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Deli MA, Porkoláb G, Kincses A, Mészáros M, Szecskó A, Kocsis AE, Vigh JP, Valkai S, Veszelka S, Walter FR, Dér A. Lab-on-a-chip models of the blood-brain barrier: evolution, problems, perspectives. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:1030-1063. [PMID: 38353254 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00996c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
A great progress has been made in the development and use of lab-on-a-chip devices to model and study the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in the last decade. We present the main types of BBB-on-chip models and their use for the investigation of BBB physiology, drug and nanoparticle transport, toxicology and pathology. The selection of the appropriate cell types to be integrated into BBB-on-chip devices is discussed, as this greatly impacts the physiological relevance and translatability of findings. We identify knowledge gaps, neglected engineering and cell biological aspects and point out problems and contradictions in the literature of BBB-on-chip models, and suggest areas for further studies to progress this highly interdisciplinary field. BBB-on-chip models have an exceptional potential as predictive tools and alternatives of animal experiments in basic and preclinical research. To exploit the full potential of this technique expertise from materials science, bioengineering as well as stem cell and vascular/BBB biology is necessary. There is a need for better integration of these diverse disciplines that can only be achieved by setting clear parameters for characterizing both the chip and the BBB model parts technically and functionally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mária A Deli
- HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Institute of Biophysics, Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Gergő Porkoláb
- HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Institute of Biophysics, Szeged, Hungary.
- Doctoral School of Biology, University of Szeged, Hungary
| | - András Kincses
- HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Institute of Biophysics, Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Mária Mészáros
- HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Institute of Biophysics, Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Anikó Szecskó
- HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Institute of Biophysics, Szeged, Hungary.
- Doctoral School of Biology, University of Szeged, Hungary
| | - Anna E Kocsis
- HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Institute of Biophysics, Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Judit P Vigh
- HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Institute of Biophysics, Szeged, Hungary.
- Doctoral School of Biology, University of Szeged, Hungary
| | - Sándor Valkai
- HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Institute of Biophysics, Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Szilvia Veszelka
- HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Institute of Biophysics, Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Fruzsina R Walter
- HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Institute of Biophysics, Szeged, Hungary.
| | - András Dér
- HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Institute of Biophysics, Szeged, Hungary.
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Schiera G, Di Liegro CM, Schirò G, Sorbello G, Di Liegro I. Involvement of Astrocytes in the Formation, Maintenance, and Function of the Blood-Brain Barrier. Cells 2024; 13:150. [PMID: 38247841 PMCID: PMC10813980 DOI: 10.3390/cells13020150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a fundamental structure that protects the composition of the brain by determining which ions, metabolites, and nutrients are allowed to enter the brain from the blood or to leave it towards the circulation. The BBB is structurally composed of a layer of brain capillary endothelial cells (BCECs) bound to each other through tight junctions (TJs). However, its development as well as maintenance and properties are controlled by the other brain cells that contact the BCECs: pericytes, glial cells, and even neurons themselves. Astrocytes seem, in particular, to have a very important role in determining and controlling most properties of the BBB. Here, we will focus on these latter cells, since the comprehension of their roles in brain physiology has been continuously expanding, even including the ability to participate in neurotransmission and in complex functions such as learning and memory. Accordingly, pathological conditions that alter astrocytic functions can alter the BBB's integrity, thus compromising many brain activities. In this review, we will also refer to different kinds of in vitro BBB models used to study the BBB's properties, evidencing its modifications under pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Schiera
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (Dipartimento di Scienzee Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche) (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (G.S.); (C.M.D.L.)
| | - Carlo Maria Di Liegro
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (Dipartimento di Scienzee Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche) (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (G.S.); (C.M.D.L.)
| | - Giuseppe Schirò
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (G.S.); (G.S.)
- Neurology and Multiple Sclerosis Center, Unità Operativa Complessa (UOC), Foundation Institute “G. Giglio”, 90015 Cefalù, Italy
| | - Gabriele Sorbello
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (G.S.); (G.S.)
| | - Italia Di Liegro
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (G.S.); (G.S.)
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Schalla MA, Oerter S, Cubukova A, Metzger M, Appelt-Menzel A, Stengel A. Locked Out: Phoenixin-14 Does Not Cross a Stem-Cell-Derived Blood-Brain Barrier Model. Brain Sci 2023; 13:980. [PMID: 37508911 PMCID: PMC10377091 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13070980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Phoenixin-14 is a recently discovered peptide regulating appetite. Interestingly, it is expressed in the gastrointestinal tract; however, its supposed receptor, GPR173, is predominantly found in hypothalamic areas. To date, it is unknown how peripherally secreted phoenixin-14 is able to reach its centrally located receptor. To investigate whether phoenixin is able to pass the blood-brain barrier, we used an in vitro mono-culture blood-brain barrier (BBB) model consisting of brain capillary-like endothelial cells derived from human induced-pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC-BCECs). The passage of 1 nMol and 10 nMol of phoenixin-14 via the mono-culture was measured after 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, and 240 min using a commercial ELISA kit. The permeability coefficients (PC) of 1 nMol and 10 nMol phoenixin-14 were 0.021 ± 0.003 and 0.044 ± 0.013 µm/min, respectively. In comparison with the PC of solutes known to cross the BBB in vivo, those of phoenixin-14 in both concentrations are very low. Here, we show that phoenixin-14 alone is not able to cross the BBB, suggesting that the effects of peripherally secreted phoenixin-14 depend on a co-transport mechanism at the BBB in vivo. The mechanisms responsible for phoenixin-14's orexigenic property along the gut-brain axis warrant further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha A Schalla
- Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Department for Psychosomatic Medicine; Charite-Universitätsmedizin BerlinCorporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, 12203 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, HELIOS Kliniken GmbH, 78628 Rottweil, Germany
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Osianderstr. 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sabrina Oerter
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC, Translational Center Regenerative Therapies (TLC-RT), 97070 Würzburg, Germany
- Chair Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (TERM), University Hospital Würzburg, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alevtina Cubukova
- Chair Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (TERM), University Hospital Würzburg, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marco Metzger
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC, Translational Center Regenerative Therapies (TLC-RT), 97070 Würzburg, Germany
- Chair Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (TERM), University Hospital Würzburg, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Antje Appelt-Menzel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC, Translational Center Regenerative Therapies (TLC-RT), 97070 Würzburg, Germany
- Chair Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (TERM), University Hospital Würzburg, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Stengel
- Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Department for Psychosomatic Medicine; Charite-Universitätsmedizin BerlinCorporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, 12203 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Osianderstr. 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Lebedenko C, Murray ME, Goncalves BG, Perez DS, Lambo DJ, Banerjee IA. Interactions of Nanoscale Self-Assembled Peptide-Based Assemblies with Glioblastoma Cell Models and Spheroids. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:12124-12143. [PMID: 37033803 PMCID: PMC10077566 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c08049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Peptide nanoassemblies have garnered remarkable importance in the development of novel nanoscale biomaterials for drug delivery into tumor cells. Taking advantage of receptor mediated recognition of two known peptides, angiopep-2 (TFFYGGSRGKRNNFKTEEY) and A-COOP-K (ACGLSGLC10 VAK) that bind to the over-expressed receptors low density lipoprotein (LRP-1) and fatty acid binding protein (FABP3) respectively, we have developed new peptide conjugates by combining the anti-inflammatory, antitumor compound azelaic acid with angiopep-2, which efficiently self-assembled into nanofibers. Those nanofibers were then functionalized with the A-COOP-K sequence and formed supramolecular hierarchical structures that were found to entrap the chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin efficaciously. Furthermore, the nanoassemblies were found to release the drug in a dose-dependent manner and showed a stepwise increase over a period of 2 weeks under acidic conditions. Two cell lines (U-87-MG and U-138-MG) were utilized as models for glioblastoma cells grown in the presence of serum and under serum-free conditions to mimic the growth conditions of natural tumors. The drug entrapped assemblies were found to inhibit the cell proliferation of both U-87 and U-138MG glioblastoma cells. Three dimensional spheroids of different sizes were grown to mimic the tumors and evaluate the efficacy of drug release and internalization. Our results indicated that the nanoassemblies were found to have higher internalization of DOX and were well-spread throughout the spheroids grown, particularly under serum-free conditions. The nanoassemblies also displayed blood-brain barrier penetration when tested with a multicellular in vitro model. Such self-assembled nanostructures with targeting ability may provide a suitable platform for the development of new peptide-based biomaterials that can provide more insights about the mechanistic approach for drug delivery for not only 2D cell cultures but also 3D tumoroids that mimic the tumor microenvironments.
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Nakayama-Kitamura K, Shigemoto-Mogami Y, Toyoda H, Mihara I, Moriguchi H, Naraoka H, Furihata T, Ishida S, Sato K. Usefulness of a humanized tricellular static transwell blood-brain barrier model as a microphysiological system for drug development applications. - A case study based on the benchmark evaluations of blood-brain barrier microphysiological system. Regen Ther 2023; 22:192-202. [PMID: 36891355 PMCID: PMC9988422 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2023.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Microphysiological system (MPS), a new technology for in vitro testing platforms, have been acknowledged as a strong tool for drug development. In the central nervous system (CNS), the blood‒brain barrier (BBB) limits the permeation of circulating substances from the blood vessels to the brain, thereby protecting the CNS from circulating xenobiotic compounds. At the same time, the BBB hinders drug development by introducing challenges at various stages, such as pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD), safety assessment, and efficacy assessment. To solve these problems, efforts are being made to develop a BBB MPS, particularly of a humanized type. In this study, we suggested minimal essential benchmark items to establish the BBB-likeness of a BBB MPS; these criteria support end users in determining the appropriate range of applications for a candidate BBB MPS. Furthermore, we examined these benchmark items in a two-dimensional (2D) humanized tricellular static transwell BBB MPS, the most conventional design of BBB MPS with human cell lines. Among the benchmark items, the efflux ratios of P-gp and BCRP showed high reproducibility in two independent facilities, while the directional transports meditated through Glut1 or TfR were not confirmed. We have organized the protocols of the experiments described above as standard operating procedures (SOPs). We here provide the SOPs with the flow chart including entire procedure and how to apply each SOP. Our study is important developmental step of BBB MPS towards the social acceptance, which enable end users to check and compare the performance the BBB MPSs.
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Key Words
- BBB, blood-brain barrier
- BCRP
- BCRP, Breast cancer resistance protein
- Blood‒brain barrier (BBB)
- CNS, central nervous system
- Glut1, Glucose transporter 1
- HASTR, Human astrocytes
- HBMEC, Human brain microvascular endothelial cells
- HBPC, Human brain pericyte
- LC-MS/MS, Liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry
- LY, Lucifer yellow
- MPS, Microphysiological system
- Microphysiological system (MPS)
- P-gp
- P-gp, P-glycoprotein
- TEER, Trans-endothelial electrical resistance
- TfR, Transferrin receptor
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimiko Nakayama-Kitamura
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Division of Pharmacology, National Institute of Health Science, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki City, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yukari Shigemoto-Mogami
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Division of Pharmacology, National Institute of Health Science, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki City, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroko Toyoda
- Stem Cell Evaluation Technology Research Association, Grande Building 8F, 2-26-9 Hatchobori, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0032, Japan
| | - Ikue Mihara
- Stem Cell Evaluation Technology Research Association, Grande Building 8F, 2-26-9 Hatchobori, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0032, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Moriguchi
- Stem Cell Evaluation Technology Research Association, Grande Building 8F, 2-26-9 Hatchobori, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0032, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Naraoka
- Stem Cell Evaluation Technology Research Association, Grande Building 8F, 2-26-9 Hatchobori, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0032, Japan
| | - Tomomi Furihata
- School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392 Japan
| | - Seiichi Ishida
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Division of Pharmacology, National Institute of Health Science, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki City, Kanagawa, Japan.,Division of Applied Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Sojo University, 4-22-1 Ikeda, Nishi-ku, Kumamoto City, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kaoru Sato
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Division of Pharmacology, National Institute of Health Science, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki City, Kanagawa, Japan
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Yang J, Wang P, Jiang X, Xu J, Zhang M, Liu F, Lin Y, Tao J, He J, Zhou X, Zhang M. A Nanotherapy of Octanoic Acid Ameliorates Cardiac Arrest/Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation-Induced Brain Injury via RVG29- and Neutrophil Membrane-Mediated Injury Relay Targeting. ACS NANO 2023; 17:3528-3548. [PMID: 36758159 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c09931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of cardiac arrest/cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CA/CPR)-induced brain injury remains a challenging issue without viable therapeutic options. Octanoic acid (OA), a lipid oil that is mainly metabolized in the astrocytes of the brain, is a promising treatment for this type of injury owing to its potential functions against oxidative stress, apoptosis, inflammation, and ability to stabilize mitochondria. However, the application of OA is strictly limited by its short half-life and low available concentration in the target organ. Herein, based on our previous research, an OA-based nanotherapy coated with a neutrophil membrane highly expressing RVG29, RVG29-H-NPOA, was successfully constructed by computer simulation-guided supramolecular assembly of polyethylenimine and OA. The in vitro and in vivo experiments showed that RVG29-H-NPOA could target and be distributed in the injured brain focus via the relay-targeted delivery mediated by RVG29-induced blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration and neutrophil membrane protein-induced BBB binding and injury targeting. This results in enhancements of the antioxidant, antiapoptotic, mitochondrial stability-promoting and anti-inflammatory effects of OA and exhibited systematic alleviation of astrocyte injury, neuronal damage, and inflammatory response in the brain. Due to their systematic intervention in multiple pathological processes, RVG29-H-NPOA significantly increased the 24 h survival rate of CA/CPR model rats from 40% to 100% and significantly improved their neurological functions. Thus, RVG29-H-NPOA are expected to be a promising therapeutic for the treatment of CA/CPR-induced brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyuan Yang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of The Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Trauma and Burns of Zhejiang Province, Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Pan Wang
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
| | - Xiangkang Jiang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of The Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Trauma and Burns of Zhejiang Province, Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Jiefeng Xu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of The Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Trauma and Burns of Zhejiang Province, Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Minhai Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of The Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Trauma and Burns of Zhejiang Province, Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Yao Lin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of The Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Trauma and Burns of Zhejiang Province, Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Jiawei Tao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of The Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Trauma and Burns of Zhejiang Province, Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Jiantao He
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of The Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Trauma and Burns of Zhejiang Province, Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Xing Zhou
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
| | - Mao Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of The Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Trauma and Burns of Zhejiang Province, Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310009, China
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Ogiya D, Murayama N, Kamiya Y, Saito R, Shiraiwa S, Suzuki R, Machida S, Tazume K, Ando K, Yamazaki H. Low cerebrospinal fluid-to-plasma ratios of orally administered lenalidomide mediated by its low cell membrane permeability in patients with hematologic malignancies. Ann Hematol 2022; 101:2013-2019. [PMID: 35732975 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-022-04893-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Lenalidomide is a synthetic analog of thalidomide formed by the removal of one keto group (plus the addition of an amino group); it has anti-tumor activities beneficial for the treatment of hematologic malignancies. However, lenalidomide distribution to brain in animal models is reportedly low compared with that of thalidomide. The aim of this study was to evaluate plasma and cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of lenalidomide in three patients with malignant hematologic malignancies. Lenalidomide was detected in plasma from the three Japanese patients 1.5 h following oral administration of 20 mg lenalidomide using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry, despite the in vitro gastrointestinal permeability of lenalidomide being low. Clinically observed cerebrospinal fluid-to-plasma ratios of lenalidomide were low (1.3-2.4%). Observed influx permeability values for lenalidomide in monkey blood-brain barrier model and human placental cell systems were one order of magnitude lower than those of thalidomide and another second-generation drug, pomalidomide along with a positive permeability control, caffeine. Because of the low cell-barrier permeability of lenalidomide demonstrated in in vitro assays, clinically relevant pharmacokinetic profiles of lenalidomide resulted in low penetrability from plasma into cerebrospinal fluid in patients with hematologic malignancies. Lenalidomide is conclusively suggested to expert its favorable immunomodulatory effects via systemic exposures in the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Ogiya
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan.,Department of Hematology, Isehara Kyodo Hospital, 345 Tanaka, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1187, Japan
| | - Norie Murayama
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3-3165 Higashi-tamagawa Gakuen, Machida, Tokyo, 194-8543, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kamiya
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3-3165 Higashi-tamagawa Gakuen, Machida, Tokyo, 194-8543, Japan
| | - Rie Saito
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3-3165 Higashi-tamagawa Gakuen, Machida, Tokyo, 194-8543, Japan
| | - Sawako Shiraiwa
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan
| | - Rikio Suzuki
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Machida
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan
| | - Kei Tazume
- Department of Hematology, Isehara Kyodo Hospital, 345 Tanaka, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1187, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Ando
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3-3165 Higashi-tamagawa Gakuen, Machida, Tokyo, 194-8543, Japan.
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Construction and Functional Evaluation of a Three-Dimensional Blood–Brain Barrier Model Equipped With Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells. Pharm Res 2022; 39:1535-1547. [PMID: 35411503 PMCID: PMC9246774 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03249-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this study was to construct and validate an in vivo three-dimensional blood–brain barrier (3D-BBB) model system equipped with brain microvascular endothelial cells derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPS-BMECs).
Methods
The 3D-BBB system was constructed by seeding hiPS-BMECs onto the capillary lane of a MIMETAS OrganoPlate® 3-lane coated with fibronectin/collagen IV. hiPS-BMECs were incubated under continuous switchback flow with an OrganoFlow® for 2 days. The 3D capillary structure and expression of tight-junction proteins and transporters were confirmed by immunocytochemistry. The mRNA expression of transporters in the 3D environment was determined using qRT-PCR, and the permeability of endogenous substances and drugs was evaluated under various conditions.
Results and Discussion
The expression of tight-junction proteins, including claudin-5 and ZO-1, was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. The permeability rate constant of lucifer yellow through hiPS-BMECs was undetectably low, indicating that paracellular transport is highly restricted by tight junctions in the 3D-BBB system. The mRNA expression levels of transporters and receptors in the 3D-BBB system differed from those in the 2D-culture system by 0.2- to 5.8-fold. The 3D-cultured hiPS-BMECs showed asymmetric transport of substrates of BCRP, CAT1 and LAT1 between the luminal (blood) and abluminal (brain) sides. Proton-coupled symport function of MCT1 was also confirmed.
Conclusion
The 3D-BBB system constructed in this study mimics several important characteristics of the human BBB, and is expected to be a useful high-throughput evaluation tool in the development of CNS drugs.
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Blood-Brain Barrier Transporters: Opportunities for Therapeutic Development in Ischemic Stroke. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031898. [PMID: 35163820 PMCID: PMC8836701 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, stroke is a leading cause of death and long-term disability. Over the past decades, several efforts have attempted to discover new drugs or repurpose existing therapeutics to promote post-stroke neurological recovery. Preclinical stroke studies have reported successes in identifying novel neuroprotective agents; however, none of these compounds have advanced beyond a phase III clinical trial. One reason for these failures is the lack of consideration of blood-brain barrier (BBB) transport mechanisms that can enable these drugs to achieve efficacious concentrations in ischemic brain tissue. Despite the knowledge that drugs with neuroprotective properties (i.e., statins, memantine, metformin) are substrates for endogenous BBB transporters, preclinical stroke research has not extensively studied the role of transporters in central nervous system (CNS) drug delivery. Here, we review current knowledge on specific BBB uptake transporters (i.e., organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs in humans; Oatps in rodents); organic cation transporters (OCTs in humans; Octs in rodents) that can be targeted for improved neuroprotective drug delivery. Additionally, we provide state-of-the-art perspectives on how transporter pharmacology can be integrated into preclinical stroke research. Specifically, we discuss the utility of in vivo stroke models to transporter studies and considerations (i.e., species selection, co-morbid conditions) that will optimize the translational success of stroke pharmacotherapeutic experiments.
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