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Cui L, Yang R, Huo D, Li L, Qu X, Wang J, Wang X, Liu H, Chen H, Wang X. Streptococcus pneumoniae extracellular vesicles aggravate alveolar epithelial barrier disruption via autophagic degradation of OCLN (occludin). Autophagy 2024; 20:1577-1596. [PMID: 38497494 PMCID: PMC11210924 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2024.2330043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae) represents a major human bacterial pathogen leading to high morbidity and mortality in children and the elderly. Recent research emphasizes the role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in bacterial pathogenicity. However, the contribution of S. pneumoniae EVs (pEVs) to host-microbe interactions has remained unclear. Here, we observed that S. pneumoniae infections in mice led to severe lung injuries and alveolar epithelial barrier (AEB) dysfunction. Infections of S. pneumoniae reduced the protein expression of tight junction protein OCLN (occludin) and activated macroautophagy/autophagy in lung tissues of mice and A549 cells. Mechanically, S. pneumoniae induced autophagosomal degradation of OCLN leading to AEB impairment in the A549 monolayer. S. pneumoniae released the pEVs that could be internalized by alveolar epithelial cells. Through proteomics, we profiled the cargo proteins inside pEVs and found that these pEVs contained many virulence factors, among which we identified a eukaryotic-like serine-threonine kinase protein StkP. The internalized StkP could induce the phosphorylation of BECN1 (beclin 1) at Ser93 and Ser96 sites, initiating autophagy and resulting in autophagy-dependent OCLN degradation and AEB dysfunction. Finally, the deletion of stkP in S. pneumoniae completely protected infected mice from death, significantly alleviated OCLN degradation in vivo, and largely abolished the AEB disruption caused by pEVs in vitro. Overall, our results suggested that pEVs played a crucial role in the spread of S. pneumoniae virulence factors. The cargo protein StkP in pEVs could communicate with host target proteins and even hijack the BECN1 autophagy initiation pathway, contributing to AEB disruption and bacterial pathogenicity.Abbreviations: AEB: alveolarepithelial barrier; AECs: alveolar epithelial cells; ATG16L1: autophagy related 16 like 1; ATP:adenosine 5'-triphosphate; BafA1: bafilomycin A1; BBB: blood-brain barrier; CFU: colony-forming unit; co-IP: co-immunoprecipitation; CQ:chloroquine; CTRL: control; DiO: 3,3'-dioctadecylox-acarbocyanineperchlorate; DOX: doxycycline; DTT: dithiothreitol; ECIS: electricalcell-substrate impedance sensing; eGFP: enhanced green fluorescentprotein; ermR: erythromycin-resistance expression cassette; Ery: erythromycin; eSTKs: eukaryotic-like serine-threoninekinases; EVs: extracellular vesicles; HA: hemagglutinin; H&E: hematoxylin and eosin; HsLC3B: human LC3B; hpi: hours post-infection; IP: immunoprecipitation; KD: knockdown; KO: knockout; LAMP1: lysosomal associated membrane protein 1; LC/MS: liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MVs: membranevesicles; NC:negative control; NETs:neutrophil extracellular traps; OD: optical density; OMVs: outer membrane vesicles; PBS: phosphate-buffered saline; pEVs: S.pneumoniaeextracellular vesicles; protK: proteinase K; Rapa: rapamycin; RNAi: RNA interference; S.aureus: Staphylococcusaureus; SNF:supernatant fluid; sgRNA: single guide RNA; S.pneumoniae: Streptococcuspneumoniae; S.suis: Streptococcussuis; TEER: trans-epithelium electrical resistance; moi: multiplicity ofinfection; TEM:transmission electron microscope; TJproteins: tight junction proteins; TJP1/ZO-1: tight junction protein1; TSA: tryptic soy agar; WB: western blot; WT: wild-type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luqing Cui
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Ruicheng Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Dong Huo
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Liang Li
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinyi Qu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Jundan Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinyi Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Hulin Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiangru Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Wuhan, China
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Panada J, Klopava V, Kulahava T, Koran S, Faletrov Y, Frolova N, Fomina E, Shkumatov V. Differential induction of C6 glioma apoptosis and autophagy by 3β-hydroxysteroid-indolamine conjugates. Steroids 2023; 200:109326. [PMID: 37827441 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2023.109326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
In a previous work, we reported the synthesis of four novel indole steroids and their effect on rat C6 glioma proliferation in vitro. The steroid derived from dehydroepiandrosterone and tryptamine (IS-1) was the most active (52 % inhibition at 10 µM), followed by one of the epimers derived from pregnenolone and tryptamine (IS-3, 36 % inhibition at 10 µM). By contrast, the steroid derived from estrone and tryptamine (IS-2) showed negligible activity at 10 µM. No necrosis, increase in intracellular calcium or ROS levels was observed. In this work, the effect of compounds on C6 glioma apoptosis and autophagy is examined by fluorimetry and fluorescent microscopy. The IS-3 epimers disrupt the mitochondrial membrane potential and induce apoptosis in vitro moderately whereas IS-1 and IS-2 do not. However, IS-1 produces a large increase in monodansylcadaverine-positive autophagic vesicles over 24 h. The antiproliferative effect of indole steroids is ameliorated by autophagy inhibitor hydroxychloroquine, suggesting an autophagy-dependent mechanism of cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Panada
- Research Institute for Physical Chemical Problems of the Belarusian State University, 220006, 14 Lieninhradskaja str., Minsk, Belarus
| | - Valeriya Klopava
- Research Institute for Physical Chemical Problems of the Belarusian State University, 220006, 14 Lieninhradskaja str., Minsk, Belarus
| | - Tatsiana Kulahava
- Institute for Nuclear Problems of the Belarusian State University, 220006, 11 Babrujskaja str., Minsk, Belarus
| | - Siarhei Koran
- Republican Research and Practical Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 220114, 23 Filimonava str., Minsk, Belarus
| | - Yaroslav Faletrov
- Research Institute for Physical Chemical Problems of the Belarusian State University, 220006, 14 Lieninhradskaja str., Minsk, Belarus; Department of Chemistry, Belarusian State University, 220050, 4 Independence ave., Minsk, Belarus
| | - Nina Frolova
- Research Institute for Physical Chemical Problems of the Belarusian State University, 220006, 14 Lieninhradskaja str., Minsk, Belarus
| | - Elena Fomina
- Republican Research and Practical Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 220114, 23 Filimonava str., Minsk, Belarus
| | - Vladimir Shkumatov
- Research Institute for Physical Chemical Problems of the Belarusian State University, 220006, 14 Lieninhradskaja str., Minsk, Belarus; Department of Chemistry, Belarusian State University, 220050, 4 Independence ave., Minsk, Belarus.
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Sabo AN, Filaudeau E, Da Silva S, Becker G, Monassier L, Kemmel V. Flavoured and nicotine-containing e-liquids impair homeostatic properties of an alveolar-capillary cell model. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 174:113650. [PMID: 36758787 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Most people consider that electronic cigarettes are safer than tobacco and are marketed as quit-smoking products. The e-liquid, which usually contains propylene glycol (PG) and vegetable glycerin (VG) in different ratios, nicotine and a wide variety of flavours, is heated by a coil and the aerosol droplets are primarily delivered to the alveolar area where nicotine and other molecules cross the alveolar-capillary barrier (ACB). However, e-cigarettes effects on the ACB are not yet established. In our study, a well-characterised in vitro model of the ACB was exposed to PG and VG and to five flavoured e-liquids with and without nicotine. The vehicles, due to their hypertonic properties, modulated the ACB integrity by modifying occludin expression. Below a 10% concentration, the vehicles did not trigger oxidative stress or cell death. Different results were observed between flavoured e-liquids: while red fruits and mint-eucalyptus disrupted ACB integrity, triggered oxidative stress and cell death, blond tobacco had no worse effect compared to the vehicles. However, the addition of nicotine in the latter e-liquid increased oxidative stress and cell death compared to the vehicles. Finally, mint-eucalyptus e-liquid increased some inflammation markers. Our results revealed that e-liquids alter ACB homeostasis, depending on flavour and nicotine presence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia-Naomi Sabo
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie et Toxicologie Neurocardiovasculaire, UR 7296, Faculté de Médecine de Maïeutique et des Métiers de la Santé, Centre de Recherche en Biomédecine de Strasbourg (CRBS), 67085, Strasbourg, France; Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 67200, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Emma Filaudeau
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie et Toxicologie Neurocardiovasculaire, UR 7296, Faculté de Médecine de Maïeutique et des Métiers de la Santé, Centre de Recherche en Biomédecine de Strasbourg (CRBS), 67085, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Sylvia Da Silva
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie et Toxicologie Neurocardiovasculaire, UR 7296, Faculté de Médecine de Maïeutique et des Métiers de la Santé, Centre de Recherche en Biomédecine de Strasbourg (CRBS), 67085, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Guillaume Becker
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie et Toxicologie Neurocardiovasculaire, UR 7296, Faculté de Médecine de Maïeutique et des Métiers de la Santé, Centre de Recherche en Biomédecine de Strasbourg (CRBS), 67085, Strasbourg, France; Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Hôpital de Hautepierre, Pôle Pharmacie-Pharmacologie, 67200, France.
| | - Laurent Monassier
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie et Toxicologie Neurocardiovasculaire, UR 7296, Faculté de Médecine de Maïeutique et des Métiers de la Santé, Centre de Recherche en Biomédecine de Strasbourg (CRBS), 67085, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Véronique Kemmel
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie et Toxicologie Neurocardiovasculaire, UR 7296, Faculté de Médecine de Maïeutique et des Métiers de la Santé, Centre de Recherche en Biomédecine de Strasbourg (CRBS), 67085, Strasbourg, France; Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 67200, Strasbourg, France.
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Markowicz-Piasecka M, Markiewicz A, Darłak P, Sikora J, Adla SK, Bagina S, Huttunen KM. Current Chemical, Biological, and Physiological Views in the Development of Successful Brain-Targeted Pharmaceutics. Neurotherapeutics 2022; 19:942-976. [PMID: 35391662 PMCID: PMC9294128 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-022-01228-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the greatest challenges with successful pharmaceutical treatments of central nervous system (CNS) diseases is the delivery of drugs into their target sites with appropriate concentrations. For example, the physically tight blood-brain barrier (BBB) effectively blocks compounds from penetrating into the brain, also by the action of metabolizing enzymes and efflux transport mechanisms. However, many endogenous compounds, including both smaller compounds and macromolecules, like amino acids, sugars, vitamins, nucleosides, hormones, steroids, and electrolytes, have their peculiar internalization routes across the BBB. These delivery mechanisms, namely carrier-mediated transport and receptor-mediated transcytosis have been utilized to some extent in brain-targeted drug development. The incomplete knowledge of the BBB and the smaller than a desirable number of chemical tools have hindered the development of successful brain-targeted pharmaceutics. This review discusses the recent advancements achieved in the field from the point of medicinal chemistry view and discusses how brain drug delivery can be improved in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Markowicz-Piasecka
- Laboratory of Bioanalysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Radiopharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Muszyńskiego1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
| | - Agata Markiewicz
- Students Research Group, Laboratory of Bioanalysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Radiopharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
| | - Patrycja Darłak
- Students Research Group, Laboratory of Bioanalysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Radiopharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
| | - Joanna Sikora
- Department of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Muszyńskiego1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
| | - Santosh Kumar Adla
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1C, POB 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry (IOCB), Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Namesti 542/2, 160 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Sreelatha Bagina
- Charles River Discovery Research Services Finland Oy, Neulaniementie 4, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kristiina M. Huttunen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1C, POB 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
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