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Sun Y, Chen Q, Dang R, Xie Y, Cheng X, Huang X, Zhou S, Wang C. Skin irritation assessment and potential mechanism of Capparis spinosa L. fruits. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 321:117510. [PMID: 38030023 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE In China, Capparis spinosa L. fruits (CSF) are often used topically in Uyghur folk medicine in treating rheumatic diseases with remarkable efficacy. However, it has noticed severe skin irritation after a short time application with high dose of CSF, which limited long-term clinical use. To date, there is almost no research related to skin irritation of CSF. AIM OF THE STUDY This study was intended to perform the first systematic assessment of morphological and histological changes in skin after stimulation with CSF. Furthermore, potential irritant components in CSF and related mechanisms were explored by in vitro transdermal techniques, network pharmacology, molecular docking, and experimental validation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Skin changes after single and multiple stimulations with CSF were observed and subjected to skin irritation response scoring, irritation strength assessment, and histopathological analysis. In addition, in vitro transdermal technology, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method, network pharmacology, molecular docking, and experimental validation were used to further exploit underlying skin irritant components and possible mechanisms of action. RESULTS CSF induced significant morphological (erythema and edema) and histological (epidermal thickening and inflammatory infiltration) changes in skin of mice, which were similar to the clinical presentation of irritation contact dermatitis (ICD). The ethyl acetate fraction of CSF (CFEAF) was the main source of CSF-induced skin irritation. Kaempferol, flazin, and gallic acid were potential major irritant compounds. Moreover, CFEAF, kaempferol, flazin, and gallic acid could increase the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and interleukin-17A (IL-17A) to promote skin inflammation. The potential mechanism of CSF-induced skin irritation may be activation of the nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) signaling pathway, including phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 (p65) and nuclear factor-kappa B inhibitor alpha (IκBα). CONCLUSION Kaempferol, flazin, and gallic acid are potential skin irritant components from CSF. Altogether, they induce skin irritation responses through promoting the release of the inflammatory factors TNF-α and ICAM-1, as well as activating the NF-κB signaling pathway. In addition, IL-17A may be an important pro-inflammatory factor in skin irritation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Sun
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qianping Chen
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Dang
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yujuan Xie
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuemei Cheng
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuemei Huang
- Xinjiang Yexigua Uyghur Medicine Technology Co., Ltd., Hami, Xinjiang, China
| | - Shaojie Zhou
- Xinjiang Yexigua Uyghur Medicine Technology Co., Ltd., Hami, Xinjiang, China
| | - Changhong Wang
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Park JS, Choi JH, Joung MY, Yang IG, Choi YS, Kang MJ, Ho MJ. Design of High-Payload Ascorbyl Palmitate Nanosuspensions for Enhanced Skin Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:171. [PMID: 38399233 PMCID: PMC10891688 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16020171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
A high-payload ascorbyl palmitate (AP) nanosuspension (NS) was designed to improve skin delivery following topical application. The AP-loaded NS systems were prepared using the bead-milling technique, and softly thickened into NS-loaded gel (NS-G) using hydrophilic polymers. The optimized NS-G system consisted of up to 75 mg/mL of AP, 0.5% w/v of polyoxyl-40 hydrogenated castor oil (Kolliphor® RH40) as the suspending agent, and 1.0% w/v of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (Na.CMC 700 K) as the thickening agent, in citrate buffer (pH 4.5). The NS-G system was embodied as follows: long and flaky nanocrystals, 493.2 nm in size, -48.7 mV in zeta potential, and 2.3 cP of viscosity with a shear rate of 100 s-1. Both NS and NS-G provided rapid dissolution of the poorly water-soluble antioxidant, which was comparable to that of the microemulsion gel (ME-G) containing AP in solubilized form. In an ex vivo skin absorption study using the Franz diffusion cell mounted on porcine skin, NS-G exhibited faster absorption in skin, providing approximately 4, 3, and 1.4 times larger accumulation than that of ME-G at 3, 6, and 12 h, respectively. Therefore, the high-payload NS makes it a promising platform for skin delivery of the lipid derivative of ascorbic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Myung-Joo Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea; (J.-S.P.); (J.-H.C.); (M.-Y.J.); (I.-G.Y.); (Y.-S.C.)
| | - Myoung-Jin Ho
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea; (J.-S.P.); (J.-H.C.); (M.-Y.J.); (I.-G.Y.); (Y.-S.C.)
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Aguilar-Hernández G, López-Romero BA, Nicolás-García M, Nolasco-González Y, García-Galindo HS, Montalvo-González E. Nanosuspensions as carriers of active ingredients: Chemical composition, development methods, and their biological activities. Food Res Int 2023; 174:113583. [PMID: 37986449 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Nanosuspensions (NSps) are colloidal dispersions of particles that have the potential to solve the delivery problems of active ingredients associated with their low solubility in water or instability due to environmental factors. It is essential to consider their chemical composition and preparation methods because they directly influence drug loading, size, morphology, solubility, and stability; these characteristics of nanosuspensions influence the delivery and bioavailability of active ingredients. NSps provides high loading of drugs, protection against degrading agents, rapid dissolution, high particle stability, and high bioavailability of active ingredients across biological membranes. In addition, they provide lower toxicity compared to other nanocarriers, such as liposomes or polymeric nanoparticles, and can modify the pharmacokinetic profiles, thus improving their safety and efficacy. The present review aims to address all aspects related to the composition of NSps, the different methods for their production, and the main factors affecting their stability. Moreover, recent studies are described as carriers of active ingredients and their biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Aguilar-Hernández
- División de Ciencias Agropecuarias e Ingenierías, Centro Universitario de los Altos, Universidad de Guadalajara, Av. Rafael Casillas Aceves 1200, Tepatitlán de Morelos 47600, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Brandon A López-Romero
- Laboratorio Integral de Investigación en Alimentos, Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Tepic, Av. Tecnológico 2595, Tepic 63175, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - Mayra Nicolás-García
- Ingeniería en Industrias Alimentarias, Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Teziutlán, Fracción I y II, Aire Libre S/N, 73960, Teziutlán, Puebla, México
| | - Yolanda Nolasco-González
- Laboratorio Integral de Investigación en Alimentos, Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Tepic, Av. Tecnológico 2595, Tepic 63175, Nayarit, Mexico; Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Campo Experimental Santiago Ixcuintla, Km 6 Carr. México-Nogales, Santiago Ixcuintla, 63300, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - Hugo S García-Galindo
- Tecnológico Nacional de México/Institito Tecnológico de Veracruz. nstituto Tecnológico de Veracruz, Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo de Alimentos, Av. Miguel Ángel de Quevedo 2779, Veracruz 91897, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Efigenia Montalvo-González
- Laboratorio Integral de Investigación en Alimentos, Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Tepic, Av. Tecnológico 2595, Tepic 63175, Nayarit, Mexico.
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Li C, Zhou Y, Yuan M, Yang Y, Song R, Xu G, Chen G. Astaxanthin-loaded polylactic acid-glycolic acid nanoparticles ameliorate ulcerative colitis through antioxidant effects. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1267274. [PMID: 38024351 PMCID: PMC10665485 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1267274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Astaxanthin (AST) is a type of carotenoid with strong antioxidant effects. However, the development and use of AST are limited by its water insolubility and low bioavailability. This study aims to investigate whether AST@PLGA can inhibit UC and reveal its possible mechanism. Methods We tested the particle size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential of AST@PLGA. Then, the in vitro release and antioxidant capacity of AST@PLGA were tested. Finally, the mouse model of colitis was established and SOD, MDA, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and P38 as well as ERK were detected from mice. Results Particle size, polydispersity index and zeta potential of AST @PLGA were 66.78 ± 0.64 nm, 0.247 and -9.8 ± 0.53 mV, respectively, and were stable within 14 days. Then, it was observed that the AST@PLGA nanoparticles not only maintained the effect of AST but also had a sustained release effect. Experiments in mice showed that AST@PLGA effectively reduced MDA, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 levels and increased SOD levels. AST@PLGA also downregulated the protein expression of P38 and ERK. The results showed the positive protective effect of AST@PLGA in inhibiting acute colitis. Discussion AST@PLGA nanoparticles have good stability and alleviating effect in colitis, which could be functional foods in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Li
- College of Tourism and Culinary Science, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Cuisine Intangible Cultural Heritage Technology Inheritance, Ministry of Culture and Tourism, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Meng Yuan
- College of Tourism and Culinary Science, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yawen Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Ruilong Song
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Gang Xu
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Northern Jiangsu People’s Hospital/Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Gang Chen
- School of Rehabilitation Science and Engineering, Qingdao Hospital (Qingdao Municipal Hospital), University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, China
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Pirincci Tok Y, Mesut B, Güngör S, Sarıkaya AO, Aldeniz EE, Dude U, Özsoy Y. Systematic Screening Study for the Selection of Proper Stabilizers to Produce Physically Stable Canagliflozin Nanosuspension by Wet Milling Method. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:927. [PMID: 37627812 PMCID: PMC10451257 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10080927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the crucial approaches to managing the low solubility and weak bioavailability of drugs is via nanocrystal technology. Through this technology, drug particles have an increased solubility and a faster dissolution rate due to high surface free energy, which requires an appropriate stabilizer(s) to prevent instabilities during the manufacturing process and storage of the nanosuspension. This study aimed to establish a scientific predictive system for properly selecting stabilizers or to reduce the attempts on a trial-and-error basis in the wet-milling method. In total, 42 experiments were performed to examine the effect of critical material attributes on the wettability of the drug, the saturation solubility in the stabilizer solutions or combinations thereof and the dynamic viscosity of stabilizer solutions. All data were evaluated by Minitab 19® and an optimization study was performed. The optimized formulation at a certain concentration of stabilizer combination was ground by Dyno Mill® with 0.3 mm beads for one hour. The optimized nanosuspension with a particle size of 204.5 nm was obtained in short milling time and offered 3.05- and 3.51 times better dissolution rates than the marketed drug product (Invokana® 100 mg) in pH 4.5 and pH 6.8 as non-sink conditions, respectively. The formulation was monitored for three months at room temperature and 4 °C. The parameters were 261.30 nm, 0.163, -14.1 mV and 261.50 nm, 0.216 and -17.8 mV, respectively. It was concluded that this approach might indicate the appropriate selection of stabilizers for the wet-milling process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Burcu Mesut
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Istanbul 34126, Türkiye; (B.M.); (S.G.)
| | - Sevgi Güngör
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Istanbul 34126, Türkiye; (B.M.); (S.G.)
| | - Ali Osman Sarıkaya
- Research and Development Center, Abdi İbrahim Pharmaceutical Company, İstanbul 34538, Türkiye; (A.O.S.); (E.E.A.); (U.D.)
| | - Emre Erol Aldeniz
- Research and Development Center, Abdi İbrahim Pharmaceutical Company, İstanbul 34538, Türkiye; (A.O.S.); (E.E.A.); (U.D.)
| | - Udaya Dude
- Research and Development Center, Abdi İbrahim Pharmaceutical Company, İstanbul 34538, Türkiye; (A.O.S.); (E.E.A.); (U.D.)
| | - Yıldız Özsoy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Istanbul 34126, Türkiye; (B.M.); (S.G.)
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Boscolo O, Flor S, Salvo L, Dobrecky C, Höcht C, Tripodi V, Moretton M, Lucangioli S. Formulation and Characterization of Ursodeoxycholic Acid Nanosuspension Based on Bottom-Up Technology and Box-Behnken Design Optimization. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2037. [PMID: 37631251 PMCID: PMC10458560 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15082037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is a therapeutic agent used for the treatment of cholestatic hepatobiliary diseases in pediatric patients. It is a bile acid that presents high lipophilicity, and it belongs to Class II of the Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS), which exhibits low water solubility and high intestinal permeability, which leads to poor oral absorption. The objective of this work was to design and optimize UDCA nanosuspensions by means of the precipitation-ultrasonication method to improve the solubility, dissolution, and oral bioavailability of UDCA. METHODS A three-level, three-factor Box-Behnken design was used to optimize formulation variables and obtain uniform, small-particle-size UDCA nanosuspensions. The independent variables were: stabilizer percentage (X1), amplitude (X2), and sonication time (X3), and the dependent variable was the particle size (Y1). In the precipitation-ultrasonication method, UDCA was dissolved in acetone:PEG 400 (1:1 v/v) and quickly incorporated into the antisolvent (pre-cooled aqueous dispersion of HPMC E-15 0.3%), by means of intense sonication at 50 W for 5 min, controlling temperature through an ice water bath. The lyophilization efficacy was evaluated by means of a cryoprotective efficacy test, working with 10% maltose at -80 °C. The nanosuspensions were characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The physicochemical stability was determined at 25 °C and 4 °C at 7, 14, 30, and 60 days, and the UDCA content was analyzed via HPLC-UV. An in vitro dissolution assay and an oral bioavailability study were performed in male Wistar rats. RESULTS A significant impact was achieved in the optimized nanosuspension with 0.3% (stabilizer), 50 W (amplitude), and 5 min (sonication time), with a particle size of 352.4 nm, PDI of 0.11, and zeta potential of -4.30 mV. It presented adequate physicochemical stability throughout the study and the UDCA content was between 90% and 110%. In total, 86% of UDCA was dissolved in the in vitro dissolution test. The relative oral bioavailability was similar without significant statistical differences when comparing the lyophilized nanosuspension and the commercial tablet, the latter presenting a more erratic behavior. The pharmacokinetic parameters of the nanosuspension and the commercial tablet were Tmax (1.0 ± 0.9 h vs. 2.0 ± 0.8 h, respectively), Cmax (0.558 ± 0.118 vs. 0.366 ± 0.113 µM, respectively), ΔCmax (0.309 ± 0.099 vs. 0.232 ± 0.056, respectively), AUC (4.326 ± 0.471 vs. 2.188 ± 0.353 µg/mL.h, respectively, p < 0.02), and IAUC0-24h (2.261 ± 0.187 µg/mL.h vs. 1.924 ± 0.440 µg/mL.h, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The developed nanosuspension presents an appropriate dosage and administration for pediatric patients. On the other hand, it exhibits an adequate absorption and UDCA oral bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriana Boscolo
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Tecnología Farmacéutica, Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina; (O.B.); (S.F.); (L.S.); (C.D.); (M.M.)
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Tecnología Farmacéutica y Biofarmacia (InTecFyB), Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina; (C.H.); (V.T.)
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires C1425FQB, Argentina
| | - Sabrina Flor
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Tecnología Farmacéutica, Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina; (O.B.); (S.F.); (L.S.); (C.D.); (M.M.)
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Tecnología Farmacéutica y Biofarmacia (InTecFyB), Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina; (C.H.); (V.T.)
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires C1425FQB, Argentina
| | - Leandro Salvo
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Tecnología Farmacéutica, Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina; (O.B.); (S.F.); (L.S.); (C.D.); (M.M.)
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Tecnología Farmacéutica y Biofarmacia (InTecFyB), Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina; (C.H.); (V.T.)
| | - Cecilia Dobrecky
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Tecnología Farmacéutica, Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina; (O.B.); (S.F.); (L.S.); (C.D.); (M.M.)
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Tecnología Farmacéutica y Biofarmacia (InTecFyB), Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina; (C.H.); (V.T.)
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Farmacología, Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina
| | - Christian Höcht
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Tecnología Farmacéutica y Biofarmacia (InTecFyB), Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina; (C.H.); (V.T.)
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Farmacología, Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina
| | - Valeria Tripodi
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Tecnología Farmacéutica y Biofarmacia (InTecFyB), Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina; (C.H.); (V.T.)
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires C1425FQB, Argentina
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina
| | - Marcela Moretton
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Tecnología Farmacéutica, Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina; (O.B.); (S.F.); (L.S.); (C.D.); (M.M.)
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Tecnología Farmacéutica y Biofarmacia (InTecFyB), Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina; (C.H.); (V.T.)
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires C1425FQB, Argentina
| | - Silvia Lucangioli
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Tecnología Farmacéutica, Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina; (O.B.); (S.F.); (L.S.); (C.D.); (M.M.)
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Tecnología Farmacéutica y Biofarmacia (InTecFyB), Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina; (C.H.); (V.T.)
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires C1425FQB, Argentina
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Marques SM, Kumar L. Factors affecting the preparation of nanocrystals: characterization, surface modifications and toxicity aspects. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2023; 20:871-894. [PMID: 37222381 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2023.2218084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The fabrication of well-defined nanocrystals in size and form is the focus of much investigation. In this work, we have critically reviewed several recent instances from the literature that shows how the production procedure affects the physicochemical properties of the nanocrystals. AREAS COVERED Scopus, MedLine, PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched for peer-review articles published in the past few years using different key words. Authors chose relevant publications from their files for this review. This review focuses on the range of techniques available for producing nanocrystals. We draw attention to several recent instances demonstrating the impact of various process and formulation variables that affect the nanocrystals' physicochemical properties. Moreover, various developments in the characterization techniques explored for nanocrystals concerning their size, morphology, etc. have been discussed. Last but not least, recent applications, the effect of surface modifications, and the toxicological traits of nanocrystals have also been reviewed. EXPERT OPINION The selection of an appropriate production method for the formation of nanocrystals, together with a deep understanding of the relationship between the drug's physicochemical properties, unique features of the various formulation alternatives, and anticipated in-vivo performance, would significantly reduce the risk of failure during human clinical trials that are inadequate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirleen Miriam Marques
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Lalit Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur, Bihar, India
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Ergin AD, Oltulu Ç, Koç B. Enhanced Cytotoxic Activity of 6-Mercaptopurine-Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles in Hepatic Cancer Treatment. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2023; 21:212-221. [PMID: 37417972 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2023.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
6-Mercaptopurine (6-MCP) is an antiproliferative purine analog used in acute lymphoblastic leukemia, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis). Although 6-MCP has the great therapeutic potential for cancer and immunosuppressant-related diseases, 6-MCP is not readily soluble in water, presents a high first-pass effect, short half-life (0.5-1.5 h), and implies a low bioavailability (16%). On the contrary, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) are prepared from solid lipids at room temperature and body temperature. In this study, SLNs were prepared w/o/w double emulsion-solvent evaporation method using Precirol ATO5 as matrix lipid. In the emulsion stabilization, surfactant (Tween 80) and polymeric stabilizer (polyvinyl alcohol [PVA]) were used. Two group formulations using Tween 80 and PVA were compared in terms of particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential encapsulation efficiency%, and process yield%. Differential calorimetric analysis and release properties were examined for optimum formulation, and release kinetics were calculated. According to studies, sustained release was obtained with SLNs by the Korsmayer-Peppas kinetic model. The in vitro cytotoxicity studies were performed on the hepatocarcinoma (HEP3G) cell line. According to the results, successful SLN formulations were produced, and PVA was found best stabilizer. Optimum formulation exhibited significantly higher cytotoxic effects on HEP3G than on pure 6-MCP. These results demonstrated that solid lipid nanodrug delivery systems have great potential for formulation of 6-MCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Doğan Ergin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Institute of Health Sciences, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Faculty of Pharmacy, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Çağatay Oltulu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Institute of Health Sciences, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Büşra Koç
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Institute of Health Sciences, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
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Liu Y, Zhao J, Chen J, Miao X. Nanocrystals in cosmetics and cosmeceuticals by topical delivery. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2023; 227:113385. [PMID: 37270904 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2023.113385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The main issues with local delivery of cosmetics are their high sensitivity and limited drug loading of active pharmaceutical ingredient. Nanocrystal technology offers consumers cutting-edge and effective products and exhibits enormous development potential in the beauty business as a new delivery method to address the issue of low solubility and low permeability of sensitive chemicals. In this review, we described the processes for making NCs, along with the impacts of loading and the uses of different carriers. Among them, nanocrystalline loaded gel and emulsion are widely used and may further improve the stability of the system. Then, we introduced the beauty efficacy of drug NCs from five aspects: anti-inflammation and acne, anti-bacterial, lightening and freckle removal, anti-aging as well as UV protection. Following that, we presented the current scenario about stability and safety. Finally, the challenges and vacancy were discussed along with the potential uses of NCs in the cosmetics industry. This review serves as a resource for the advancement of nanocrystal technology in the cosmetics sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China; SDU-ANU Joint Science College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Jingru Zhao
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Xiaoqing Miao
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China.
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Elsebay MT, Eissa NG, Balata GF, Kamal MA, Elnahas HM. Nanosuspension: A Formulation Technology for Tackling the Poor Aqueous Solubility and Bioavailability of Poorly Soluble Drugs. Curr Pharm Des 2023; 29:2297-2312. [PMID: 37694786 DOI: 10.2174/1381612829666230911105922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
The poor water solubility of numerous novel drug candidates presents significant challenges, particularly in terms of oral administration. This limitation can result in various undesirable clinical implications, such as inter-patient variability, poor bioavailability, difficulties in achieving a safe therapeutic index, increased costs, and potential risks of toxicity or inefficacy. Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) class II drugs face particular hurdles due to their limited solubility in the aqueous media of the gastrointestinal tract. In such cases, parenteral administration is often employed as an alternative strategy. To address these challenges, nanosuspension techniques offer a promising solution for enhancing drug solubility and overcoming oral delivery obstacles. This technique has the potential to bridge the gap between drug discovery and preclinical use by resolving problematic solubility. This literature review has delved into contemporary nanosuspension preparation technologies and the incorporation of stabilizing ingredients within the formulation. Furthermore, the manuscript explores nanosuspension strategies for both oral and parenteral/other delivery routes, and separate discussions have been presented to establish a suitable flow that addresses the challenges and strategies relevant to each administration method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed T Elsebay
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Galala University, Suez, Egypt
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Noura G Eissa
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
- School of Biotechnology and Science Academy, Badr University in Cairo, Badr City, Cairo, 11829, Egypt
| | - Gehan F Balata
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohammad Amjad Kamal
- Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Birulia, Bangladesh
- Enzymoics, 7 Peterlee Place, Hebersham, NSW 2770, Australia
- Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, NSW 2770, Australia
| | - Hanan M Elnahas
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
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Enhancement of cytotoxic and antioxidant activities of Digenea simplex chloroform extract using the nanosuspension technique. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2023; 46:279-296. [PMID: 36536224 PMCID: PMC9879839 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-022-02833-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Digenea simplex (D. simplex), an Egyptian marine red macroalga, contains a diverse group of phytochemicals with unique bioactivities. At the same time, the synthesis of nanosuspension (NS) has received increasing interest to optimize the technological aspects of drugs. Thence, the main objective of this work was to use the chloroform extract (ChlE) of D. simplex to prepare its nanosuspension (ChlE-NS) formulation to increase its aqueous solubility, thereby improving its bioactivity. By using FTIR, GC/MS analysis, and phytochemical screening assays, the chemical profiling of ChlE was assessed. NS was prepared by the antisolvent precipitation technique using 1.5% w/v polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). A light microscope, FTIR, particle size distribution, polydispersity index (PDI), and zeta potential (ZP) measurements was used to characterize the prepared NS. Four cancer cell lines were used in the MTT experiment to investigate the anticancer potential of ChlE and ChlE-NS. An apoptotic mechanism was established using acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EB) dual staining, DNA fragmentation, and increased caspase activity. ChlE and ChlE-NS were also evaluated as antioxidants using DPPH and ABTS free radical assays. The results showed that, when compared to ChlE, ChlE-NS had greater cytotoxic activity against the four cancer cell lines. However, results of antioxidant activity showed that ChlE-NS had an IC50 of 36.86 ± 0.09 and 63.5 ± 0.47%, while ChlE had values of 39.90 ± 0.08 and 86.5 ± 0.8% in DPPH and ABTS assays, respectively. Based on the results of this research, D. simplex ChlE-NS may be an effective strategy for enhancing ChlE's cytotoxic and antioxidant activities.
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Elmowafy M, Shalaby K, Alruwaili NK, Elkomy MH, Zafar A, Soliman GM, Salama A, Barakat EH. EthoLeciplex: A new tool for effective cutaneous delivery of minoxidil. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2022; 48:457-469. [PMID: 36093810 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2022.2124261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
This work designates EthoLeciplex, a vesicular system consisting of phospholipid, CTAB, ethanol and water, as an innovative vesicular system for cutaneous/transfollicular minoxidil delivery. Minoxidil loaded EthoLeciplex was fabricated by one-step fabrication process. Formulations were designed to study the effects of drug/phospholipid ratio, CTAB/phospholipid ratio, and ethanol concentration on vesicular size, PDI, surface charge and EE%. The optimized formulation was characterized by in vitro release, drug/excipient compatibility, ex vivo skin permeability and safety. A size of 83.6 ± 7.3 to 530.3 ± 29.4 nm, PDI of 0.214 ± 0.01 to 0.542 ± 0.08, and zeta potential of +31.6 ± 4.8 to +57.4 ± 12.5 mV were observed. Encapsulation efficiency was obtained in its maximum value (91.9 ± 16.2%) at the lowest drug/phospholipid ratio, median CTAB/phospholipid and the highest ethanol concentration. The optimized formulation was consisted of 0.3 as drug/lipid ratio, 1.25 as CTAB/lipid ratio and 30% ethanol concentration and showed responses' values in agreement with the predicted results. DSC studies suggested that EthoLeciplex existed in flexible state with complete incorporation of minoxidil into lipid bilayer. The cumulative amount of minoxidil permeated from EthoLeciplex, conventional liposome and ethanolic solution after 12h were 36.3 ± 1.5 µg/ml, 21 ± 2.0 µg/ml and 55 ± 4.0 µg/ml respectively. Based on the remaining amount, the amount of minoxidil accumulated in different skin layers can be predicted in descending order as follows; EthoLeciplex > conventional liposome > minoxidil solution. EthoLeciplex produced marked disorder in the stratum corneum integrity and swelling with no features of skin toxicity. This new cationic system is a promising carrier for cutaneous/transfollicular drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Elmowafy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, P.O. Box 2014, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled Shalaby
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, P.O. Box 2014, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nabil K Alruwaili
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, P.O. Box 2014, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed H Elkomy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, P.O. Box 2014, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ameeduzzafar Zafar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, P.O. Box 2014, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghareb M Soliman
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayman Salama
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pharmaceutics and Ind. Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Elsaied H Barakat
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Ind. Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
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Novel Luteolin-Loaded Chitosan Decorated Nanoparticles for Brain-Targeting Delivery in a Sporadic Alzheimer’s Disease Mouse Model: Focus on Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Amyloidogenic Pathways. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14051003. [PMID: 35631589 PMCID: PMC9148113 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14051003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Preparation and evaluation of a non-invasive intranasal luteolin delivery for the management of cognitive dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) using novel chitosan decorated nanoparticles. Development of luteolin-loaded chitosomes was followed by full in vitro characterization. In vivo efficacy was evaluated using a sporadic Alzheimer’s disease (SAD) animal model via intracerebroventricular injection of 3 mg/kg streptozotocin (ICV-STZ). Treatment groups of luteolin suspension and chitosomes (50 mg/kg) were then intranasally administered after 5 h of ICV-STZ followed by everyday administration for 21 consecutive days. Behavioral, histological, immunohistochemical, and biochemical studies were conducted. Chitosomes yielded promising quality attributes in terms of particle size (PS) (412.8 ± 3.28 nm), polydispersity index (PDI) (0.378 ± 0.07), Zeta potential (ZP) (37.4 ± 2.13 mv), and percentage entrapment efficiency (EE%) (86.6 ± 2.05%). Behavioral findings showed obvious improvement in the acquisition of short-term and long-term spatial memory. Furthermore, histological evaluation revealed an increased neuronal survival rate with a reduction in the number of amyloid plaques. Biochemical results showed improved antioxidant effects and reduced pro-inflammatory mediators’ levels. In addition, a suppression by half was observed in the levels of both Aβ aggregation and hyperphosphorylated-tau protein in comparison to the model control group which in turn confirmed the capability of luteolin-loaded chitosomes (LUT-CHS) in attenuating the pathological changes of AD. The prepared nanoparticles are considered a promising safe, effective, and non-invasive nanodelivery system that improves cognitive function in SAD albino mice as opposed to luteolin suspension.
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Cheng H, Jia X, Yuan D, Li H, Wang L, Fu T, Qiao H, Chen J, Wang Z, Cui X, Cheng J, Li J. Excipient-free nanodispersions dominated by amphiphilic glycosides for bioavailability enhancement of hydrophobic aglycones, a case of glycyrrhetinic acid with diammonium glycyrrhizinate. Int J Pharm 2022; 620:121770. [PMID: 35483618 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Natural aglycones, a major ingredient accompanied by glycosides in plants, have played an important role in the treatment of various diseases. However, their bioavailability is limited by their poor water solubility. In contrast to previous efforts that required the use of new exotic materials which may raise concerns about biocompatibility, we report the first case of excipient-free nanodispersions in which an insoluble glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) assembled with its amphiphilic parent drug diammonium glycyrrhizinate (DG) into water-dispersible nanodispersions (130.8 nm for particle size and 91.74% for encapsulation efficiency). This strategy largely increased GA's water apparent solubility by hundreds of times to 549.0 μg/mL with a high cumulative dissolution percentage in vitro greater than 80% in 5 min. The study on the formation mechanism showed that the OH, C-O and C=O group stretching peaks shifted in the FTIR spectra of GA-DG nanodispersions, while the COOH peak (δ COOH 12.19 ppm) disappeared in the 1H NMR spectrum of GA-DG nanodispersions, indicating that carboxyl groups on GA may interact with the hydroxyl groups of DG in solution. Molecular dynamics simulations suggested that both hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen-bond interactions contribute to the coassembly of GA and DG molecules in aqueous solution. Oral pharmacokinetic studies in rats demonstrated that such nanodispersions have a significant increase in Cmax and AUC0-t of 2.45- and 3.45-fold compared with those for GA, respectively. Therefore, this strategy, employing amphiphilic glycosides as excipients to prepare nanodispersions, not using new materials, paves the way for the further application of hydrophobic aglycone drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongqing Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China; Jiangsu Provincial TCM Engineering Technology Research Center of High Efficient Drug Delivery System (DDS), Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Xiaoshun Jia
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China; Jiangsu Provincial TCM Engineering Technology Research Center of High Efficient Drug Delivery System (DDS), Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Dandan Yuan
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Huaning Li
- Medical Department, Weifang Medical College, Weifang 261042, PR China
| | - Lingchong Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China; Jiangsu Provincial TCM Engineering Technology Research Center of High Efficient Drug Delivery System (DDS), Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Tingming Fu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Hongzhi Qiao
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China; Jiangsu Provincial TCM Engineering Technology Research Center of High Efficient Drug Delivery System (DDS), Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Jing Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Zengwu Wang
- Medical Department, Weifang Medical College, Weifang 261042, PR China
| | - Xiaobing Cui
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
| | - Jianming Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China; Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Classical Prescription, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
| | - Junsong Li
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China; Jiangsu Provincial TCM Engineering Technology Research Center of High Efficient Drug Delivery System (DDS), Nanjing 210023, PR China.
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Preparation, Characterization, and Evaluation of Breviscapine Nanosuspension and Its Freeze-Dried Powder. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14050923. [PMID: 35631508 PMCID: PMC9143020 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14050923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
As a biopharmaceutics classification system (BCS) class IV drug, breviscapine (Bre) has low solubility in water, poor chemical stability, a short biological half-life and rapid removal from plasma. This paper prepared a Bre nanosuspension (Bre-NS) by an ultrasound-assisted anti-solvent precipitation method. Characterization of Bre-NS was studied using a Box–Behnken design concerning drug concentration in DMSO, an anti-solvent-to-solvent ratio, and sonication time. Under the optimized conditions of 170 mg/mL for the drug concentration, a 1:60 solvent-to-anti-solvent ratio, and a 9 min sonication time, the particle size of Bre-NS was 303.7 ± 7.3 nm, the polydispersity index was 0.178 ± 0.015, and the zeta potential was −31.10 ± 0.26 mV. Combined with the results from differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), and Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), the findings indicated that the crystal form and chemical structure of Bre-NS did not change during the entire process. The optimized formulation displayed good stability, increased solubility, and better in vitro release. Therefore, the results of this study can be a reference for the delivery system design of insoluble active components and effective parts in traditional Chinese medicine.
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Topical nanocrystals of bioflavonoids: a new technology platform for skin ailments. Int J Pharm 2022; 619:121707. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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