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Zhou J, Gao B, Zhang H, Yang R, Huang J, Li X, Zhong Y, Wang Y, Zhu X, Luo Y, Yan F. Ginsenoside modified lipid-coated perfluorocarbon nanodroplets: A novel approach to reduce complement protein adsorption and prolong in vivo circulation. Acta Pharm Sin B 2024; 14:1845-1863. [PMID: 38572112 PMCID: PMC10985128 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Lipid-coated perfluorocarbon nanodroplets (lp-NDs) hold great promise in bio-medicine as vehicles for drug delivery, molecular imaging and vaccine agents. However, their clinical utility is restricted by limited targeted accumulation, attributed to the innate immune system (IIS), which acts as the initial defense mechanism in humans. This study aimed to optimize lp-ND formulations to minimize non-specific clearance by the IIS. Ginsenosides (Gs), the principal components of Panax ginseng, possessing complement inhibition ability, structural similarity to cholesterol, and comparable fat solubility to phospholipids, were used as promising candidate IIS inhibitors. Two different types of ginsenoside-based lp-NDs (Gs lp-NDs) were created, and their efficacy in reducing IIS recognition was examined. The Gs lp-NDs were observed to inhibit the adsorption of C3 in the protein corona (PC) and the generation of SC5b-9. Adding Gs to lp-NDs reduced complement adsorption and phagocytosis, resulting in a longer blood circulation time in vivo compared to lp-NDs that did not contain Gs. These results suggest that Gs can act as anti-complement and anti-phagocytosis adjuvants, potentially reducing non-specific clearance by the IIS and improving lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhou
- Ultrasound Department of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Laboratory of Ultrasound Imaging of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Binyang Gao
- Ultrasound Department of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Laboratory of Ultrasound Imaging of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Ultrasound Department of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Laboratory of Ultrasound Imaging of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Rui Yang
- Ultrasound Department of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Laboratory of Ultrasound Imaging of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jianbo Huang
- Ultrasound Department of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Laboratory of Ultrasound Imaging of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xin Li
- West China Washington Mitochondria and Metabolism Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yi Zhong
- West China Washington Mitochondria and Metabolism Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Research Core Facilities of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiaoxia Zhu
- Ultrasound Department of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Laboratory of Ultrasound Imaging of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yan Luo
- Ultrasound Department of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Laboratory of Ultrasound Imaging of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Feng Yan
- Ultrasound Department of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Laboratory of Ultrasound Imaging of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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2
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Uzel A, Agiotis L, Baron A, Zhigaltsev IV, Cullis PR, Hasanzadeh Kafshgari M, Meunier M. Single Pulse Nanosecond Laser-Stimulated Targeted Delivery of Anti-Cancer Drugs from Hybrid Lipid Nanoparticles Containing 5 nm Gold Nanoparticles. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2305591. [PMID: 37936336 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202305591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Encapsulating chemotherapeutic drugs like doxorubicin (DOX) inside lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) can overcome their acute, systematic toxicity. However, a precise drug release at the tumor microenvironment for improving the maximum tolerated dose and reducing side effects has yet to be well-established by implementing a safe stimuli-responsive strategy. This study proposes an integrated nanoscale perforation to trigger DOX release from hybrid plasmonic multilamellar LNPs composed of 5 nm gold (Au) NPs clustered at the internal lamellae interfaces. To promote site-specific DOX release, a single pulse irradiation strategy is developed by taking advantage of the resonant interaction between nanosecond pulsed laser radiation (527 nm) and the plasmon mode of the hybrid nanocarriers. This approach enlarges the amount of DOX in the target cells up to 11-fold compared to conventional DOX-loaded LNPs, leading to significant cancer cell death. The simulation of the pulsed laser interactions of the hybrid nanocarriers suggests a release mechanism mediated by either explosive vaporization of thin water layers adjacent to AuNP clusters or thermo-mechanical decomposition of overheated lipid layers. This simulation indicates an intact DOX integrity following irradiation since the temperature distribution is highly localized around AuNP clusters and highlights a controlled light-triggered drug delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Uzel
- Department of Engineering Physics, Polytechnique Montréal, Montreal, QC, H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Leonidas Agiotis
- Department of Engineering Physics, Polytechnique Montréal, Montreal, QC, H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Amélie Baron
- Department of Engineering Physics, Polytechnique Montréal, Montreal, QC, H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Igor V Zhigaltsev
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Pieter R Cullis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | | | - Michel Meunier
- Department of Engineering Physics, Polytechnique Montréal, Montreal, QC, H3C 3A7, Canada
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Huang H, Liu R, Yang J, Dai J, Fan S, Pi J, Wei Y, Guo X. Gold Nanoparticles: Construction for Drug Delivery and Application in Cancer Immunotherapy. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1868. [PMID: 37514054 PMCID: PMC10383270 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15071868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy is an innovative treatment strategy to enhance the ability of the immune system to recognize and eliminate cancer cells. However, dose limitations, low response rates, and adverse immune events pose significant challenges. To address these limitations, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have been explored as immunotherapeutic drug carriers owing to their stability, surface versatility, and excellent optical properties. This review provides an overview of the advanced synthesis routes for AuNPs and their utilization as drug carriers to improve precision therapies. The review also emphasises various aspects of AuNP-based immunotherapy, including drug loading, targeting strategies, and drug release mechanisms. The application of AuNPs combined with cancer immunotherapy and their therapeutic efficacy are briefly discussed. Overall, we aimed to provide a recent understanding of the advances, challenges, and prospects of AuNPs for anticancer applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqun Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Ronghui Liu
- School of Microelectronic, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Jing Dai
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Shuhao Fan
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medical Technology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Jiang Pi
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medical Technology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Yubo Wei
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Xinrong Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
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Microbubbles for human diagnosis and therapy. Biomaterials 2023; 294:122025. [PMID: 36716588 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Microbubbles (MBs) were observed for the first time in vivo as a curious consequence of quick saline injection during ultrasound (US) imaging of the aortic root, more than 50 years ago. From this serendipitous event, MBs are now widely used as contrast enhancers for US imaging. Their intrinsic properties described in this review, allow a multitude of designs, from shell to gas composition but also from grafting targeting agents to drug payload encapsulation. Indeed, the versatile MBs are deeply studied for their dual potential in imaging and therapy. As presented in this paper, new generations of MBs now opens perspectives for targeted molecular imaging along with the development of new US imaging systems. This review also presents an overview of the different therapeutic strategies with US and MBs for cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and inflammation. The overall aim is to overlap those fields in order to find similarities in the MBs application for treatment enhancement associated with US. To conclude, this review explores the new scales of MBs technologies with nanobubbles development, and along concurrent advances in the US imaging field. This review ends by discussing perspectives for the booming future uses of MBs.
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Tuncaboylu DC, Wischke C. Opportunities and Challenges of Switchable Materials for Pharmaceutical Use. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:2331. [PMID: 36365149 PMCID: PMC9696173 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Switchable polymeric materials, which can respond to triggering signals through changes in their properties, have become a major research focus for parenteral controlled delivery systems. They may enable externally induced drug release or delivery that is adaptive to in vivo stimuli. Despite the promise of new functionalities using switchable materials, several of these concepts may need to face challenges associated with clinical use. Accordingly, this review provides an overview of various types of switchable polymers responsive to different types of stimuli and addresses opportunities and challenges that may arise from their application in biomedicine.
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Kariuki R, Penman R, Bryant SJ, Orrell-Trigg R, Meftahi N, Crawford RJ, McConville CF, Bryant G, Voïtchovsky K, Conn CE, Christofferson AJ, Elbourne A. Behavior of Citrate-Capped Ultrasmall Gold Nanoparticles on a Supported Lipid Bilayer Interface at Atomic Resolution. ACS NANO 2022; 16:17179-17196. [PMID: 36121776 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c07751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterials have the potential to transform biological and biomedical research, with applications ranging from drug delivery and diagnostics to targeted interference of specific biological processes. Most existing research is aimed at developing nanomaterials for specific tasks such as enhanced biocellular internalization. However, fundamental aspects of the interactions between nanomaterials and biological systems, in particular, membranes, remain poorly understood. In this study, we provide detailed insights into the molecular mechanisms governing the interaction and evolution of one of the most common synthetic nanomaterials in contact with model phospholipid membranes. Using a combination of atomic force microscopy (AFM) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, we elucidate the precise mechanisms by which citrate-capped 5 nm gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) interact with supported lipid bilayers (SLBs) of pure fluid (DOPC) and pure gel-phase (DPPC) phospholipids. On fluid-phase DOPC membranes, the AuNPs adsorb and are progressively internalized as the citrate capping of the NPs is displaced by the surrounding lipids. AuNPs also interact with gel-phase DPPC membranes where they partially embed into the outer leaflet, locally disturbing the lipid organization. In both systems, the AuNPs cause holistic perturbations throughout the bilayers. AFM shows that the lateral diffusion of the particles is several orders of magnitude smaller than that of the lipid molecules, which creates some temporary scarring of the membrane surface. Our results reveal how functionalized AuNPs interact with differing biological membranes with mechanisms that could also have implications for cooperative membrane effects with other molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashad Kariuki
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Rowan Penman
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Saffron J Bryant
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Rebecca Orrell-Trigg
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Nastaran Meftahi
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Russell J Crawford
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Chris F McConville
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
- Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Gary Bryant
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Kislon Voïtchovsky
- University of Durham, Physics Department, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte E Conn
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Andrew J Christofferson
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Aaron Elbourne
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
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Liu Z, Zhou D, Yan X, Xiao L, Wang P, Wei J, Liao L. Gold Nanoparticle-Incorporated Chitosan Nanogels as a Theranostic Nanoplatform for CT Imaging and Tumour Chemotherapy. Int J Nanomedicine 2022; 17:4757-4772. [PMID: 36238536 PMCID: PMC9553242 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s375999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The translation of nanocarrier-based theranostics into cancer treatment is limited by their poor cellular uptake, low drug-loading capacity, uncontrolled drug release, and insufficient imaging ability. Methods In this study, novel hybrid nanogels were fabricated as theranostic nanocarriers by modifying chitosan (CTS)/tripolyphosphate (TPP) nanoparticles (NPs) with polyacrylic acid (PAA) and further conjugating cysteine-functionalized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). Results The resultant nanogels, referred to as CTS/TPP/PAA@AuNPs (CTPA), exhibited excellent colloidal stability and a high encapsulation rate of 87% for the cationic drug doxorubicin (DOX). In the tumour microenvironment, the acidic pH and overexpression of lysozyme triggered CTPA@DOX to degrade and emit smaller nanoblocks (30–40 nm), which sequentially released the drug in a tumour-responsive manner. Cellular uptake experiments demonstrated that CTPA facilitates the entry of DOX into the cytoplasm. Furthermore, as visualised through AuNP-mediated computed tomography (CT) imaging, CTPA@DOX enabled favourable accumulation in the tumour. Our in vitro and in vivo data demonstrated that CTPA enabled advanced tumour cell-targeting delivery of DOX, which showed greater anti-tumour activity and biosafety than free DOX. Conclusion The natural polymer CTS was developed for degradable nanogels, which can precisely track drugs with high antitumour activity. Additionally, the surface adjustment strategy can be assembled to achieve cationic drug loading and high drug-loading capacity, controlled drug release, and sufficient imaging ability. Therefore, multifunctional CTPA enables efficient drug delivery and CT imaging, which is expected to provide a valuable strategy for designing advanced theranostic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Liu
- The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China,The Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China,Jiangxi Province Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dong Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuan Yan
- The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lan Xiao
- School of Mechanical, Medical & Process Engineering, Centre for Biomedical Technologies, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia,Australia China Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Pei Wang
- The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China,The Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China,Jiangxi Province Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Junchao Wei
- The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China,The Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China,Jiangxi Province Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence: Junchao Wei; Lan Liao, Email ;
| | - Lan Liao
- The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China,The Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China,Jiangxi Province Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China
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8
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Wu H, Wang MD, Zhu JQ, Li ZL, Wang WY, Gu LH, Shen F, Yang T. Mesoporous Nanoparticles for Diagnosis and Treatment of Liver Cancer in the Era of Precise Medicine. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:1760. [PMID: 36145508 PMCID: PMC9500788 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14091760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary liver cancer is the seventh-most-common cancer worldwide and the fourth-leading cause of cancer mortality. In the current era of precision medicine, the diagnosis and management of liver cancer are full of challenges and prospects. Mesoporous nanoparticles are often designed as specific carriers of drugs and imaging agents because of their special morphology and physical and chemical properties. In recent years, the design of the elemental composition and morphology of mesoporous nanoparticles have greatly improved their drug-loading efficiency, biocompatibility and biodegradability. Especially in the field of primary liver cancer, mesoporous nanoparticles have been modified as highly tumor-specific imaging contrast agents and targeting therapeutic medicine. Various generations of complexes and structures have been determined for the complicated clinical management requirements. In this review, we summarize these advanced mesoporous designs in the different diagnostic and therapeutic fields of liver cancer and discuss the relevant advantages and disadvantages of transforming applications. By comparing the material properties, drug-delivery characteristics and application methods of different kinds of mesoporous materials in liver cancer, we try to help determine the most suitable drug carriers and information media for future clinical trials. We hope to improve the fabrication of biomedical mesoporous nanoparticles and provide direct evidence for specific cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Cancer Center, Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310053, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai 200438, China
- Eastern Hepatobiliary Clinical Research Institute, Third Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Ming-Da Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jia-Qi Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Cancer Center, Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Zhen-Li Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Wan-Yin Wang
- Eastern Hepatobiliary Clinical Research Institute, Third Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Li-Hui Gu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Feng Shen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai 200438, China
- Eastern Hepatobiliary Clinical Research Institute, Third Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Tian Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Cancer Center, Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310053, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai 200438, China
- Eastern Hepatobiliary Clinical Research Institute, Third Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
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