosmin Butnarasu
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Science, University of Turin, via Quarello 15, 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - Olga Valentina Garbero
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Science, University of Turin, via Quarello 15, 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - Paola Petrini
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Livia Visai
- Molecular Medicine Department (DMM), Centre for Health Technologies (CHT), UdR INSTM, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Medicina Clinica-Specialistica, UOR5 Laboratorio di Nanotecnologie, ICS Maugeri, IRCCS, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Sonja Visentin
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Science, University of Turin, via Quarello 15, 10135 Torino, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0116708337
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11
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Ruan J, Liu C, Wang J, Zhong T, Quan P, Fang L. Efficacy and safety of permeation enhancers: a kinetic evaluation approach and molecular mechanism study in the skin. Int J Pharm 2022; 626:122155. [PMID: 36049584 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study sought to provide approach for evaluating and predicting the efficacy and safety of permeation enhancers on the basis of their kinetic distribution behavior in the skin dictated by physicochemical properties. Herein, the efficacy-safety regularity of eight permeation enhancers were studied with ex vivo skin permeation study, small-angle X-ray scattering, MTT assay, H&E staining, and in vivo skin erythema analysis, classifying into the following three categories: high enhancement-low irritation, medium enhancement-high irritation, and low enhancement-low irritation. These three modes were positively correlated with the distribution amount of permeation enhancers in the skin layers and verified by the in vitro tape-stripping study. The kinetic parameter, effective-safety index (IES), was proposed to describe the regularity of enhancement effect tendency and irritation risk, and the relationship between IES and physicochemical properties of permeation enhancers was analyzed with multiple regression analysis. According to the results of modulated temperature differential scanning calorimetry and dielectric spectrum, permeation enhancers with high lipophilicity and low polarity had IES > 1, suggesting high enhancement effect and low irritation due to their higher affinity with the stratum corneum (SC) than with epidermis (EP). Permeation enhancers with medium lipophilicity and medium polarity exhibited 0 <IES ≤ 1, showing medium enhancement effect and high irritation, as determined by their comparable affinity with the SC and epidermis (EP). However, permeation enhancers with low lipophilicity and high polarity had IES → 0, demonstrating low enhancement effect and irritation, as indicated by their poor affinity with the SC. In summary, different physicochemical properties of permeation enhancers influenced their affinities with skin layers, resulting in their different enhancement effect and irritation potential. This study will provide a theoretical basis and criteria for evaluating and predicting the safety and efficacy of permeation enhancers, which will enable a more rational selection of permeation enhancers in the optimization of transdermal patches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiuheng Ruan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Ting Zhong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Peng Quan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Liang Fang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China.
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12
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In Vitro Models of Biological Barriers for Nanomedical Research. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23168910. [PMID: 36012181 PMCID: PMC9408841 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23168910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoconstructs developed for biomedical purposes must overcome diverse biological barriers before reaching the target where playing their therapeutic or diagnostic function. In vivo models are very complex and unsuitable to distinguish the roles plaid by the multiple biological barriers on nanoparticle biodistribution and effect; in addition, they are costly, time-consuming and subject to strict ethical regulation. For these reasons, simplified in vitro models are preferred, at least for the earlier phases of the nanoconstruct development. Many in vitro models have therefore been set up. Each model has its own pros and cons: conventional 2D cell cultures are simple and cost-effective, but the information remains limited to single cells; cell monolayers allow the formation of cell–cell junctions and the assessment of nanoparticle translocation across structured barriers but they lack three-dimensionality; 3D cell culture systems are more appropriate to test in vitro nanoparticle biodistribution but they are static; finally, bioreactors and microfluidic devices can mimicking the physiological flow occurring in vivo thus providing in vitro biological barrier models suitable to reliably assess nanoparticles relocation. In this evolving context, the present review provides an overview of the most representative and performing in vitro models of biological barriers set up for nanomedical research.
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Azman M, Sabri AH, Anjani QK, Mustaffa MF, Hamid KA. Intestinal Absorption Study: Challenges and Absorption Enhancement Strategies in Improving Oral Drug Delivery. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15080975. [PMID: 36015123 PMCID: PMC9412385 DOI: 10.3390/ph15080975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The oral route is the most common and practical means of drug administration, particularly from a patient’s perspective. However, the pharmacokinetic profile of oral drugs depends on the rate of drug absorption through the intestinal wall before entering the systemic circulation. However, the enteric epithelium represents one of the major limiting steps for drug absorption, due to the presence of efflux transporters on the intestinal membrane, mucous layer, enzymatic degradation, and the existence of tight junctions along the intestinal linings. These challenges are more noticeable for hydrophilic drugs, high molecular weight drugs, and drugs that are substrates of the efflux transporters. Another challenge faced by oral drug delivery is the presence of first-pass hepatic metabolism that can result in reduced drug bioavailability. Over the years, a wide range of compounds have been investigated for their permeation-enhancing effect in order to circumvent these challenges. There is also a growing interest in developing nanocarrier-based formulation strategies to enhance the drug absorption. Therefore, this review aims to provide an overview of the challenges faced by oral drug delivery and selected strategies to enhance the oral drug absorption, including the application of absorption enhancers and nanocarrier-based formulations based on in vitro, in vivo, and in situ studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maisarah Azman
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Selangor, Puncak Alam 42300, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Akmal H. Sabri
- Medical Biology Centre, School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Qonita Kurnia Anjani
- Medical Biology Centre, School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
- Fakultas Farmasi, Universitas Megarezky, Jl. Antang Raya No. 43, Makassar 90234, Indonesia
| | - Mohd Faiz Mustaffa
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Selangor, Puncak Alam 42300, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Khuriah Abdul Hamid
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Selangor, Puncak Alam 42300, Selangor, Malaysia
- Atta-ur-Rahman Institute for Natural Product Discovery (AuRINS), Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Selangor, Puncak Alam 42300, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence:
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14
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Ye D, López Mármol Á, Lenz V, Muschong P, Wilhelm-Alkubaisi A, Weinheimer M, Koziolek M, Sauer KA, Laplanche L, Mezler M. Mucin-Protected Caco-2 Assay to Study Drug Permeation in the Presence of Complex Biorelevant Media. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14040699. [PMID: 35456533 PMCID: PMC9032137 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14040699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The poor solubility and permeability of compounds beyond Lipinski’s Rule of Five (bRo5) are major challenges for cell-based permeability assays. Due to their incompatibility with gastrointestinal components in biorelevant media, the exploration of important questions addressing food effects is limited. Thus, we established a robust mucin-protected Caco-2 assay to allow the assessment of drug permeation in complex biorelevant media. To do that, the assay conditions were first optimized with dependence of the concentration of porcine mucin added to the cells. Mucin-specific effects on drug permeability were evaluated by analyzing cell permeability values for 15 reference drugs (BCS class I–IV). Secondly, a sigmoidal relationship between mucin-dependent permeability and fraction absorbed in human (fa) was established. A case study with venetoclax (BCS class IV) was performed to investigate the impact of medium complexity and the prandial state on drug permeation. Luminal fluids obtained from the tiny-TIM system showed a higher solubilization capacity for venetoclax, and a better read-out for the drug permeability, as compared to FaSSIF or FeSSIF media. In conclusion, the mucin-protected Caco-2 assay combined with biorelevant media improves the mechanistic understanding of drug permeation and addresses complex biopharmaceutical questions, such as food effects on oral drug absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Ye
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics—Bioanalytical Research, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany; (D.Y.); (P.M.); (A.W.-A.); (M.W.); (L.L.)
| | - Álvaro López Mármol
- NCE Formulation Sciences, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany; (Á.L.M.); (V.L.); (M.K.); (K.A.S.)
| | - Verena Lenz
- NCE Formulation Sciences, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany; (Á.L.M.); (V.L.); (M.K.); (K.A.S.)
| | - Patricia Muschong
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics—Bioanalytical Research, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany; (D.Y.); (P.M.); (A.W.-A.); (M.W.); (L.L.)
| | - Anita Wilhelm-Alkubaisi
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics—Bioanalytical Research, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany; (D.Y.); (P.M.); (A.W.-A.); (M.W.); (L.L.)
| | - Manuel Weinheimer
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics—Bioanalytical Research, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany; (D.Y.); (P.M.); (A.W.-A.); (M.W.); (L.L.)
| | - Mirko Koziolek
- NCE Formulation Sciences, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany; (Á.L.M.); (V.L.); (M.K.); (K.A.S.)
| | - Kerstin A. Sauer
- NCE Formulation Sciences, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany; (Á.L.M.); (V.L.); (M.K.); (K.A.S.)
| | - Loic Laplanche
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics—Bioanalytical Research, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany; (D.Y.); (P.M.); (A.W.-A.); (M.W.); (L.L.)
| | - Mario Mezler
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics—Bioanalytical Research, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany; (D.Y.); (P.M.); (A.W.-A.); (M.W.); (L.L.)
- Correspondence:
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15
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Alginate oligosaccharides enhance diffusion and activity of colistin in a mucin-rich environment. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4986. [PMID: 35322119 PMCID: PMC8943044 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08927-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In a number of chronic respiratory diseases e.g. cystic fibrosis (CF) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the production of viscous mucin reduces pulmonary function and represents an effective barrier to diffusion of inhaled therapies e.g. antibiotics. Here, a 2-compartment Transwell model was developed to study impaired diffusion of the antibiotic colistin across an artificial sputum (AS) matrix/medium and to quantify its antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa NH57388A biofilms (alone and in combination with mucolytic therapy). High-performance liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD) revealed that the presence of AS medium significantly reduced the rate of colistin diffusion (> 85% at 48 h; p < 0.05). Addition of alginate oligosaccharide (OligoG CF-5/20) significantly improved colistin diffusion by 3.7 times through mucin-rich AS medium (at 48 h; p < 0.05). Increased diffusion of colistin with OligoG CF-5/20 was shown (using confocal laser scanning microscopy and COMSTAT image analysis) to be associated with significantly increased bacterial killing (p < 0.05). These data support the use of this model to study drug and small molecule delivery across clinically-relevant diffusion barriers. The findings indicate the significant loss of colistin and reduced effectiveness that occurs with mucin binding, and support the use of mucolytics to improve antimicrobial efficacy and lower antibiotic exposure.
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16
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Human Lactobacillus Biosurfactants as Natural Excipients for Nasal drug Delivery of Hydrocortisone. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14030524. [PMID: 35335901 PMCID: PMC8952429 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14030524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The inclusion of a chemical permeation enhancer in a dosage form is considered an effective approach to improve absorption across the nasal mucosa. Herein we evaluated the possibility of exploiting biosurfactants (BS) produced by Lactobacillus gasseri BC9 as innovative natural excipients to improve nasal delivery of hydrocortisone (HC). BC9-BS ability to improve HC solubility and the BS mucoadhesive potential were investigated using the surfactant at a concentration below and above the critical micelle concentration (CMC). In vitro diffusion studies through the biomimetic membrane PermeaPad® and the same synthetic barrier functionalized with a mucin layer were assessed to determine BC9-BS absorption enhancing properties in the absence and presence of the mucus layer. Lastly, the diffusion study was performed across the sheep nasal mucosa using BC9-BS at a concentration below the CMC. Results showed that BC9-BS was able to interact with the main component of the nasal mucosa, and that it allowed for a greater solubilization and also permeation of the drug when it was employed at a low concentration. Overall, it seems that BC9-BS could be a promising alternative to chemical surfactants in the nasal drug delivery field.
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17
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Ruan J, Zhong T, Zhang S, Liu C, Quan P, Fang L. A Systematic Quantitative Evaluation of Permeation Enhancement Window: Transdermal Permeation Enhancing Dynamics Establishment and Molecular Mechanisms Characterization of Permeation Enhancer. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:1962-1972. [PMID: 34999089 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
At present, transdermal permeation enhancing dynamics studies on permeation enhancers are still limited. In this study, these dynamics were established based on the content of enhancer Plurol Oleique CC in skin (CPOCC) and the increment of drug permeation amount (ΔQ). A new concept deemed "permeation enhancement window" (ΔCPOCC), comprised of a threshold dose (Cthr), maximal dose (Cmax) and permeation enhancement efficiency (Eff) was used to evaluate the enhancement effect of POCC for different drugs. According to results of FT-IR, ATR-FTIR and DSC analyses, the higher CPOCC of patches containing acidic drugs vs. basic drugs resulted from their stronger interaction with pressure-sensitive adhesives, leading to more free POCC and a greater disturbing effect on stratum corneum (SC) lipids. Below Cthr, a longer lag phase for acidic drugs resulted from more POCC required to compete with ceramide. When CPOCC exceeded Cmax by about 400 μg/g, plateau phases for all drugs were reached due to the upper limit of SC lipid fluidity, as confirmed by SAXS and Raman imaging. In summary, the differences in the permeation enhancement window for the test drugs resulted from the varied interaction strengths among POCC, drugs and adhesives, as well as changeable SC lipid fluidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiuheng Ruan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
| | - Ting Zhong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
| | - Peng Quan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
| | - Liang Fang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China.
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18
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Tzanova MM, Randelov E, Stein PC, Hiorth M, di Cagno MP. Towards a better mechanistic comprehension of drug permeation and absorption: Introducing the diffusion-partitioning interplay. Int J Pharm 2021; 608:121116. [PMID: 34555476 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The process of passive drug absorption from the gastrointestinal tract is still poorly understood and modelled. Additionally, the rapidly evolving field of pharmaceutics demands efficient, affordable and reliable in vitro tools for predicting in vivo performance. In this work, we combined established methods for quantifying drug diffusivity (localized UV-spectroscopy) and permeability (Permeapad® plate) in order to gain a better understanding of the role of unstirred water layers (UWLs) in drug absorption. The effect of diffusion/permeability media composition and viscosity on the apparent permeation resistance (Rapp) of model drugs caffeine (CAF) and hydrocortisone (HC) were tested and evaluated by varying the type and concentration of viscosity-enhancing agent - glycerol or a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) with different average molecular weights. For all types of media, increased viscosity lead to reduction in diffusivity but could not alone explain the observed effect, which was attributed to intermolecular polymer-drug interactions. Additionally, for both drugs, smaller hydrophilic viscosity-enhancing agents (glycerol and PEG 400) had larger influence than larger ones (PEG 3350 and 6000). The results highlighted the role of UWL as an additive barrier to permeation and indicated that diffusion through UWL is the rate-limiting step to CAF's permeation, whilst HC permeability is a partition-driven process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina M Tzanova
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Elizabeta Randelov
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Paul C Stein
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Marianne Hiorth
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway
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Design of ophthalmic micelles loaded with diclofenac sodium: effect of chitosan and temperature on the block-copolymer micellization behaviour. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2021; 12:1488-1507. [PMID: 34258717 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-021-01030-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Diclofenac sodium 0.1% is a commonly used NSAID with well-documented clinical efficacy in reducing postoperative inflammation; however, its corneal tolerability and ophthalmic tissue bioavailability require further improvement. Advanced micellar delivery systems composed of block-copolymers and chitosan showing fine balance between the mucoadhesion and mucus permeation, capable to slip through the mucus barrier and adhere to the epithelial ocular surface, may be used to tackle both challenges. The aggregation behaviour of the block-copolymers in the presence of different additives will dramatically influence the quality attributes like particle size, particle size distribution, drug-polymer interaction, zeta potential, drug incorporation, important for the delicate balance among mucoadhesion and permeation, as well as safety and efficacy of the ophthalmic micelles. Therefore, quality by design approach and D-optimal experimental design model were used to create a pool of useful data for the influence of chitosan and the formulation factors on the block copolymer's aggregation behaviour during the development and optimization of Diclofenac loaded Chitosan/Lutrol F127 or F68 micelles. Particle size, polydispersity index, dissolution rate, FTIR and DSC studies, NMR spectroscopy, cytotoxicity, mucoadhesivity, mucus permeation studies, and bioadhesivity were assessed as critical quality attributes. FTIR and DSC studies pointed to the chaotropic effect of chitosan during the micelle aggregation. Mainly, Pluronic F68 micellization behaviour was more dramatically affected by the presence of chitosan, and self-aggregation into larger micelles with high polydispersity index was favoured at higher chitosan concentration. The optimized formulation with highest potential for ophthalmic delivery of diclofenac sodium, good cytotoxicity profile, delicate balance of the mucoadhesivity, and mucus permeation was in the design space of Chitosan/Lutrol F127 micelles.
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20
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Vaginal drug delivery approaches for localized management of cervical cancer. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 174:114-126. [PMID: 33857555 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cervical cancer or cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) remain a major public health problem among women globally. Traditional methods such as surgery are often associated with possible complications which may impact future pregnancies and childbirth especially for young female patients. Vagina with a high contact surface is a suitable route for the local and systemic delivery of drugs but its abundant mucus in continuous exchange presents a barrier for the popularization of conventional vaginal formulations including suppositories, gel, patch, creams and so on. So the development of new pharmaceutical forms based on nanotechnology became appealing owing to its several advantages such as mucosa penetration, bioadhesion, controlled drug release, and decreased adverse effects. This review provided an overview of the development of topical treatment of cervical cancer or CIN through vaginal drug delivery ranging from conventional vaginal formulations to new nanocarriers to the newly developed phototherapy and gene therapy, analyzing the problems faced by current methods used, and advising the developing trend in future. The methods of establishing preclinical animal model are also discussed.
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21
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Igarashi F, Nakagawa T, Shinohara Y, Tachibana T. Analysis of Non-linear Pharmacokinetics of P-Glycoprotein Substrates in a Microfluidic Device Using a Mathematical Model that Includes an Unstirred Water Layer (UWL) Compartment. Pharm Res 2021; 38:1031-1039. [PMID: 34009624 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-021-03054-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this research is to analyze non-linear pharmacokinetics of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrates in a cell based assay of a microfluidic device, which might be affected by hydrodynamic barrier (unstirred water layer, UWL). RESULTS Apparent permeability (Papp) were obtained using non-P-gp substrates (propranolol, metoprolol, and atenolol) and P-gp substrates (quinidine and talinolol) in a commercially available microfluidic device, organoplate ® of Caco-2 cell based assay. The previous UWL resistance model was well fitted to Papp of static and flow condition by assuming UWL including and negligible condition, while P-gp substrates of higher passive permeability (quinidine) was apart from the fitting curve. The concentration dependent non-linear kinetics of P-gp substrates, quinidine and talinolol, was more analyzed in detail, and apparent Vmax discrepancy between static and flow assay condition in the quinidine assay was observed, while that was not observed in talinolol, the lower permeable substrate. Based on the experimental results, a mathematical model for P-gp substrates including UWL compartment on the previous 3-compartment model was developed, and it indicated that the apparent Vmax was variable along with the ratio between passive permeability and UWL permeability. CONCLUSIONS The mathematical model adding UWL compartment well explained non-linear pharmacokinetics of apparent permeability of P-gp substrate in the microfluidic device. The model also has a potential to be applied to P-gp substrate permeability analysis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiko Igarashi
- Discovery ADMET Department, Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Gotemba, Shizuoka, Japan.
| | - Toshito Nakagawa
- Discovery ADMET Department, Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Gotemba, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yuka Shinohara
- Discovery ADMET Department, Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Gotemba, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Tachibana
- Discovery ADMET Department, Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Gotemba, Shizuoka, Japan
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Li J, Zheng H, Xu EY, Moehwald M, Chen L, Zhang X, Mao S. Inhalable PLGA microspheres: Tunable lung retention and systemic exposure via polyethylene glycol modification. Acta Biomater 2021; 123:325-334. [PMID: 33454386 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.12.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) modification is one of the promising approaches to overcome both mucus and alveolar macrophage uptake barriers in the deep lung for sustained therapy of pulmonary diseases such as asthma. To investigate the feasibility of using PEG-modified microspheres to bypass both barriers, we prepared a collection of polyethylene glycol-distearoyl glycero-phosphoethanolamine (PEG-DSPE)-modified poly (lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) microspheres bearing specific PEG molecular weights (0.75, 2, 5, and 10 kDa) and PEG-DSPE/PLGA molar ratios (0.25:1 and 1:1). Drug release, mucus penetration, and macrophage uptake were evaluated in vitro, and the corresponding in vivo activities of microspheres in rats were investigated. It was found that the PEG2000-DSPE/PLGA 1:1 group showed enhanced mucus permeability and reduced macrophage uptake in vitro compared to the PEG2000-DSPE/PLGA 0.25:1 group. At high PEG molar ratios, only the PEG 2000-based group showed significantly prolonged lung retention in vivo compared to the control group. The systemic exposure of the PEG2000-DSPE/PLGA 1:1 group was significantly lower than that of the PEG2000-DSPE/PLGA 0.25:1 group (39% of AUC reduction). Additionally, when using the same molar ratio of 1:1, the PEG 2000 group significantly lowered the systemic drug exposure compared to that of the PEG 5000 and 10000 groups (48% and 33% of AUC reduction, respectively), thus making it a promising sustained lung delivery candidate for pulmonary disease treatment.
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Drug Disposition in the Lower Gastrointestinal Tract: Targeting and Monitoring. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13020161. [PMID: 33530468 PMCID: PMC7912393 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13020161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of colonic diseases calls for a better understanding of the various colonic drug absorption barriers of colon-targeted formulations, and for reliable in vitro tools that accurately predict local drug disposition. In vivo relevant incubation conditions have been shown to better capture the composition of the limited colonic fluid and have resulted in relevant degradation and dissolution kinetics of drugs and formulations. Furthermore, drug hurdles such as efflux transporters and metabolising enzymes, and the presence of mucus and microbiome are slowly integrated into drug stability- and permeation assays. Traditionally, the well characterized Caco-2 cell line and the Ussing chamber technique are used to assess the absorption characteristics of small drug molecules. Recently, various stem cell-derived intestinal systems have emerged, closely mimicking epithelial physiology. Models that can assess microbiome-mediated drug metabolism or enable coculturing of gut microbiome with epithelial cells are also increasingly explored. Here we provide a comprehensive overview of the colonic physiology in relation to drug absorption, and review colon-targeting formulation strategies and in vitro tools to characterize colonic drug disposition.
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Falavigna M, Pattacini M, Wibel R, Sonvico F, Škalko-Basnet N, Flaten GE. The Vaginal-PVPA: A Vaginal Mucosa-Mimicking In Vitro Permeation Tool for Evaluation of Mucoadhesive Formulations. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12060568. [PMID: 32575388 PMCID: PMC7355897 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12060568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug administration to the vaginal site has gained increasing attention in past decades, highlighting the need for reliable in vitro methods to assess the performance of novel formulations. To optimize formulations destined for the vaginal site, it is important to evaluate the drug retention within the vagina as well as its permeation across the mucosa, particularly in the presence of vaginal fluids. Herewith, the vaginal-PVPA (Phospholipid Vesicle-based Permeation Assay) in vitro permeability model was validated as a tool to evaluate the permeation of the anti-inflammatory drug ibuprofen from liposomal formulations (i.e., plain and chitosan-coated liposomes). Drug permeation was assessed in the presence and absence of mucus and simulated vaginal fluid (SVF) at pH conditions mimicking both the healthy vaginal premenopausal conditions and vaginal infection/pre-puberty/post-menopause state. The permeation of ibuprofen proved to depend on the type of formulation (i.e., chitosan-coated liposomes exhibited lower drug permeation), the mucoadhesive formulation properties and pH condition. This study highlights both the importance of mucus and SVF in the vaginal model to better understand and predict the in vivo performance of formulations destined for vaginal administration, and the suitability of the vaginal-PVPA model for such investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Falavigna
- Drug Transport and Delivery Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Universitetsvegen 57, 9037 Tromsø, Norway; (M.P.); (R.W.); (N.Š.-B.)
- Correspondence: (M.F.); (G.E.F.)
| | - Martina Pattacini
- Drug Transport and Delivery Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Universitetsvegen 57, 9037 Tromsø, Norway; (M.P.); (R.W.); (N.Š.-B.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/a, 43124 Parma, Italy;
| | - Richard Wibel
- Drug Transport and Delivery Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Universitetsvegen 57, 9037 Tromsø, Norway; (M.P.); (R.W.); (N.Š.-B.)
| | - Fabio Sonvico
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/a, 43124 Parma, Italy;
| | - Natasa Škalko-Basnet
- Drug Transport and Delivery Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Universitetsvegen 57, 9037 Tromsø, Norway; (M.P.); (R.W.); (N.Š.-B.)
| | - Gøril Eide Flaten
- Drug Transport and Delivery Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Universitetsvegen 57, 9037 Tromsø, Norway; (M.P.); (R.W.); (N.Š.-B.)
- Correspondence: (M.F.); (G.E.F.)
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