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Fathi-Karkan S, Amiri Ramsheh N, Arkaban H, Narooie-Noori F, Sargazi S, Mirinejad S, Roostaee M, Sargazi S, Barani M, Malahat Shadman S, Althomali RH, Rahman MM. Nanosuspensions in ophthalmology: Overcoming challenges and enhancing drug delivery for eye diseases. Int J Pharm 2024; 658:124226. [PMID: 38744414 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
This review article provides a comprehensive overview of the advancements in using nanosuspensions for controlled drug delivery in ophthalmology. It highlights the significance of ophthalmic drug delivery due to the prevalence of eye diseases and delves into various aspects of this field. The article explores molecular mechanisms, drugs used, and physiological factors affecting drug absorption. It also addresses challenges in treating both anterior and posterior eye segments and investigates the role of mucus in obstructing micro- and nanosuspensions. Nanosuspensions are presented as a promising approach to enhance drug solubility and absorption, covering formulation, stability, properties, and functionalization. The review discusses the pros and cons of using nanosuspensions for ocular drug delivery and covers their structure, preparation, characterization, and applications. Several graphical representations illustrate their role in treating various eye conditions. Specific drug categories like anti-inflammatory drugs, antihistamines, glucocorticoids, and more are discussed in detail, with relevant studies. The article also addresses current challenges and future directions, emphasizing the need for improved nanosuspension stability and exploring potential technologies. Nanosuspensions have shown substantial potential in advancing ophthalmic drug delivery by enhancing solubility and absorption. This article is a valuable resource for researchers, clinicians, and pharmaceutical professionals in this field, offering insights into recent developments, challenges, and future prospects in nanosuspension use for ocular drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Fathi-Karkan
- Natural Products and Medicinal Plants Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd 94531-55166, Iran; Department of Advanced Sciences and Technologies in Medicine, School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd 9414974877, Iran.
| | - Nasim Amiri Ramsheh
- Catalysts and Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, 16846, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hasan Arkaban
- Department of Chemistry, University of Isfahan, Isfahan 8174673441, Iran.
| | - Foroozan Narooie-Noori
- Optometry Department, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Sara Sargazi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute of Cellular and Molecular Sciences in Infectious Diseases, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.
| | - Shekoufeh Mirinejad
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute of Cellular and Molecular Sciences in Infectious Diseases, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.
| | - Maryam Roostaee
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran.
| | - Saman Sargazi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute of Cellular and Molecular Sciences in Infectious Diseases, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.
| | - Mahmood Barani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Nano and Bio Science and Technology, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr 75168, Iran.
| | | | - Raed H Althomali
- Department of Chemistry, College of Art and Science, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Wadi Al-Dawasir 11991, Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohammed M Rahman
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research (CEAMR) & Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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2
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Elmsmari F, González Sánchez JA, Delgado LM, Espina M, Duran-Sindreu F, García ML, Sánchez-López E. Development of clobetasol-loaded biodegradable nanoparticles as an endodontic intracanal medicament. Int Endod J 2024. [PMID: 38687284 DOI: 10.1111/iej.14072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
AIM The aim of current study is the development and optimization of biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) to be used in the field of Endodontics as intracanal medication in cases of avulsed teeth with extended extra-oral time, utilizing PLGA polymers loaded with the anti-inflammatory drug clobetasol propionate (CP). METHODOLOGY CP-loaded nanoparticles (CP-NPs) were prepared using the solvent displacement method. CP release profile from CP-NPs was assessed for 48 h against free CP. Using extracted human teeth, the degree of infiltration inside the dentinal tubules was studied for both CP-NPs and CP. The anti-inflammatory capacity of CP-NPs was evaluated in vitro measuring their response and reaction against inflammatory cells, in particular against macrophages. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to examine the cytokine release of IL-1β and TNF-α. RESULTS Optimized CP-NPs displayed an average size below 200 nm and a monomodal population. Additionally, spherical morphology and non-aggregation of CP-NPs were confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. Interaction studies showed that CP was encapsulated inside the NPs and no covalent bonds were formed. Moreover, CP-NPs exhibited a prolonged and steady release with only 21% of the encapsulated CP released after 48 h. Using confocal laser scanning microscopy, it was observed that CP-NPs were able to display enhanced penetration into the dentinal tubules. Neither the release of TNF-α nor IL-1β increased in CP-NPs compared to the LPS control, displaying results similar and even less than the TCP after 48 h. Moreover, IL-1β release in LPS-stimulated cells, decreased when macrophages were treated with CP-NPs. CONCLUSIONS In the present work, CP-NPs were prepared, optimized and characterized displaying significant increase in the degree of infiltration inside the dentinal tubules against CP and were able to significantly reduce TNF-α release. Therefore, CP-NPs constitute a promising therapy for the treatment of avulsed teeth with extended extra-oral time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firas Elmsmari
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Dentistry, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
- Center of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Luis M Delgado
- Bioengineering Institute of Technology, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Espina
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Duran-Sindreu
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Luisa García
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Networking Research Centre of Neurodegenerative Disease (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Juan Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Sánchez-López
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Networking Research Centre of Neurodegenerative Disease (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Juan Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Unit of Synthesis and Biomedical Applications of Peptides, IQAC-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
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3
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Sunakawa Y, Kondo M, Yamamoto Y, Inomata T, Inoue Y, Mori D, Mizuno T. Design of Cell-Adhesive Shellac Derivatives and Endowment of Photoswitchable Cell-Adhesion Properties. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:5493-5501. [PMID: 37978057 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of new biodegradable cell-adhesion materials is an attractive topic in biomaterial chemistry, particularly for the development of cell incubation scaffolds and drug encapsulation materials used in in situ regenerative therapy. Shellac is a natural resin with unique film-forming properties and high miscibility with various chemicals, in addition to being biodegradable and nontoxic to biological systems. However, since native shellac does not adhere to mammalian cells, there have been no reports of using shellac to develop cell-adhesive biomaterials. In this study, we report on the development of cell-adhesive shellac derivatives through slight chemical modification. Shellac is a mixture of oligoesters that consists of hydroxyl fatty acids and resin acids, and therefore, all oligomers have one carboxylic acid group at the terminal. We discovered that a simple modification of hydrophobic chemical groups, particularly those containing aromatic groups in the ester form, could dramatically improve cell-adhesion properties for mammalian cells. Furthermore, by using photocleavable esters containing aromatic groups, we successfully endowed photoswitchable properties in cell adhesion. Given that shellac is a low-cost, biodegradable, and nontoxic natural resin, the modified shellacs have the potential to become new and attractive biomaterials applicable to in situ regenerative therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurino Sunakawa
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8555, Japan
| | - Mai Kondo
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8555, Japan
| | - Yasushi Yamamoto
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8555, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Inomata
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8555, Japan
| | - Yasumichi Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| | - Daisuke Mori
- Gifu Shellac Manufacturing Co., Ltd., 1-41, Higashiuzura, Gifu-shi, Gifu 500-8618, Japan
| | - Toshihisa Mizuno
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8555, Japan
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8555, Japan
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Elmsmari F, Delgado LM, Duran-Sindreu F, Pérez RA, García ML, Teulé Trull M, Afrashtehfar KI, González JA, Sánchez-López E. Novel strategies enhancing endodontic disinfection: Antibacterial biodegradable calcium hydroxide nanoparticles in an ex vivo model. Int J Pharm 2023; 648:123627. [PMID: 37984620 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Due to the high failure rates associated to endodontic disinfection, this study aimed to investigate the antibacterial properties of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) loaded with Ca(OH)2 for endodontic disinfection procedures. Ca(OH)2 NPs production and physicochemical characterization were carried out as well as multiple antibacterial tests using three bacterial strains and an ex vivo model of endodontic infection with extracted human teeth. Agar diffusion test and broth dilution determined the inhibition growth zones (n = 5) and the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC, n = 5), respectively. Cell viability was assessed using Live/Dead staining with confocal microscopy (n = 5). Data was analysed using ANOVA followed by post-hoc analysis. After 24 h of incubation, Ca(OH)₂ NPs demonstrated a MIC of 10 µg/mL for Porphyromonas gingivalis (p < 0.001) and Enterococcus faecalis and 5 µg/mL for Fusobacterium nucleatum (p < 0.001). Although the agar diffusion test did not exhibit any inhibition area for Ca(OH)2 nor for Ca(OH)₂ NPs, this was probably due to the buffering effect of the agar medium. However, the antibacterial capacity was confirmed in an ex vivo model, where instrumentalized teeth were infected with Enterococcus Faecalis and treated after 28 days of culture. A significant reduction in bacterial metabolic activity was confirmed for Ca(OH)2 NPs (40 % reduction with a single dose) and confirmed by Live/Dead staining. In conclusion, Ca(OH)₂-loaded PLGA NPs present promising antibacterial efficacy for endodontic disinfection procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firas Elmsmari
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Dentistry, Ajman University, Ajman, PO Box 346, United Arab Emirates; Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC), 08195 Barcelona, Spain; Center of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, PO Box 346, United Arab Emirates
| | - Luis María Delgado
- Bioengineering Institute of Technology, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Duran-Sindreu
- Bioengineering Institute of Technology, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Román A Pérez
- Bioengineering Institute of Technology, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Luisa García
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN(2)UB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Networking Research Centre of Neurodegenerative Disease (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Juan Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Míriam Teulé Trull
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC), 08195 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kelvin I Afrashtehfar
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Dentistry, Ajman University, Ajman, PO Box 346, United Arab Emirates; Department of Reconstructive Dentistry and Gerodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; Artificial Intelligence Research Center (AIRC), Ajman University, Ajman PO Box 346, United Arab Emirates.
| | - José Antonio González
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC), 08195 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Elena Sánchez-López
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN(2)UB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Networking Research Centre of Neurodegenerative Disease (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Juan Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Unit of Synthesis and Biomedical Applications of Peptides, IQAC-CSIC, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
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Fernández-Gómez P, Pérez de la Lastra Aranda C, Tosat-Bitrián C, Bueso de Barrio JA, Thompson S, Sot B, Salas G, Somoza Á, Espinosa A, Castellanos M, Palomo V. Nanomedical research and development in Spain: improving the treatment of diseases from the nanoscale. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1191327. [PMID: 37545884 PMCID: PMC10401050 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1191327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The new and unique possibilities that nanomaterials offer have greatly impacted biomedicine, from the treatment and diagnosis of diseases, to the specific and optimized delivery of therapeutic agents. Technological advances in the synthesis, characterization, standardization, and therapeutic performance of nanoparticles have enabled the approval of several nanomedicines and novel applications. Discoveries continue to rise exponentially in all disease areas, from cancer to neurodegenerative diseases. In Spain, there is a substantial net of researchers involved in the development of nanodiagnostics and nanomedicines. In this review, we summarize the state of the art of nanotechnology, focusing on nanoparticles, for the treatment of diseases in Spain (2017-2022), and give a perspective on the future trends and direction that nanomedicine research is taking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Fernández-Gómez
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA Nanociencia), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Pérez de la Lastra Aranda
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA Nanociencia), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlota Tosat-Bitrián
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Sebastián Thompson
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA Nanociencia), Madrid, Spain
| | - Begoña Sot
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA Nanociencia), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Unidad de Innovación Biomédica, Madrid, Spain
- Advanced Therapies Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJ UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Gorka Salas
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA Nanociencia), Madrid, Spain
- Unidad Asociada al Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Álvaro Somoza
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA Nanociencia), Madrid, Spain
- Unidad Asociada al Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Espinosa
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA Nanociencia), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, ICMM-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Milagros Castellanos
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA Nanociencia), Madrid, Spain
| | - Valle Palomo
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA Nanociencia), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Unidad Asociada al Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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Sánchez-López E, Gómara MJ, Haro I. Atorvastatin-loaded peptide amphiphiles against corneal neovascularization. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2023; 18:1095-1108. [PMID: 37610088 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2023-0133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Corneal neovascularization is a sight-threatening disease. It can be treated using antiangiogenic and anti-inflammatory compounds. Therefore, atorvastatin (ATV) constitutes a suitable candidate to be administered topically. To attain suitable efficacy, ATV can be encapsulated into custom-developed nanocarriers such as peptide amphiphiles. Methods: Three peptide amphiphiles bearing one, two or four C16-alkyl groups (mC16-Tat47-57, dC16-Tat47-57 and qC16-Tat47-57) were synthesized, characterized and loaded with ATV. Drug release and ocular tolerance were assessed as well as anti-inflammatory and antiangiogenic properties. Results: ATV-qC16-Tat47-57 showed higher encapsulation efficiency than mC16-Tat47-57 and dC16-Tat47-57 and more defined nanostructures. ATV-qC16-Tat47-57 showed ATV prolonged release with suitable ocular tolerance. Moreover, ATV-qC16-Tat47-57 was antiangiogenic and prevented ocular inflammation. Conclusion: ATV-qC16-Tat47-57 constitutes a promising topical medication against corneal neovascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Sánchez-López
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031, Madrid, Spain
- Unit of Synthesis & Biomedical applications of Peptides, IQAC-CSIC, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria José Gómara
- Unit of Synthesis & Biomedical applications of Peptides, IQAC-CSIC, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Haro
- Unit of Synthesis & Biomedical applications of Peptides, IQAC-CSIC, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
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7
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Galindo-Camacho RM, Haro I, Gómara MJ, Espina M, Fonseca J, Martins-Gomes C, Camins A, Silva AM, García ML, Souto EB. Cell penetrating peptides-functionalized Licochalcone-A-loaded PLGA nanoparticles for ocular inflammatory diseases: evaluation of in vitro anti-proliferative effects, stabilization by freeze-drying and characterization of an in-situ forming gel. Int J Pharm 2023; 639:122982. [PMID: 37116598 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Licochalcone-A (Lico-A) PLGA NPs functionalized with cell penetrating peptides B6 and Tet-1 are proposed for the treatment of ocular anti-inflammatory diseases. In this work, we report the in vitro biocompatibility of cell penetrating peptides-functionalized Lico-A-loaded PLGA NPs in Caco-2 cell lines revealing a non-cytotoxic profile, and their anti-inflammatory activity against RAW 264.7 cell lines. Given the risk of hydrolysis of the liquid suspensions, freeze-drying was carried out testing different cryoprotectants (e.g., disaccharides, alcohols, and oligosaccharide-derived sugar alcohol) to prevent particle aggregation and mitigate physical stress. As the purpose is the topical eye instillation of the nanoparticles, to reduce precorneal wash-out, increase residence time and thus Lico-A bioavailability, an in-situ forming gel based on poloxamer 407 containing Lico-A loaded PLGA nanoparticles functionalized with B6 and Tet-1 for ocular administration has been developed. Developed formulations remain in a flowing semi-liquid state under non-physiological conditions and transformed into a semi-solid state under ocular temperature conditions (35 °C), which is beneficial for ocular administration. The pH, viscosity, texture parameters and gelation temperature results met the requirements for ophthalmic formulations. The gel has characteristics of viscoelasticity, suitable mechanical and mucoadhesive performance which facilitate its uniform distribution over the conjunctiva surface. In conclusion, we anticipate the potential clinical significance of our developed product provided that a synergistic effect is achieved by combining the high anti-inflammatory activity of Lico-A delivered by PLGA NPs with B6 and Tet-1 for site-specific targeting in the eye, using an in-situ forming gel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth M Galindo-Camacho
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Unit of Synthesis and Biomedical Applications of Peptides, IQAC-CSIC, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Haro
- Unit of Synthesis and Biomedical Applications of Peptides, IQAC-CSIC, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - María J Gómara
- Unit of Synthesis and Biomedical Applications of Peptides, IQAC-CSIC, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Espina
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joel Fonseca
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carlos Martins-Gomes
- Department of Biology and Environment, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, P-5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, P-5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Antoni Camins
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amélia M Silva
- Department of Biology and Environment, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, P-5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, P-5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - María L García
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eliana B Souto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, MEDTECH, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
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8
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Leong MY, Kong YL, Burgess K, Wong WF, Sethi G, Looi CY. Recent Development of Nanomaterials for Transdermal Drug Delivery. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11041124. [PMID: 37189742 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11041124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Nano-engineered medical products first appeared in the last decade. The current research in this area focuses on developing safe drugs with minimal adverse effects associated with the pharmacologically active cargo. Transdermal drug delivery, an alternative to oral administration, offers patient convenience, avoids first-pass hepatic metabolism, provides local targeting, and reduces effective drug toxicities. Nanomaterials provide alternatives to conventional transdermal drug delivery including patches, gels, sprays, and lotions, but it is crucial to understand the transport mechanisms involved. This article reviews the recent research trends in transdermal drug delivery and emphasizes the mechanisms and nano-formulations currently in vogue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moong Yan Leong
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan 47500, Malaysia
| | - Yeo Lee Kong
- Department of Engineering and Applied Science, America Degree Program, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan 47500, Malaysia
| | - Kevin Burgess
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, College Station, TX 77842, USA
| | - Won Fen Wong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore
| | - Chung Yeng Looi
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan 47500, Malaysia
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Ana RD, Gliszczyńska A, Sanchez-Lopez E, Garcia ML, Krambeck K, Kovacevic A, Souto EB. Precision Medicines for Retinal Lipid Metabolism-Related Pathologies. J Pers Med 2023; 13:jpm13040635. [PMID: 37109021 PMCID: PMC10145959 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13040635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidation of lipids and lipoproteins contributes to inflammation processes that promote the development of eye diseases. This is a consequence of metabolism dysregulation; for instance, that of the dysfunctional peroxisomal lipid metabolism. Dysfunction of lipid peroxidation is a critical factor in oxidative stress that causes ROS-induced cell damage. Targeting the lipid metabolism to treat ocular diseases is an interesting and effective approach that is now being considered. Indeed, among ocular structures, retina is a fundamental tissue that shows high metabolism. Lipids and glucose are fuel substrates for photoreceptor mitochondria; therefore, retina is rich in lipids, especially phospholipids and cholesterol. The imbalance in cholesterol homeostasis and lipid accumulation in the human Bruch's membrane are processes related to ocular diseases, such as AMD. In fact, preclinical tests are being performed in mice models with AMD, making this area a promising field. Nanotechnology, on the other hand, offers the opportunity to develop site-specific drug delivery systems to ocular tissues for the treatment of eye diseases. Specially, biodegradable nanoparticles constitute an interesting approach to treating metabolic eye-related pathologies. Among several drug delivery systems, lipid nanoparticles show attractive properties, e.g., no toxicological risk, easy scale-up and increased bioavailability of the loaded active compounds. This review analyses the mechanisms involved in ocular dyslipidemia, as well as their ocular manifestations. Moreover, active compounds as well as drug delivery systems which aim to target retinal lipid metabolism-related diseases are thoroughly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel da Ana
- UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, MEDTECH, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Anna Gliszczyńska
- Department of Food Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Elena Sanchez-Lopez
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
- Unit of Synthesis and Biomedical Applications of Peptides, IQAC-CSIC, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria L Garcia
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Karolline Krambeck
- UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, MEDTECH, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Health Sciences School, Guarda Polytechnic Institute, 6300-035 Guarda, Portugal
| | - Andjelka Kovacevic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Eliana B Souto
- UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, MEDTECH, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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10
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Lu Y, Cheng D, Niu B, Wang X, Wu X, Wang A. Properties of Poly (Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid) and Progress of Poly (Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid)-Based Biodegradable Materials in Biomedical Research. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16030454. [PMID: 36986553 PMCID: PMC10058621 DOI: 10.3390/ph16030454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, biodegradable polymers have gained the attention of many researchers for their promising applications, especially in drug delivery, due to their good biocompatibility and designable degradation time. Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) is a biodegradable functional polymer made from the polymerization of lactic acid (LA) and glycolic acid (GA) and is widely used in pharmaceuticals and medical engineering materials because of its biocompatibility, non-toxicity, and good plasticity. The aim of this review is to illustrate the progress of research on PLGA in biomedical applications, as well as its shortcomings, to provide some assistance for its future research development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Lu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Advanced Preparations, Yantai Institute of Materia Medica, Yantai 264000, China
| | - Dongfang Cheng
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Advanced Preparations, Yantai Institute of Materia Medica, Yantai 264000, China
| | - Baohua Niu
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Advanced Preparations, Yantai Institute of Materia Medica, Yantai 264000, China
| | - Xiuzhi Wang
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai 264117, China
| | - Xiaxia Wu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Advanced Preparations, Yantai Institute of Materia Medica, Yantai 264000, China
| | - Aiping Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
- Correspondence:
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11
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Conte C, Longobardi G, Barbieri A, Palma G, Luciano A, Dal Poggetto G, Avitabile C, Pecoraro A, Russo A, Russo G, Laurienzo P, Romanelli A, Quaglia F. Non-covalent strategies to functionalize polymeric nanoparticles with NGR peptides for targeting breast cancer. Int J Pharm 2023; 633:122618. [PMID: 36657553 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Surface functionalization of nanoparticles (NPs) with tumor-targeting peptides is an emerging approach with a huge potential to translate in the clinic and ameliorate the efficacy of nano-oncologicals. One major challenge is to find straightforward strategies for anchoring peptides on the surface of biodegradable NPs and ensuring their correct exposure and orientation to bind the target receptor. Here, we propose a non-covalent strategy to functionalize polyester aminic NPs based on the formation of either electrostatic or lipophilic interactions between NPs and the peptide modified with an anchoring moiety. We selected an iNGRt peptide containing a CendR motif (CRNGR) targeting neuropilin receptor 1 (NRP-1), which is upregulated in several cancers. iNGRt was linked with either a short poly(glutamic acid) chain (polyE) or a palmitoyl chain (Palm) and used to functionalize the surface of NPs made of a diamine poly(ε-caprolactone). iNGRt-PolyE was adsorbed on preformed cationic NPs through electrostatic interaction, whereas iNGRt-Palm was integrated into the forming NPs through interactions. In both cases, peptides were strongly associated with NPs of ∼100 nm, low polydispersity indexes, and positive zeta potential values. NPs entered MDA-MB231 breast cancer cells overexpressing NRP-1 via receptor-mediated endocytosis and showed a different cell localization depending on the mode of peptide anchoring. When loaded with the lipophilic anticancer drug docetaxel (DTX), NPs functionalized with the iNGRt-Palm variant exerted a time- and dose-dependent cytotoxicity similar to DTX in MDA-MB-231 cells but were less toxic than DTX toward control MRC-5 human fibroblasts, not expressing NRP-1. In a heterotopic mouse model of triple negative breast cancer, iNGRt-Palm NPs were tolerated better than free DTX and demonstrated superior anticancer activity and survival compared to both free DTX and NPs without peptide functionalization. We foresee that the functionalization strategy with palmitoylated peptides proposed here can be extended to other biodegradable NPs and peptide sequences designed for therapeutic or targeting purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Conte
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Longobardi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Barbieri
- Animal Facility Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori "Fondazione Pascale", Via M. Semmola, 52, 80131 (NA) Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Palma
- Animal Facility Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori "Fondazione Pascale", Via M. Semmola, 52, 80131 (NA) Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Luciano
- Animal Facility Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori "Fondazione Pascale", Via M. Semmola, 52, 80131 (NA) Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Dal Poggetto
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, CNR, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Annalisa Pecoraro
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Annapina Russo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giulia Russo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Paola Laurienzo
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, CNR, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Fabiana Quaglia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, CNR, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
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12
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Chintapula U, Yang S, Nguyen T, Li Y, Jaworski J, Dong H, Nguyen KT. Supramolecular Peptide Nanofiber/PLGA Nanocomposites for Enhancing Pulmonary Drug Delivery. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:56498-56509. [PMID: 36475601 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c15204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Effective drug delivery to pulmonary sites will benefit from the design and synthesis of novel drug delivery systems that can overcome various tissue and cellular barriers. Cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) have shown promise for intracellular delivery of various imaging probes and therapeutics. Although CPPs improve delivery efficacy to a certain extent, they still lack the scope of engineering to improve the payload capacity and protect the payload from the physiological environment in drug delivery applications. Inspired by recent advances of CPPs and CPP-functionalized nanoparticles, in this work, we demonstrate a novel nanocomposite consisting of fiber-forming supramolecular CPPs that are coated onto polylactic-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles to enhance pulmonary drug delivery. These nanocomposites show a threefold higher intracellular delivery of nanoparticles in various cells including primary lung epithelial cells, macrophages, and a 10-fold increase in endothelial cells compared to naked PLGA nanoparticles or a twofold increase compared to nanoparticles modified with traditional monomeric CPPs. Cell uptake studies suggest that nanocomposites likely enter cells through mixed macropinocytosis and passive energy-independent mechanisms, which is followed by endosomal escape within 24 h. Nanocomposites also showed potent mucus permeation. More importantly, freeze-drying and nebulizing formulated nanocomposite powder did not affect their physiochemical and biological activity, which further highlights the translative potential for use as a stable drug carrier for pulmonary drug delivery. We expect nanocomposites based on peptide nanofibers, and PLGA nanoparticles can be custom designed to encapsulate and deliver a wide range of therapeutics including nucleic acids, proteins, and small-molecule drugs when employed in inhalable systems to treat various pulmonary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uday Chintapula
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Engineering Research Building, Room 226, 500 UTA Blvd., Arlington, Texas 76010, United States
| | - Su Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Chemistry & Physics Building, Room 130, 700 Planetarium Place, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Trinh Nguyen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Engineering Research Building, Room 226, 500 UTA Blvd., Arlington, Texas 76010, United States
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas at Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Justyn Jaworski
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Engineering Research Building, Room 226, 500 UTA Blvd., Arlington, Texas 76010, United States
| | - He Dong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Chemistry & Physics Building, Room 130, 700 Planetarium Place, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Kytai T Nguyen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Engineering Research Building, Room 226, 500 UTA Blvd., Arlington, Texas 76010, United States
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13
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Roig-Soriano X, Souto EB, Elmsmari F, Garcia ML, Espina M, Duran-Sindreu F, Sánchez-López E, González Sánchez JA. Nanoparticles in Endodontics Disinfection: State of the Art. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:1519. [PMID: 35890414 PMCID: PMC9316632 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14071519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Endodontic-related diseases constitute the fourth most expensive pathologies in industrialized countries. Specifically, endodontics is the part of dentistry focused on treating disorders of the dental pulp and its consequences. In order to treat these problems, especially endodontic infections, dental barriers and complex root canal anatomy should be overcome. This constitutes an unmet medical need since the rate of successful disinfection with the currently marketed drugs is around 85%. Therefore, nanoparticles constitute a suitable alternative in order to deliver active compounds effectively to the target site, increasing their therapeutic efficacy. Therefore, in the present review, an overview of dental anatomy and the barriers that should be overcome for effective disinfection will be summarized. In addition, the versatility of nanoparticles for drug delivery and their specific uses in dentistry are comprehensively discussed. Finally, the latest findings, potential applications and state of the art nanoparticles with special emphasis on biodegradable nanoparticles used for endodontic disinfection are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Roig-Soriano
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eliana B Souto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- REQUIMTE/UCIBIO, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Firas Elmsmari
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Dentistry, Ajman University, University Street Al Jerf 1, Ajman 346, United Arab Emirates
- Center of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, University Street Al Jerf 1, Ajman 346, United Arab Emirates
| | - Maria Luisa Garcia
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Espina
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Duran-Sindreu
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Sánchez-López
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Unit of Synthesis and Biomedical Applications of Peptides, IQAC-CSIC, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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