1
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Zigan C, Benito Alston C, Chatterjee A, Solorio L, Chan DD. Characterization of Composite Agarose-Collagen Hydrogels for Chondrocyte Culture. Ann Biomed Eng 2024:10.1007/s10439-024-03613-x. [PMID: 39277549 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-024-03613-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 09/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/17/2024]
Abstract
To elucidate the mechanisms of cellular mechanotransduction, it is necessary to employ biomaterials that effectively merge biofunctionality with appropriate mechanical characteristics. Agarose and collagen separately are common biopolymers used in cartilage mechanobiology and mechanotransduction studies but lack features that make them ideal for functional engineered cartilage. In this study, agarose is blended with collagen type I to create hydrogels with final concentrations of 4% w/v or 2% w/v agarose with 2 mg/mL collagen. We hypothesized that the addition of collagen into a high-concentration agarose hydrogel does not diminish mechanical properties. Acellular and cell-laden studies were completed to assess rheologic and compressive properties, contraction, and structural homogeneity in addition to cell proliferation and sulfated glycosaminoglycan production. Over 21 days in culture, cellular 4% agarose-2 mg/mL collagen I hydrogels seeded with primary murine chondrocytes displayed structural and bulk mechanical behaviors that did not significantly alter from 4% agarose-only hydrogels, cell proliferation, and continual glycosaminoglycan production, indicating promise toward the development of an effective hydrogel for chondrocyte mechanotransduction and mechanobiology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarisse Zigan
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | | | - Aritra Chatterjee
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Luis Solorio
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Deva D Chan
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
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2
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Martins RS, Weber J, Drake L, Latif MJ, Poulikidis K, Razi SS, Luo J, Bhora FY. Improved Composite Hydrogel for Bioengineered Tracheal Graft Demonstrates Effective Early Angiogenesis. J Clin Med 2024; 13:5148. [PMID: 39274364 PMCID: PMC11396371 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13175148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 08/19/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Collagen-agarose hydrogel blends currently used in tracheal graft bioengineering contain relatively high concentrations of collagen to withstand mechanical stresses associated with native trachea function (e.g., breathing). Unfortunately, the high collagen content restricts effective cell infiltration into the hydrogel. In this study, we created an improved hydrogel blend with lower concentrations of collagen (<5 mg/mL) and characterized its capacity for fibroblast invasion and angiogenesis. Methods: Four collagen-agarose hydrogel blends were created: 1 mg/mL type 1 collagen (T1C) and 0.25% agarose, 1 mg/mL T1C and 0.125% agarose, 2 mg/mL T1C and 0.25% agarose, and 2 mg/mL T1C and 0.125% agarose. The hydrogel surface was seeded with fibroblasts, while both endothelial cells and fibroblasts (3:1 ratio) were mixed within the hydrogel matrix. We assessed early angiogenesis by observing fibroblast migration and endothelial cell morphology (elongation and branching) at 7 days. In addition, we performed immunostaining for alpha-smooth muscle actin (aSMA) and explored the gene expression of various angiogenic markers (including vascular endothelial growth factor; VEGF). Results: Gels with lower agarose concentrations (0.125%) with 1 or 2 mg/mL T1C were more effective in allowing early attachment and migration of surface-applied fibroblasts compared to gels with higher (0.25%) agarose concentrations. The low-agarose gels also allowed cells to quickly adopt a spread morphology and self-assemble into elongated structures indicative of early angiogenesis, while demonstrating positive immunostaining for aSMA and increased gene expression of VEGF by day 7. Conclusions: Hydrogel blends with collagen and low agarose concentrations may be effective in allowing early cellular infiltration and angiogenesis, making such gels a suitable cell substrate for use in the development of composite bioengineered tracheal grafts. The collagen-agarose hydrogel blend is meant to be cast around a three-dimensional (3D) printed polycaprolactone support structure and wrapped in porcine small intestine submucosa ECM to create an off-the-shelf bioengineered tracheal implant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell Seth Martins
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Hackensack Meridian Health (HMH) Network, Edison, NJ 08820, USA
| | - Joanna Weber
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Hackensack Meridian Health (HMH) Network, Edison, NJ 08820, USA
| | - Lauren Drake
- Department of Surgery, Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT 06810, USA
| | - M Jawad Latif
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Hackensack Meridian Health (HMH) Network, Edison, NJ 08820, USA
| | - Kostantinos Poulikidis
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Hackensack Meridian Health (HMH) Network, Edison, NJ 08820, USA
| | - Syed Shahzad Razi
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Hackensack Meridian Health (HMH) Network, Edison, NJ 08820, USA
| | - Jeffrey Luo
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Hackensack Meridian Health (HMH) Network, Edison, NJ 08820, USA
| | - Faiz Y Bhora
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Hackensack Meridian Health (HMH) Network, Edison, NJ 08820, USA
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3
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Abbasi-Malati Z, Khanicheragh P, Narmi MT, Mardi N, Khosrowshahi ND, Hiradfar A, Rezabakhsh A, Sadeghsoltani F, Rashidi S, Chegeni SA, Roozbahani G, Rahbarghazi R. Tumoroids, a valid preclinical screening platform for monitoring cancer angiogenesis. Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 15:267. [PMID: 39183337 PMCID: PMC11346257 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-024-03880-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, biologists and clinicians have witnessed prominent advances in in vitro 3D culture techniques related to biomimetic human/animal tissue analogs. Numerous data have confirmed that unicellular and multicellular (tumoroids) tumor spheroids with dense native cells in certain matrices are sensitive and valid analytical tools for drug screening, cancer cell dynamic growth, behavior, etc. in laboratory settings. Angiogenesis/vascularization is a very critical biological phenomenon to support oxygen and nutrients to tumor cells within the deep layer of solid masses. It has been shown that endothelial cell (EC)-incorporated or -free spheroid/tumoroid systems provide a relatively reliable biological platform for monitoring the formation of nascent blood vessels in micron/micrometer scales. Besides, the paracrine angiogenic activity of cells within the spheroid/tumoroid systems can be monitored after being treated with different therapeutic approaches. Here, we aimed to collect recent advances and findings related to the monitoring of cancer angiogenesis using unicellular and multicellular tumor spheroids. Vascularized spheroids/tumoroids can help us in the elucidation of mechanisms related to cancer formation, development, and metastasis by monitoring the main influencing factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Abbasi-Malati
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Parisa Khanicheragh
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Narges Mardi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nafiseh Didar Khosrowshahi
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research Laboratory, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, 51335-1996, Iran
| | - Amirataollah Hiradfar
- Pediatric Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Aysa Rezabakhsh
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Somayyeh Rashidi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | | | - Golbarg Roozbahani
- Department of Plant, Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reza Rahbarghazi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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4
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Kumar V, Naqvi SM, Verbruggen A, McEvoy E, McNamara LM. A mechanobiological model of bone metastasis reveals that mechanical stimulation inhibits the pro-osteolytic effects of breast cancer cells. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114043. [PMID: 38642336 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Bone is highly susceptible to cancer metastasis, and both tumor and bone cells enable tumor invasion through a "vicious cycle" of biochemical signaling. Tumor metastasis into bone also alters biophysical cues to both tumor and bone cells, which are highly sensitive to their mechanical environment. However, the mechanobiological feedback between these cells that perpetuate this cycle has not been studied. Here, we develop highly advanced in vitro and computational models to provide an advanced understanding of how tumor growth is regulated by the synergistic influence of tumor-bone cell signaling and mechanobiological cues. In particular, we develop a multicellular healthy and metastatic bone model that can account for physiological mechanical signals within a custom bioreactor. These models successfully recapitulated mineralization, mechanobiological responses, osteolysis, and metastatic activity. Ultimately, we demonstrate that mechanical stimulus provided protective effects against tumor-induced osteolysis, confirming the importance of mechanobiological factors in bone metastasis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vatsal Kumar
- Mechanobiology and Medical Device Research Group (MMDRG), Biomedical Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, University of Galway, H91 HX31 Galway, Ireland
| | - Syeda M Naqvi
- Mechanobiology and Medical Device Research Group (MMDRG), Biomedical Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, University of Galway, H91 HX31 Galway, Ireland
| | - Anneke Verbruggen
- Mechanobiology and Medical Device Research Group (MMDRG), Biomedical Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, University of Galway, H91 HX31 Galway, Ireland
| | - Eoin McEvoy
- Biomedical Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, University of Galway, H91 HX31 Galway, Ireland
| | - Laoise M McNamara
- Mechanobiology and Medical Device Research Group (MMDRG), Biomedical Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, University of Galway, H91 HX31 Galway, Ireland.
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5
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Tevlek A. The role of decellularized cell derived extracellular matrix in the establishment and culture of in vitrobreast cancer tumor model. Biomed Mater 2024; 19:025037. [PMID: 38286003 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ad2378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Decades of research have shown that two-dimensional cell culture studies are insufficient for preclinical cancer diagnosis and treatment, and that cancer cells in three-dimensional (3D) culture systems have better cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, gene expression, heterogeneity, and structural complexity that more closely resemblein vivotumors. Researchers are still optimizing 3D culturing settings for different cancers. Despite promising tumor spheroid research, tumor cell-only aggregates lack the tumor microenvironment and cannot model tumors. Here, MCF-7 breast cancer cell derived decellularized extracellular matrix (CD-dECMs) were obtained and converted into autologous, biologically active, biocompatible, and non-immunogenic hydrogels to be used as micro-environment in both organoid formation and culture. For the production of organoids, CD-dECM doping concentrations ranging from 0.1 mg ml-1to 1.5 mg ml-1were evaluated, and the lowest concentration was found to be the most effective. For organoid culture, 8 mg ml-1CD-dECM, 4 mg ml-1rat tendon collagen type I (Col I) (4 mg ml-1) and a 1:1 (v/v) mixture of these two were used and the most viable and the biggest organoids were discovered in CD-dECM/Col I (1:1) group. The results show that autologous CD-dECM can replace hydrogels in tumor organoid generation and culture at low and high concentrations, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atakan Tevlek
- Middle East Technical University (METU), MEMS Research and Application Center, 06530 Ankara, Turkey
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6
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Bhattacharya A, Alam K, Roy NS, Kaur K, Kaity S, Ravichandiran V, Roy S. Exploring the interaction between extracellular matrix components in a 3D organoid disease model to replicate the pathophysiology of breast cancer. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2023; 42:343. [PMID: 38102637 PMCID: PMC10724947 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-023-02926-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro models are necessary to study the pathophysiology of the disease and the development of effective, tailored treatment methods owing to the complexity and heterogeneity of breast cancer and the large population affected by it. The cellular connections and tumor microenvironments observed in vivo are often not recapitulated in conventional two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures. Therefore, developing 3D in vitro models that mimic the complex architecture and physiological circumstances of breast tumors is crucial for advancing our understanding of the illness. A 3D scaffold-free in vitro disease model mimics breast cancer pathophysiology by allowing cells to self-assemble/pattern into 3D structures, in contrast with other 3D models that rely on artificial scaffolds. It is possible that this model, whether applied to breast tumors using patient-derived primary cells (fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and cancer cells), can accurately replicate the observed heterogeneity. The complicated interactions between different cell types are modelled by integrating critical components of the tumor microenvironment, such as the extracellular matrix, vascular endothelial cells, and tumor growth factors. Tissue interactions, immune cell infiltration, and the effects of the milieu on drug resistance can be studied using this scaffold-free 3D model. The scaffold-free 3D in vitro disease model for mimicking tumor pathophysiology in breast cancer is a useful tool for studying the molecular basis of the disease, identifying new therapeutic targets, and evaluating treatment modalities. It provides a more physiologically appropriate high-throughput platform for screening large compound library in a 96-384 well format. We critically discussed the rapid development of personalized treatment strategies and accelerated drug screening platforms to close the gap between traditional 2D cell culture and in vivo investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamitra Bhattacharya
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700054, India
| | - Kamare Alam
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700054, India
| | - Nakka Sharmila Roy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700054, India
| | - Kulwinder Kaur
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, RCSI University of Medicine a Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
- Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy & Regenerative Medicine, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Santanu Kaity
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700054, India
| | - Velayutham Ravichandiran
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700054, India
| | - Subhadeep Roy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700054, India.
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7
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Chai XX, Liu J, Yu TY, Zhang G, Sun WJ, Zhou Y, Ren L, Cao HL, Yin DC, Zhang CY. Recent progress of mechanosensitive mechanism on breast cancer. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 185:1-16. [PMID: 37793504 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2023.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical environment is important for tumorigenesis and progression. Tumor cells can sense mechanical signals by mechanosensitive receptors, and these mechanical signals can be converted to biochemical signals to regulate cell behaviors, such as cell differentiation, proliferation, migration, apoptosis, and drug resistance. Here, we summarized the effects of the mechanical microenvironment on breast cancer cell activity, and mechanotransduction mechanism from cellular microenvironment to cell membrane, and finally to the nucleus, and also relative mechanosensitive proteins, ion channels, and signaling pathways were elaborated, therefore the mechanical signal could be transduced to biochemical or molecular signal. Meanwhile, the mechanical models commonly used for biomechanics study in vitro and some quantitative descriptions were listed. It provided an essential theoretical basis for the occurrence and development of mechanosensitive breast cancer, and also some potential drug targets were proposed to treat such disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xia Chai
- Institute for Special Environmental Biophysics, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Jie Liu
- Institute for Special Environmental Biophysics, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Tong-Yao Yu
- Institute for Special Environmental Biophysics, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Ge Zhang
- Institute for Special Environmental Biophysics, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Wen-Jun Sun
- Institute for Special Environmental Biophysics, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Institute for Special Environmental Biophysics, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Li Ren
- Institute for Special Environmental Biophysics, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, Shaanxi, PR China; Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Ningbo, 315103, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Hui-Ling Cao
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Basic and Translation of Cardiovascular Metabolic Disease, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, 710021, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Da-Chuan Yin
- Institute for Special Environmental Biophysics, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Chen-Yan Zhang
- Institute for Special Environmental Biophysics, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, Shaanxi, PR China.
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8
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Gaballo A, Ragusa A, Nobile C, Gallo N, Salvatore L, Piccirillo C, Nito A, Caputo A, Guida G, Zito A, Filotico R, Quarta A. Enhanced Delivery of 5-Aminolevulinic Acid by Lecithin Invasomes in 3D Melanoma Cancer Model. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:5593-5606. [PMID: 37755323 PMCID: PMC10630953 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a noninvasive therapeutic approach for the treatment of skin cancer and diseases. 5-Aminolevulinic acid is a prodrug clinically approved for PDT. Once internalized by cancer cells, it is rapidly metabolized to the photosensitizer protoporphyrin IX, which under the proper light irradiation, stimulates the deleterious reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and leads to cell death. The high hydrophilicity of 5-aminolevulinic acid limits its capability to cross the epidermis. Lipophilic derivatives of 5-aminolevulinic acid only partly improved skin penetration, thus making its incorporation into nanocarriers necessary. Here we have developed and characterized 5-aminolevulinic acid loaded invasomes made of egg lecithin, either 1,2-dilauroyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine or 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, and the terpene limonene. The obtained invasomes are highly thermostable and display a spherical morphology with an average size of 150 nm and an encapsulation efficiency of 80%; moreover, the ex vivo epidermis diffusion tests established that nanovesicles containing the terpene led to a much higher skin penetration (up to 80% in 3 h) compared to those without limonene and to the free fluorescent tracer (less than 50%). Finally, in vitro studies with 2D and 3D human cell models of melanoma proved the biocompatibility of invasomes, the enhanced intracellular transport of 5-aminolevulinic acid, its ability to generate ROS upon irradiation, and consequently, its antiproliferative effect. A simplified scaffold-based 3D skin model containing melanoma spheroids was also prepared. Considering the results obtained, we conclude that the lecithin invasomes loaded with 5-aminolevulinic acid have a good therapeutic potential and may represent an efficient tool that can be considered a valid alternative in the topical treatment of melanoma and other skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Gaballo
- Consiglio
Nazionale delle Ricerche, Institute of Nanotechnology, via Monteroni, Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | - Andrea Ragusa
- Department
of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, via Monteroni, Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | - Concetta Nobile
- Consiglio
Nazionale delle Ricerche, Institute of Nanotechnology, via Monteroni, Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | - Nunzia Gallo
- Department
of Engineering for Innovation, University
of Salento, via Monteroni, Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | - Luca Salvatore
- Typeone
Biomaterials Srl, Muro Leccese, Lecce, 73036, Italy
| | - Clara Piccirillo
- Consiglio
Nazionale delle Ricerche, Institute of Nanotechnology, via Monteroni, Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | - Alessia Nito
- Consiglio
Nazionale delle Ricerche, Institute of Nanotechnology, via Monteroni, Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | - Annalisa Caputo
- Consiglio
Nazionale delle Ricerche, Institute of Nanotechnology, via Monteroni, Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | - Gabriella Guida
- Department
of Basic Medical Sciences Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari, Bari, 70124, Italy
| | - Alfredo Zito
- Pathology
Department, IRCCS Istituto Tumori “Giovanni
Paolo II”, Bari, 70124, Italy
| | - Raffaele Filotico
- Dermato-Oncology
Unit, IRCCS Istituto Tumori “Giovanni
Paolo II”, Bari, 70124, Italy
- Section
of Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Precision and Regenerative
Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePRe-J), University
of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, 70124, Italy
| | - Alessandra Quarta
- Consiglio
Nazionale delle Ricerche, Institute of Nanotechnology, via Monteroni, Lecce, 73100, Italy
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9
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Pasquier E, Rosendahl J, Solberg A, Ståhlberg A, Håkansson J, Chinga-Carrasco G. Polysaccharides and Structural Proteins as Components in Three-Dimensional Scaffolds for Breast Cancer Tissue Models: A Review. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:682. [PMID: 37370613 PMCID: PMC10295496 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10060682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women, and even though treatments are available, efficiency varies with the patients. In vitro 2D models are commonly used to develop new treatments. However, 2D models overestimate drug efficiency, which increases the failure rate in later phase III clinical trials. New model systems that allow extensive and efficient drug screening are thus required. Three-dimensional printed hydrogels containing active components for cancer cell growth are interesting candidates for the preparation of next generation cancer cell models. Macromolecules, obtained from marine- and land-based resources, can form biopolymers (polysaccharides such as alginate, chitosan, hyaluronic acid, and cellulose) and bioactive components (structural proteins such as collagen, gelatin, and silk fibroin) in hydrogels with adequate physical properties in terms of porosity, rheology, and mechanical strength. Hence, in this study attention is given to biofabrication methods and to the modification with biological macromolecules to become bioactive and, thus, optimize 3D printed structures that better mimic the cancer cell microenvironment. Ink formulations combining polysaccharides for tuning the mechanical properties and bioactive polymers for controlling cell adhesion is key to optimizing the growth of the cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Pasquier
- RISE PFI AS, Høgskoleringen 6b, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway; (E.P.); (A.S.)
| | - Jennifer Rosendahl
- RISE Unit of Biological Function, Division Materials and Production, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Box 857, 50115 Borås, Sweden; (J.R.); (J.H.)
| | - Amalie Solberg
- RISE PFI AS, Høgskoleringen 6b, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway; (E.P.); (A.S.)
| | - Anders Ståhlberg
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 41390 Gothenburg, Sweden;
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, 41390 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Genetics and Genomics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Joakim Håkansson
- RISE Unit of Biological Function, Division Materials and Production, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Box 857, 50115 Borås, Sweden; (J.R.); (J.H.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
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10
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Sekar MP, Budharaju H, Sethuraman S, Sundaramurthi D. Carboxymethyl cellulose-agarose-gelatin: A thermoresponsive triad bioink composition to fabricate volumetric soft tissue constructs. SLAS Technol 2023; 28:183-198. [PMID: 37149220 DOI: 10.1016/j.slast.2023.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Polysaccharide based hydrogels have been predominantly utilized as ink materials for 3D bioprinting due to biocompatibility and cell responsive features. However, most hydrogels require extensive crosslinking due to poor mechanical properties leading to limited printability. To improve printability without using cytotoxic crosslinkers, thermoresponsive bioinks could be developed. Agarose is a thermoresponsive polysaccharide with upper critical solution temperature (UCST) for sol-gel transition at 35-37 °C. Therefore, we hypothesized that a triad of carboxymethyl cellulose(C)-agarose(A)-gelatin(G) could be a suitable thermoresponsive ink for printing since they undergo instantaneous gelation without any addition of crosslinkers after bioprinting. The blend of agarose-carboxymethyl cellulose was mixed with 1% w/v, 3% w/v and 5% w/v gelatin to optimize the triad ratio for hydrogel formation. It was observed that a blend (C2-A0.5-G1 and C2-A1-G1) containing 2% w/v carboxymethyl cellulose, 0.5% or 1% w/v agarose and 1% w/v gelatin formed better hydrogels with higher stability for up to 21 days in DPBS at 37 °C. Further, C2-A0.5-G1 and C2-A1-G1hydrogels showed higher storage modulus 762 ± 182 Pa & 2452 ± 430 Pa, higher porosity of 96.98 ± 2% & 98.2 ± 0.8% and swellability of 1518 ± 68% & 1587 ± 25% respectively. To evaluate the in vitro potential of these bioink formulations, indirect and direct cytotoxicity were determined using NCTC clone 929 (mouse fibroblast cells) and HADF (primary human adult dermal fibroblast) cells as per the ISO 10993-5 standards. Importantly, the printability of these bioinks was confirmed using extrusion bioprinting by successfully printing different complex 3D patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muthu Parkkavi Sekar
- Tissue Engineering & Additive Manufacturing (TEAM) Lab, Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials, ABCDE Innovation Centre, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu 613 401, India
| | - Harshavardhan Budharaju
- Tissue Engineering & Additive Manufacturing (TEAM) Lab, Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials, ABCDE Innovation Centre, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu 613 401, India
| | - Swaminathan Sethuraman
- Tissue Engineering & Additive Manufacturing (TEAM) Lab, Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials, ABCDE Innovation Centre, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu 613 401, India
| | - Dhakshinamoorthy Sundaramurthi
- Tissue Engineering & Additive Manufacturing (TEAM) Lab, Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials, ABCDE Innovation Centre, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu 613 401, India.
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11
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Bousbaa H. Novel Anticancer Strategies II. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020605. [PMID: 36839927 PMCID: PMC9959780 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Owing to the exceptional complexity of the development and progression of cancer, diverse cancer types are alarmingly increasing worldwide [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Bousbaa
- UNIPRO-Oral Pathology and Rehabilitation Research Unit, Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário (CESPU), Rua Central de Gandra 1317, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal;
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
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12
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The Use of Biomaterials in Three-Dimensional Culturing of Cancer Cells. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:1100-1112. [PMID: 36826018 PMCID: PMC9954970 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45020073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell culture is an important tool in biological research. Most studies use 2D cell culture, but cells grown in 2D cell culture have drawbacks, including limited cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions, which make it inaccurate to model conditions in vivo. Anticancer drug screening is an important research and development process for developing new drugs. As an experiment to mimic the cancer environment in vivo, several studies have been carried out on 3-dimensional (3D) cell cultures with added biomaterials. The use of hydrogel in 3D culture cells is currently developing. The type of hydrogel used might influence cell morphology, viability, and drug screening outcome. Therefore, this review discusses 3D cell culture research regarding the addition of biomaterials.
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13
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Fritschen A, Acedo Mestre M, Scholpp S, Blaeser A. Influence of the physico-chemical bioink composition on the printability and cell biological properties in 3D-bioprinting of a liver tumor cell line. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1093101. [PMID: 36911195 PMCID: PMC9996333 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1093101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The selection of a suitable matrix material is crucial for the development of functional, biomimetic tissue and organ models. When these tissue models are fabricated with 3D-bioprinting technology, the requirements do not only include the biological functionality and physico-chemical properties, but also the printability. In our work, we therefore present a detailed study of seven different bioinks with the focus on a functional liver carcinoma model. Agarose, gelatin, collagen and their blends were selected as materials based on their benefits for 3D cell culture and Drop-on-Demand (DoD) bioprinting. The formulations were characterized for their mechanical (G' of 10-350 Pa) and rheological (viscosity 2-200 Pa*s) properties as well as albumin diffusivity (8-50 μm2/s). The cellular behavior was exemplarily shown for HepG2 cells by monitoring viability, proliferation and morphology over 14 days, while the printability on a microvalve DoD printer was evaluated by drop volume monitoring in flight (100-250 nl), camera imaging of the wetting behavior and microscopy of the effective drop diameter (700 µm and more). We did not observe negative effects on cell viability or proliferation, which is due to the very low shear stresses inside the nozzle (200-500 Pa). With our method, we could identify the strengths and weaknesses of each material, resulting in a material portfolio. By specifically selecting certain materials or blends, cell migration and possible interaction with other cells can be directed as indicated by the results of our cellular experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Fritschen
- BioMedical Printing Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Mariana Acedo Mestre
- BioMedical Printing Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Sebastian Scholpp
- BioMedical Printing Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Andreas Blaeser
- BioMedical Printing Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Darmstadt, Germany.,Centre for Synthetic Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Germany
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14
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Redmond J, McCarthy HO, Buchanan P, Levingstone TJ, Dunne NJ. Development and characterisation of 3D collagen-gelatin based scaffolds for breast cancer research. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 142:213157. [PMID: 36279748 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.213157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
While 2D culture presents a useful tool for cancer research, it fails to replicate the tumor microenvironment as it lacks proper three-dimensional cell-cell/cell-matrix interactions, often resulting in exaggerated responses to therapeutic agents. 3D models that aim to overcome the issues associated with 2D culture research offer a new frontier for cancer research with cell growth, morphology and genetic properties that more closely match in vivo cancers. Herein, we aim to develop a collagen-based scaffold that supports the attachment and proliferation of breast cancer (BC) cells as a 3D culture model. Scaffolds were produced on a repeatable basis using a freeze-drying procedure. The constructs were highly porous (>99%) with homogenous pore sizes (150-300 μm) and an interconnected structure. The application of 1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDAC) crosslinking resulted in scaffolds with elastic moduli in the range of 1-2 kPa, mimicking cancerous breast tissue stiffness. Furthermore, the incorporation of gelatin into the scaffolds enabled the porosity, pore size and mechanical properties to be tailored, resulting in scaffolds with stiffness values that accurately replicate the stiffness of human BC extracellular matrix (ECM) (1.3-1.7 kPa). Scaffolds displayed high in vitro stability with 90% of mass remaining after 14 days of culture. The scaffolds were shown to be highly biocompatible, and capable of supporting the attachment, infiltration and proliferation of MCF7 breast cancer (BC) cells over +14 days. These results confirm the suitability of these scaffolds as culture models for BC cells. These collagen-based scaffolds offer significant potential for the exploration of aspects of BC, such as gene expression profiles and patterns, and for the assessment of the efficacy of therapeutic agents in treating BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Redmond
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Dublin City University, Collins Avenue, Dublin 9, Ireland; Centre for Medical Engineering Research, School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Dublin City University, Stokes Building, Collins Avenue, Dublin 9, Ireland.
| | - Helen O McCarthy
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom; School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Collins Avenue, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Paul Buchanan
- School of Nursing and Human Science, Dublin City University, Collins Avenue, Dublin, Ireland; National Institute of Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Tanya J Levingstone
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Dublin City University, Collins Avenue, Dublin 9, Ireland; Centre for Medical Engineering Research, School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Dublin City University, Stokes Building, Collins Avenue, Dublin 9, Ireland; Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland; Advanced Manufacturing Research Centre (I-Form), School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland; Advanced Processing Technology Research Centre, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland; Biodesign Europe, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland.
| | - Nicholas J Dunne
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Dublin City University, Collins Avenue, Dublin 9, Ireland; Centre for Medical Engineering Research, School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Dublin City University, Stokes Building, Collins Avenue, Dublin 9, Ireland; School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom; Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland; Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland; Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland; Advanced Manufacturing Research Centre (I-Form), School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland; Advanced Processing Technology Research Centre, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland; Biodesign Europe, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland.
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15
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Bober Z, Aebisher D, Olek M, Kawczyk-Krupka A, Bartusik-Aebisher D. Multiple Cell Cultures for MRI Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:10109. [PMID: 36077507 PMCID: PMC9456466 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231710109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an imaging method that enables diagnostics. In recent years, this technique has been widely used for research using cell cultures used in pharmaceutical science to understand the distribution of various drugs in a variety of biological samples, from cellular models to tissues. MRI's dynamic development in recent years, in addition to diagnostics, has allowed the method to be implemented to assess response to applied therapies. Conventional MRI imaging provides anatomical and pathological information. Due to advanced technology, MRI provides physiological information. The use of cell cultures is very important in the process of testing new synthesized drugs, cancer research, and stem cell research, among others. Two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures conducted under laboratory conditions, although they provide a lot of information, do not reflect the basic characteristics of the tumor. To replicate the tumor microenvironment in science, a three-dimensional (3D) culture of tumor cells was developed. This makes it possible to reproduce in vivo conditions where, in addition, there is a complex and dynamic process of cell-to-cell communication and cell-matrix interaction. In this work, we reviewed current research in 2D and 3D cultures and their use in MRI studies. Articles for each section were collected from PubMed, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, and Google Scholar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzanna Bober
- Department of Photomedicine and Physical Chemistry, Medical College of Rzeszów University, University of Rzeszów, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - David Aebisher
- Department of Photomedicine and Physical Chemistry, Medical College of Rzeszów University, University of Rzeszów, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Marcin Olek
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Kawczyk-Krupka
- Center for Laser Diagnostics and Therapy, Department of Internal Medicine, Angiology and Physical Medicine, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 41-902 Bytom, Poland
| | - Dorota Bartusik-Aebisher
- Department of Biochemistry and General Chemistry, Medical College of Rzeszów University, University of Rzeszów, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland
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16
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Henrique RBL, Lima RRM, Monteiro CAP, Oliveira WF, Pereira G, Cabral Filho PE, Fontes A. Advances in the study of spheroids as versatile models to evaluate biological interactions of inorganic nanoparticles. Life Sci 2022; 302:120657. [PMID: 35609631 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Spheroids are in vitro three-dimensional multicellular microstructures able to mimic the biological microenvironment, including the complexity of tumor architecture. Therefore, results closer to those expected for in vivo organisms can be reached using spheroids compared to the cell culture monolayer model. Inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) have also been playing relevant roles in the comprehension of biological processes. Moreover, they have been probed as novel diagnostic and therapeutical nanosystems. In this context, in this review, we present applications, published in the last five years, which show that spheroids can be versatile models to study and evaluate biological interactions involving inorganic NPs. Applications of spheroids associated with (i) basic studies to assess the penetration profile of nanostructures, (ii) the evaluation of NP toxicity, and (iii) NP-based therapeutical approaches are described. Fundamentals of spheroids and their formation methods are also included. We hope that this review can be a reference and guide future investigations related to this interesting three-dimensional biological model, favoring advances to Nanobiotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaella B L Henrique
- Departamento de Biofísica e Radiobiologia, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Rennan R M Lima
- Departamento de Biofísica e Radiobiologia, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Camila A P Monteiro
- Departamento de Biofísica e Radiobiologia, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Weslley F Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Goreti Pereira
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Paulo E Cabral Filho
- Departamento de Biofísica e Radiobiologia, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil.
| | - Adriana Fontes
- Departamento de Biofísica e Radiobiologia, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil.
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17
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Ertekin Ö, Monavari M, Krüger R, Fuentes-Chandía M, Parma B, Letort G, Tripal P, Boccaccini AR, Bosserhoff AK, Ceppi P, Kappelmann-Fenzl M, Leal-Egaña A. 3D hydrogel-based microcapsules as an in vitro model to study tumorigenicity, cell migration and drug resistance. Acta Biomater 2022; 142:208-220. [PMID: 35167953 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we analyzed the reliability of alginate-gelatin microcapsules as artificial tumor model. These tumor-like scaffolds are characterized by their composition and stiffness (∼25 kPa), and their capability to restrict -but not hinder- cell migration, proliferation and release from confinement. Hydrogel-based microcapsules were initially utilized to detect differences in mechano-sensitivity between MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, and the endothelial cell line EA.hy926. Additionally, we used RNA-seq and transcriptomic methods to determine how the culture strategy (i.e. 2D v/s 3D) may pre-set the expression of genes involved in multidrug resistance, being then validated by performing cytotoxicological tests and assays of cell morphology. Our results show that both breast cancer cells can generate elongated multicellular spheroids inside the microcapsules, prior being released (mimicking intravasation stages), a behavior which was not observed in endothelial cells. Further, we demonstrate that cells isolated from 3D scaffolds show resistance to cisplatin, a process which seems to be strongly influenced by mechanical stress, instead of hypoxia. We finally discuss the role played by aneuploidy in malignancy and resistance to anticancer drugs, based on the increased number of polynucleated cells found within these microcapsules. Overall, our outcomes demonstrate that alginate-gelatin microcapsules represent a simple, yet very accurate tumor-like model, enabling us to mimic the most relevant malignant hints described in vivo, suggesting that confinement and mechanical stress need to be considered when studying pathogenicity and drug resistance of cancer cells in vitro. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: In this work, we analyzed the reliability of alginate-gelatin microcapsules as an artificial tumor model. These scaffolds are characterized by their composition, elastic properties, and their ability to restrict cell migration, proliferation, and release from confinement. Our results demonstrate four novel outcomes: (i) studying cell migration and proliferation in 3D enabled discrimination between malignant and non-pathogenic cells, (ii) studying the cell morphology of cancer aggregates entrapped in alginate-gelatin microcapsules enabled determination of malignancy degree in vitro, (iii) determination that confinement and mechanical stress, instead of hypoxia, are required to generate clones resistant to anticancer drugs (i.e. cisplatin), and (iv) evidence that resistance to anticancer drugs could be due to the presence of polynucleated cells localized inside polymer-based artificial tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özlem Ertekin
- Institute of Biomaterials, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstraße 6, Erlangen 91058, Germany; Diagno Biotechnology, Marmara Technopark, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Mahshid Monavari
- Institute of Biomaterials, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstraße 6, Erlangen 91058, Germany; Department of Pharmaceutical Biomaterials and Medical Biomaterials Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417614411, Iran
| | - René Krüger
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, and University Clinics Erlangen, Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Miguel Fuentes-Chandía
- Institute of Biomaterials, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstraße 6, Erlangen 91058, Germany; Department of Biology, Skeletal Research Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Beatrice Parma
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Glueckstrasse 6, Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Gaelle Letort
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Collège de France UMR7241/U1050, 11, Place Marcelin Berthelot, Paris 75231 CEDEX 05, France
| | - Philipp Tripal
- Optical Imaging Centre Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstraße 3, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Aldo R Boccaccini
- Institute of Biomaterials, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstraße 6, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Anja K Bosserhoff
- Institute of Biochemistry, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Fahrstraße 17, Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Paolo Ceppi
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Glueckstrasse 6, Erlangen 91054, Germany; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense DK-5230, Denmark
| | - Melanie Kappelmann-Fenzl
- Institute of Biochemistry, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Fahrstraße 17, Erlangen 91054, Germany; Faculty of Applied Informatics, University of Applied Science Deggendorf, Deggendorf 94469, Germany
| | - Aldo Leal-Egaña
- Institute of Biomaterials, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstraße 6, Erlangen 91058, Germany; Institute for Molecular Systems Engineering, University of Heidelberg. INF 253, Heidelberg 69120, Germany.
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18
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Braccini S, Tacchini C, Chiellini F, Puppi D. Polymeric Hydrogels for In Vitro 3D Ovarian Cancer Modeling. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:3265. [PMID: 35328686 PMCID: PMC8954571 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) grows and interacts constantly with a complex microenvironment, in which immune cells, fibroblasts, blood vessels, signal molecules and the extracellular matrix (ECM) coexist. This heterogeneous environment provides structural and biochemical support to the surrounding cells and undergoes constant and dynamic remodeling that actively promotes tumor initiation, progression, and metastasis. Despite the fact that traditional 2D cell culture systems have led to relevant medical advances in cancer research, 3D cell culture models could open new possibilities for the development of an in vitro tumor microenvironment more closely reproducing that observed in vivo. The implementation of materials science and technology into cancer research has enabled significant progress in the study of cancer progression and drug screening, through the development of polymeric scaffold-based 3D models closely recapitulating the physiopathological features of native tumor tissue. This article provides an overview of state-of-the-art in vitro tumor models with a particular focus on 3D OC cell culture in pre-clinical studies. The most representative OC models described in the literature are presented with a focus on hydrogel-based scaffolds, which guarantee soft tissue-like physical properties as well as a suitable 3D microenvironment for cell growth. Hydrogel-forming polymers of either natural or synthetic origin investigated in this context are described by highlighting their source of extraction, physical-chemical properties, and application for 3D ovarian cancer cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Dario Puppi
- BioLab Research Group, Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, UdR INSTM-Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (S.B.); (C.T.)
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19
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Targeting Cancer Cell Tight Junctions Enhances PLGA-Based Photothermal Sensitizers' Performance In Vitro and In Vivo. Pharmaceutics 2021; 14:pharmaceutics14010043. [PMID: 35056939 PMCID: PMC8778343 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of non-invasive photothermal therapy (PTT) methods utilizing nanoparticles as sensitizers is one of the most promising directions in modern oncology. Nanoparticles loaded with photothermal dyes are capable of delivering a sufficient amount of a therapeutic substance and releasing it with the desired kinetics in vivo. However, the effectiveness of oncotherapy methods, including PTT, is often limited due to poor penetration of sensitizers into the tumor, especially into solid tumors of epithelial origin characterized by tight cellular junctions. In this work, we synthesized 200 nm nanoparticles from the biocompatible copolymer of lactic and glycolic acid, PLGA, loaded with magnesium phthalocyanine, PLGA/Pht-Mg. The PLGA/Pht-Mg particles under the irradiation with NIR light (808 nm), heat the surrounding solution by 40 °C. The effectiveness of using such particles for cancer cells elimination was demonstrated in 2D culture in vitro and in our original 3D model with multicellular spheroids possessing tight cell contacts. It was shown that the mean inhibitory concentration of such nanoparticles upon light irradiation for 15 min worsens by more than an order of magnitude: IC50 increases from 3 µg/mL for 2D culture vs. 117 µg/mL for 3D culture. However, when using the JO-4 intercellular junction opener protein, which causes a short epithelial–mesenchymal transition and transiently opens intercellular junctions in epithelial cells, the efficiency of nanoparticles in 3D culture was comparable or even outperforming that for 2D (IC50 = 1.9 µg/mL with JO-4). Synergy in the co-administration of PTT nanosensitizers and JO-4 protein was found to retain in vivo using orthotopic tumors of BALB/c mice: we demonstrated that the efficiency in the delivery of such nanoparticles to the tumor is 2.5 times increased when PLGA/Pht-Mg nanoparticles are administered together with JO-4. Thus the targeting the tumor cell junctions can significantly increase the performance of PTT nanosensitizers.
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20
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Morello G, Quarta A, Gaballo A, Moroni L, Gigli G, Polini A, Gervaso F. A thermo-sensitive chitosan/pectin hydrogel for long-term tumor spheroid culture. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 274:118633. [PMID: 34702456 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels represent a key element in the development of in vitro tumor models, by mimicking the typical 3D tumor architecture in a physicochemical manner and allowing the study of tumor mechanisms. Here we developed a thermo-sensitive, natural polymer-based hydrogel, where chitosan and pectin were mixed and, after a weak base-induced chitosan gelation, a stable semi-Interpenetrating Polymer Network formed. This resulted thermo-responsive at 37 °C, injectable at room temperature, stable up to 6 weeks in vitro, permeable to small/medium-sized molecules (3 to 70 kDa) and suitable for cell-encapsulation. Tunable mechanical and permeability properties were obtained by varying the polymer content. Optimized formulations successfully supported the formation and growth of human colorectal cancer spheroids up to 44 days of culture. The spheroid dimension and density were influenced by the semi-IPN stiffness and permeability. These encouraging results would allow the implementation of faithful tumor models for the study and development of personalized oncological treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Morello
- Institute of Nanotechnology, CNR, Lecce 73100, Italy; Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica E. de Giorgi, Università Del Salento, Lecce 73100, Italy
| | | | | | - Lorenzo Moroni
- Institute of Nanotechnology, CNR, Lecce 73100, Italy; Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht 6229ER, the Netherlands
| | - Giuseppe Gigli
- Institute of Nanotechnology, CNR, Lecce 73100, Italy; Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica E. de Giorgi, Università Del Salento, Lecce 73100, Italy
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