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Uney K, Yuksel M, Durna Corum D, Coskun D, Turk E, Dingil HB, Corum O. Effect of Xylazine on Pharmacokinetics and Physiological Efficacy of Intravenous Carprofen in Castrated Goats Kids. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2700. [PMID: 37684964 PMCID: PMC10486870 DOI: 10.3390/ani13172700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Carprofen can be used in the castration process of male goats due to its low side effects, long elimination half-life, and long-term effect. However, no studies were found on the pharmacokinetics and physiological efficacy of carprofen when employed for castration in male goats. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of xylazine (0.05 mg/kg, intramuscular) on the pharmacokinetics and physiological efficacy following intravenous administration of carprofen (4 mg/kg, intravenous) in male goat kids castrated using the burdizzo method. Thirty male Kilis goat kids (5-6 months and 18-30 kg of body weight) were randomly assigned to five groups (n = 6) as follows: healthy control (HC), castration control (CAST), castration+carprofen (CAST+CRP), castration+xylazine (CAST+XYL), and castration+xylazine+carprofen (CAST+XYL+CRP). Plasma concentrations of carprofen were analyzed via a non-compartmental method. Physiological parameters including serum cortisol, scrotal temperature, rectal temperature, and scrotal circumference were determined. Xylazine caused a decrease in the volume of distribution and clearance and an increase in the area under the curve of carprofen in CAST+XYL+CRP group (p < 0.05). The mean cortisol concentrations in CAST+CRP and CAST+XYL remained lower compared to CAST (p < 0.05). The mean cortisol concentrations in CAST+XYL+CRP were lower than in CAST+CRP and CAST+XYL (p < 0.05). In addition, the effect of carprofen administration alone on reducing the initial cortisol response to castration was observed from 6 to 48 h, while in combination with xylazine, it was observed immediately up to 48 h. No treatment differences were observed in rectal temperature, scrotal temperature, and scrotal circumference (p > 0.05). Xylazine caused an increase in plasma concentration and a decrease in clearance of carprofen after co-administration. However, when the effect of the combined administration of carprofen with xylazine on cortisol is evaluated, their combined use in castration process may be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Uney
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk, Konya 42003, Türkiye
| | - Murat Yuksel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Hatay Mustafa Kemal, Hatay 31060, Türkiye;
| | - Duygu Durna Corum
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Hatay Mustafa Kemal, Hatay 31060, Türkiye; (D.D.C.); (E.T.); (O.C.)
| | - Devran Coskun
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Siirt, Siirt 56100, Türkiye;
| | - Erdinc Turk
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Hatay Mustafa Kemal, Hatay 31060, Türkiye; (D.D.C.); (E.T.); (O.C.)
| | - Hasan Basri Dingil
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Hatay Mustafa Kemal, Hatay 31060, Türkiye;
| | - Orhan Corum
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Hatay Mustafa Kemal, Hatay 31060, Türkiye; (D.D.C.); (E.T.); (O.C.)
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Saunders LJ, Nichols JW. Models Used to Predict Chemical Bioaccumulation in Fish from in Vitro Biotransformation Rates Require Accurate Estimates of Blood-Water Partitioning and Chemical Volume of Distribution. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2023; 42:33-45. [PMID: 36282023 PMCID: PMC10824487 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Methods for extrapolating measured in vitro intrinsic clearance to a whole-body biotransformation rate constant (kB ) have been developed to support modeled bioaccumulation assessments for fish. The inclusion of extrapolated kB values into existing bioaccumulation models improves the prediction of chemical bioconcentration factors (BCFs), but there remains a tendency for these methods to overestimate BCFs relative to measured values. Therefore, a need exists to evaluate the extrapolation procedure to assess potential sources of error in predicted kB values. We examined how three different approaches (empirically based, composition based, and polyparameter linear free energy relationships [ppLFERs]) used to predict chemical partitioning in vitro (liver S9 system; KS9W ), in blood (KBW ), and in whole fish tissues (KFW ) impact the prediction of a chemical's hepatic clearance binding term (fU ) and apparent volume of distribution (VD ), both of which factor into the calculation of kB and the BCF. Each approach yielded different KS9W , KBW , and KFW values, but resulted in fU values that were of similar magnitude and remained relatively constant at log octanol-water partition ratios (KOW ) greater than 4. This is because KBW and KS9W values predicted by any given approach exhibit a similar dependence on log KOW (i.e., regression slope), which results in a cancelation of "errors" when fU is calculated. In contrast, differences in KBW values predicted by the three approaches translate to differences in VD , and by extension kB and the BCF, which become most apparent at log KOW greater than 6. There is a need to collect KBW and VD data for hydrophobic chemicals in fish that can be used to evaluate and improve existing partitioning prediction approaches in extrapolation models for fish. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:33-45. © 2022 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie J. Saunders
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Sladky KK. Treatment of Pain in Fish. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2023; 26:11-26. [PMID: 36402477 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2022.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of our current understanding of clinical analgesic use in fish. Recently, the efficacy and pharmacokinetics of several analgesic drugs for use in fish have been investigated, and the most important data indicates that μ-opioid agonist drugs (e.g, morphine) are consistently effective as analgesics across fish species. In addition, bath application of some analgesic drugs may be useful, which affords multiple methods for delivering analgesics to fish. Although few published studies of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs administered to fish show promise, we have much to learn about the analgesic efficacy of most drugs in this class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt K Sladky
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Veterinary Medicine, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53705 USA.
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Hodkovicova N, Hollerova A, Blahova J, Mikula P, Crhanova M, Karasova D, Franc A, Pavlokova S, Mares J, Postulkova E, Tichy F, Marsalek P, Lanikova J, Faldyna M, Svobodova Z. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs caused an outbreak of inflammation and oxidative stress with changes in the gut microbiota in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 849:157921. [PMID: 35952865 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
One of the main contributors to pharmaceutical pollution of surface waters are non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) that contaminate the food chain and affect non-target water species. As there are not many studies focusing on toxic effects of NSAIDs on freshwater fish species and specially effects after dietary exposure, we selected rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) as the ideal model to examine the impact of two NSAIDs - diclofenac (DCF) and ibuprofen (IBP). The aim of our study was to test toxicity of environmentally relevant concentrations of these drugs together with exposure doses of 100× higher, including their mixture; and to deepen knowledge about the mechanism of toxicity of these drugs. This study revealed kidneys as the most affected organ with hyalinosis, an increase in oxidative stress markers, and changes in gene expression of heat shock protein 70 to be signs of renal toxicity. Furthermore, hepatotoxicity was confirmed by histopathological analysis (i.e. dystrophy, congestion, and inflammatory cell increase), change in biochemical markers, increase in heat shock protein 70 mRNA, and by oxidative stress analysis. The gills were locally deformed and showed signs of inflammatory processes and necrotic areas. Given the increase in oxidative stress markers and heat shock protein 70 mRNA, severe impairment of oxygen transport may be one of the toxic pathways of NSAIDs. Regarding the microbiota, an overgrowth of Gram-positive species was detected; in particular, significant dysbiosis in the Fusobacteria/Firmicutes ratio was observed. In conclusion, the changes observed after dietary exposure to NSAIDs can influence the organism homeostasis, induce ROS production, potentiate inflammations, and cause gut dysbiosis. Even the environmentally relevant concentration of NSAIDs pose a risk to the aquatic ecosystem as it changed O. mykiss health parameters and we assume that the toxicity of NSAIDs manifests itself at the level of mitochondria and proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Hodkovicova
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - A Hollerova
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Animal Protection and Welfare & Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - J Blahova
- Department of Animal Protection and Welfare & Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - P Mikula
- Department of Animal Protection and Welfare & Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - M Crhanova
- Department of Microbiology and Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - D Karasova
- Department of Microbiology and Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - A Franc
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - S Pavlokova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - J Mares
- Department of Zoology, Fisheries, Hydrobiology and Apiculture, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Czech Republic
| | - E Postulkova
- Department of Zoology, Fisheries, Hydrobiology and Apiculture, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Czech Republic
| | - F Tichy
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - P Marsalek
- Department of Animal Protection and Welfare & Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - J Lanikova
- Department of Animal Protection and Welfare & Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - M Faldyna
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Z Svobodova
- Department of Animal Protection and Welfare & Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
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Srisapoome P, Tell LA, Chou CC. Editorial: Aquatic Pharmacology, Volume II: Pharmacokinetics for Aquatic Species. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1039868. [DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1039868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Durna Corum D, Corum O, Terzi E, Coskun D, Bilen S, Cetin G, Uney K. Pharmacokinetics of cefquinome in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) after intravascular, intraperitoneal, and oral administrations. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2022; 45:578-583. [PMID: 36000461 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.13091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of cefquinome in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) following intravascular (IV), intraperitoneal (IP), and oral (PO) administrations at 14 ± 1°C. In this study, three hundred and six clinically healthy rainbow trout (110-140 g) were used. The fish received single IV, IP, and PO injections of cefquinome at 10 mg/kg dose. The plasma concentrations of cefquinome were measured using HPLC-UV and were evaluated using non-compartmental analysis. Cefquinome was measured up to 96 h for PO route and 144 h for IV and IP routes in plasma. Following IV administration, t1/2ʎz , ClT , and Vdss were 18.85 h, 0.037 L/h/kg, and 0.84 L/kg, respectively. The Cmax of IP and PO routes was 9.75 and 1.64 μg/ml, respectively. The bioavailability following IP and PO administrations was 59.46% and 12.33%, respectively. Cefquinome at 10 mg/kg dose may maintain T > MIC above 40% at 72 and 96 h intervals, respectively, following the IP and IV routes for bacteria with MIC values of ≤2 μg/ml and at 24 h intervals following the PO route for bacteria with MIC value of ≤0.75 μg/ml. However, further studies are needed to determine in vitro and in vivo antibacterial efficacy and multiple dosage regimens of cefquinome against pathogens isolated from rainbow trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duygu Durna Corum
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Hatay Mustafa Kemal, Hatay, Turkiye
| | - Orhan Corum
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Hatay Mustafa Kemal, Hatay, Turkiye
| | - Ertugrul Terzi
- Faculty of Fisheries, University of Kastamonu, Kastamonu, Turkiye
| | - Devran Coskun
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Siirt, Siirt, Turkiye
| | - Soner Bilen
- Faculty of Fisheries, University of Kastamonu, Kastamonu, Turkiye
| | - Gul Cetin
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Erzincan Binali Yıldırım, Erzincan, Turkiye
| | - Kamil Uney
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk, Konya, Turkiye
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Coskun D, Corum O, Durna Corum D, Uney K, Elmas M. Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of carprofen in sheep. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2022; 45:543-549. [PMID: 35768899 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.13085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of carprofen in sheep following single intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), subcutaneous (SC), and oral (PO) administrations of a parenteral formulation at a dose of 4 mg/kg. A total of eight sheep were used for the investigation. The study comprised four periods, according to a crossover design with a 21-day washout period between treatments. Plasma concentrations of carprofen were measured using HPLC-UV. Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated by non-compartmental model analysis. Following IV administration, t1/2ʎz , ClT , and Vdss were 43.36 h, 1.98 ml/h/kg, and 121.36 ml/kg, respectively. The Cmax(obs) was 26.57 mg/ml for the IM, 23.76 mg/ml for the SC, and 15.90 mg/ml for the PO. The bioavailability following IM, SC, and PO administrations was 75.47%, 82.00%, and 62.51%, respectively. Plasma creatine kinase activity increased significantly at 3, 6, and 12 h following IM administration of carprofen. Despite differences in plasma concentrations and bioavailability among administration routes, carprofen at 4 mg/kg dose may provide the plasma concentration (>1.5 μg/ml) needed for analgesic effect during 144 h in all routes. However, because of the slow absorption rate after SC and PO routes, the IV route may be preferred primarily for the rapid onset in the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effect of carprofen in sheep. Despite the favorable kinetics, the muscle damage caused by IM injection limits use of carprofen via IM route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devran Coskun
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Siirt, Siirt, Turkiye
| | - Orhan Corum
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Hatay Mustafa Kemal, Hatay, Turkiye
| | - Duygu Durna Corum
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Hatay Mustafa Kemal, Hatay, Turkiye
| | - Kamil Uney
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk, Konya, Turkiye
| | - Muammer Elmas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk, Konya, Turkiye
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Corum O, Coskun D, Durna Corum D, Ider M, Yildiz R, Ok M, Uney K. Pharmacokinetics of carprofen following single and repeated intravenous administrations of different doses in sheep. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2022; 45:481-487. [PMID: 35748159 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.13079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics of carprofen following single and repeated intravenous (IV) administrations at 1.4 and 4 mg/kg doses in sheep. The study was carried out on twelve sheep in two experiments as single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics. In experiment 1, carprofen was administered via IV at single doses of 1.4 (n = 6) and 4 mg/kg (n = 6) in a randomized parallel design. In experiment 2, the same dose groups in experiment 1 following the 21-day washout period received intravenously carprofen every 24 h for 5 days. Plasma concentrations were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography-UV and analyzed by a two-compartment open model. After the single administration of 1.4 mg/kg dose, the t1/2α , t1/2el , MRT, ClT , Vdss , and AUC were 0.62 h, 27.57 h, 38.78 h, 2.72 ml/h/kg, 105.26 ml/kg, and 515.12 h*μg/ml, respectively. Carprofen at a single dose of 4 mg/kg showed prolonged t1/2el and MRT, and increased Vdss . On day 5 after the repeated administration of the 1.4 mg/kg dose, the t1/2α , t1/2el , MRT, ClT , Vdss , and AUC were 1.12 h, 57.48 h, 82.18 h, 0.55 ml/h/kg, 45.43 ml/kg, and 2532 h*μg/ml, respectively. Carprofen at a repeated dose of 4 mg/kg showed increased ClT and Vdss and decreased AUC/dose. Although the long t1/2ʎz in single and multiple IV dose studies suggest the possibility of its effective use, the IV route may not be practical in sheep. Therefore, oral and subcutaneous routes of carprofen in sheep would be more valuable in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orhan Corum
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Hatay Mustafa Kemal, Hatay, Turkiye
| | - Devran Coskun
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Siirt, Siirt, Turkiye
| | - Duygu Durna Corum
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Hatay Mustafa Kemal, Hatay, Turkiye
| | - Merve Ider
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk, Konya, Turkiye
| | - Ramazan Yildiz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Mehmet Akif Ersoy, Burdur, Turkiye
| | - Mahmut Ok
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk, Konya, Turkiye
| | - Kamil Uney
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk, Konya, Turkiye
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Corum O, Terzi E, Durna Corum D, Uney K. Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of meloxicam in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) broodstock following intravascular, intramuscular, and oral administrations. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2021; 45:213-219. [PMID: 34778976 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.13031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of meloxicam were investigated after single intravascular (IV), intramuscular (IM), and oral dose of 1 mg/kg in rainbow trout broodstock at 11 ± 1.2°C. A total of 36 healthy rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) broodstock weighing 1.40 ± 0.26 kg was used for the investigation. Plasma concentrations of meloxicam were measured with high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection, and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by non-compartmental analysis. The elimination half-life for IV, IM, and oral routes was 3.63, 4.55, and 2.95 h, respectively. The IV route for meloxicam showed the total clearance of 0.05 L/h/kg and volume of distribution at a steady state of 0.20 L/kg. The peak plasma concentration was 2.97 μg/ml for the IM route and 0.84 μg/ml for the oral route. The bioavailability was 78.45% for the IM route and 21.48% for the oral route. Meloxicam following IM and oral administration displayed short t1/2ʎz . The short t1/2ʎz could be an advantage for the short-term use in acute conditions. The IM route with the good bioavailability can be preferred for the treatment of various conditions. However, developing new oral formulations with the good bioavailability for meloxicam is necessary to minimize stress and trauma through minimal handling in rainbow trout broodstock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orhan Corum
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kastamonu, Kastamonu, Turkey
| | - Ertugrul Terzi
- Faculty of Fisheries, University of Kastamonu, Kastamonu, Turkey
| | - Duygu Durna Corum
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kastamonu, Kastamonu, Turkey
| | - Kamil Uney
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk, Konya, Turkey
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Uney K, Terzi E, Durna Corum D, Ozdemir RC, Bilen S, Corum O. Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Integration of Enrofloxacin Following Single Oral Administration of Different Doses in Brown Trout ( Salmo trutta). Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11113086. [PMID: 34827818 PMCID: PMC8614407 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic studies report the use of enrofloxacin at higher doses than 10 mg/kg in fish. Pharmacokinetic data for increasing doses of enrofloxacin can facilitate suggestions regarding the dose for the treatment of infections in brown trout. This study aims to determine single oral pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin at 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg doses in brown trout and pharmacodynamics against Aeromonas hydrophila and A. sobria. Enrofloxacin exhibited non-linear and dose-disproportional pharmacokinetics. The long action of enrofloxacin following the single oral administration at 10 and 20 mg/kg doses may provide the unique dosage regimen to minimize handling, thereby reducing the cost of administration and stress in brown trout. Abstract The pharmacokinetic of enrofloxacin was investigated in brown trout (Salmo trutta) following oral administration of 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg doses at 11 ± 1.5 °C. Furthermore, MICs of enrofloxacin against Aeromonas hydrophila and A. sobria were determined. The plasma concentrations of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin were determined using HPLC–UV and analyzed by non-compartmental method. Following oral administration at dose of 10 mg/kg, total clearance (CL/F), area under the concentration–time curve (AUC0−∞) and peak plasma concentrations (Cmax) were 41.32 mL/h/kg, 242.02 h*μg/mL and 4.63 μg/mL, respectively. When compared to 10 mg/kg dose, the dose-normalized AUC0–∞ and Cmax were increased by 56.30% and 30.08%, respectively, while CL/F decreased by 38.4% at 40 mg/kg dose, suggesting the non-linearity. Ciprofloxacin was not detected in the all of plasma samples. The MIC values of enrofloxacin were ranged 0.0625–4 μg/mL for A. hydrophila and 0.0625–2 μg/mL for A. sobria. The oral administration of enrofloxacin at 10 (for 192 h) and 20 (for 240 h) mg/kg doses provided the AUC of enrofloxacin equal to 1.23 and 1.96-fold MICs, respectively, for A. hydrophila and A. sobria with the MIC90 values of 1 µg/mL. However, further researches are needed on the PK/PD study of enrofloxacin for the successful treatment of infections caused by A. hydrophila and A. sobria in brown trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Uney
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk, Konya 42031, Turkey;
| | - Ertugrul Terzi
- Faculty of Fisheries, University of Kastamonu, Kastamonu 37200, Turkey; (E.T.); (R.C.O.); (S.B.)
| | - Duygu Durna Corum
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kastamonu, Kastamonu 37200, Turkey;
| | - Rahmi Can Ozdemir
- Faculty of Fisheries, University of Kastamonu, Kastamonu 37200, Turkey; (E.T.); (R.C.O.); (S.B.)
| | - Soner Bilen
- Faculty of Fisheries, University of Kastamonu, Kastamonu 37200, Turkey; (E.T.); (R.C.O.); (S.B.)
| | - Orhan Corum
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kastamonu, Kastamonu 37200, Turkey;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +90-3662805112
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