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Desai N, Nayi S, Khunt D, Kapoor DU, Salave S, Prajapati B, Vora C, Malviya R, Maheshwari R, Patel R. Zein: Potential biopolymer in inflammatory bowel diseases. J Biomed Mater Res A 2024. [PMID: 39210660 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Effectively managing inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) poses difficulties due to its persistent nature and unpredictable episodes of exacerbation. There is encouraging evidence that personalized medication delivery systems can improve therapy efficacy while reducing the negative effects of standard medicines. Zein, a protein produced from corn, has garnered interest as a possible means of delivering drugs for the treatment of IBD. This review delves into Zein-based drug delivery systems, showcasing its biodegradability, controlled release capabilities, and biocompatibility. Studies have shown that Zein-based nanoparticles, microcarriers, and core-shell microparticles have the capacity to increase medication stability, enhance targeting in the intestines, and decrease toxicity in animal models of IBD. The review highlights the promise of Zein in personalized therapy for IBD and urges more study to enhance its clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimeet Desai
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, India
| | - Smit Nayi
- Gujarat Technological University, School of Pharmacy, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Dignesh Khunt
- Gujarat Technological University, School of Pharmacy, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | | | - Sagar Salave
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, India
| | - Bhupendra Prajapati
- S. K. Patel College of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ganpat University, Kherva, India
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Chintan Vora
- WAYMADE India Pvt. Ltd., Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - Rishabha Malviya
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rahul Maheshwari
- School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM's Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies (NMIMS), Hyderabad, India
| | - Ravi Patel
- Gujarat Technological University, School of Pharmacy, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
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Desai N, Rana D, Salave S, Benival D, Khunt D, Prajapati BG. Achieving Endo/Lysosomal Escape Using Smart Nanosystems for Efficient Cellular Delivery. Molecules 2024; 29:3131. [PMID: 38999083 PMCID: PMC11243486 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29133131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The delivery of therapeutic agents faces significant hurdles posed by the endo-lysosomal pathway, a bottleneck that hampers clinical effectiveness. This comprehensive review addresses the urgent need to enhance cellular delivery mechanisms to overcome these obstacles. It focuses on the potential of smart nanomaterials, delving into their unique characteristics and mechanisms in detail. Special attention is given to their ability to strategically evade endosomal entrapment, thereby enhancing therapeutic efficacy. The manuscript thoroughly examines assays crucial for understanding endosomal escape and cellular uptake dynamics. By analyzing various assessment methods, we offer nuanced insights into these investigative approaches' multifaceted aspects. We meticulously analyze the use of smart nanocarriers, exploring diverse mechanisms such as pore formation, proton sponge effects, membrane destabilization, photochemical disruption, and the strategic use of endosomal escape agents. Each mechanism's effectiveness and potential application in mitigating endosomal entrapment are scrutinized. This paper provides a critical overview of the current landscape, emphasizing the need for advanced delivery systems to navigate the complexities of cellular uptake. Importantly, it underscores the transformative role of smart nanomaterials in revolutionizing cellular delivery strategies, leading to a paradigm shift towards improved therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimeet Desai
- Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi 502285, Telangana, India;
| | - Dhwani Rana
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad 382355, Gujarat, India; (D.R.); (S.S.); (D.B.)
| | - Sagar Salave
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad 382355, Gujarat, India; (D.R.); (S.S.); (D.B.)
| | - Derajram Benival
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad 382355, Gujarat, India; (D.R.); (S.S.); (D.B.)
| | - Dignesh Khunt
- School of Pharmacy, Gujarat Technological University, Gandhinagar 382027, Gujarat, India
| | - Bhupendra G. Prajapati
- Shree S. K. Patel College of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ganpat University, Kherva 384012, Gujarat, India
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand
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Peyret C, Manousaki A, Bouguet-Bonnet S, Stratakis E, Sanchez-Gonzalez L, Kahn CJ, Arab-Tehrany E. Nanoliposomes Permeability in a Microfluidic Drug Delivery Platform across a 3D Hydrogel. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:765. [PMID: 38931887 PMCID: PMC11207390 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16060765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Nanoliposomes are nano-sized vesicles that can be used as drug delivery carriers with the ability to encapsulate both hydrophobic and hydrophilic compounds. Moreover, their lipid compositions facilitate their internalization by cells. However, the interaction between nanoliposomes and the membrane barrier of the human body is not well-known. If cellular tests and animal testing offer a solution, their lack of physiological relevance and ethical concerns make them unsuitable to properly mimic human body complexity. Microfluidics, which allows the environment of the human body to be imitated in a controlled way, can fulfil this role. However, existing models are missing the presence of something that would mimic a basal membrane, often consisting of a simple cell layer on a polymer membrane. In this study, we investigated the diffusion of nanoliposomes in a microfluidic system and found the optimal parameters to maximize their diffusion. Then, we incorporated a custom made GelMA with a controlled degree of substitution and studied the passage of fluorescently labeled nanoliposomes through this barrier. Our results show that highly substituted GelMA was more porous than lower substitution GelMA. Overall, our work lays the foundation for the incorporation of a hydrogel mimicking a basal membrane on a drug delivery microfluidic platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corentin Peyret
- Université de Lorraine, LIBio, F-54000 Nancy, France; (C.P.); (L.S.-G.); (C.J.F.K.)
| | - Aleka Manousaki
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser (IESL), Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (FORTH), 711 10 Heraklion, Greece; (A.M.); (E.S.)
| | | | - Emmanuel Stratakis
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser (IESL), Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (FORTH), 711 10 Heraklion, Greece; (A.M.); (E.S.)
| | | | - Cyril J.F. Kahn
- Université de Lorraine, LIBio, F-54000 Nancy, France; (C.P.); (L.S.-G.); (C.J.F.K.)
| | - Elmira Arab-Tehrany
- Université de Lorraine, LIBio, F-54000 Nancy, France; (C.P.); (L.S.-G.); (C.J.F.K.)
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Bisht D, Salave S, Desai N, Gogoi P, Rana D, Biswal P, Sarma G, Benival D, Kommineni N, Desai D. Genome editing and its role in vaccine, diagnosis, and therapeutic advancement. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 269:131802. [PMID: 38670178 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Genome editing involves precise modification of specific nucleotides in the genome using nucleases like CRISPR/Cas, ZFN, or TALEN, leading to increased efficiency of homologous recombination (HR) for gene editing, and it can result in gene disruption events via non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) or homology-driven repair (HDR). Genome editing, particularly CRISPR-Cas9, revolutionizes vaccine development by enabling precise modifications of pathogen genomes, leading to enhanced vaccine efficacy and safety. It allows for tailored antigen optimization, improved vector design, and deeper insights into host genes' impact on vaccine responses, ultimately enhancing vaccine development and manufacturing processes. This review highlights different types of genome editing methods, their associated risks, approaches to overcome the shortcomings, and the diverse roles of genome editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepanker Bisht
- ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, Bareilly, India
| | - Sagar Salave
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Nimeet Desai
- Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi 502285, Telangana, India
| | - Purnima Gogoi
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin and Madison, Madison, WI 53726, USA
| | - Dhwani Rana
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Prachurya Biswal
- College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bihar Animal Sciences University, Kishanganj 855115, Bihar, India
| | - Gautami Sarma
- College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar 263145, U.S. Nagar, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Derajram Benival
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad 382355, Gujarat, India.
| | | | - Dhruv Desai
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Longre S, Rana D, Rangra S, Jindal AB, Salave S, Vitore J, Benival D. Quality-by-Design Based Development of Doxycycline Hyclate-Loaded Polymeric Microspheres for Prolonged Drug Release. AAPS PharmSciTech 2024; 25:49. [PMID: 38424393 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-024-02760-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
This study explores a novel approach to address the challenges of delivering highly water-soluble drug molecules by employing hydrophobic ion-pairing (HIP) complexes within poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres. The HIP complex, formed between doxycycline hyclate (DH) and docusate sodium (DS), renders the drug hydrophobic. The development of the microspheres was done using the QbD approach, namely, Box-Behnken Design (BBD). A comprehensive characterization of the HIP complex confirmed the successful conversion of DH. DH and the HIP complex were effectively loaded into PLGA microspheres using the oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion solvent evaporation method. Results demonstrated significant improvements in percentage entrapment efficiency (% EE) and drug loading (% DL) for DH within the HIP complex-loaded PLGA microspheres compared to DH-loaded microspheres alone. Additionally, the initial burst release of DH reduced to 3% within the initial 15 min, followed by sustained drug release over 8 days. The modified HIP complex strategy offers a promising platform for improving the delivery of highly water-soluble small molecules. It provides high % EE, % DL, minimal initial burst release, and sustained release, thus having the potential to enhance patient compliance and drug delivery efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suraj Longre
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research -Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), Gandhinagar, India
| | - Dhwani Rana
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research -Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), Gandhinagar, India
| | - Shagun Rangra
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research -Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), Gandhinagar, India
| | - Anil B Jindal
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani (BITS PILANI), Pilani Campus, Rajasthan, 333031, India
| | - Sagar Salave
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research -Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), Gandhinagar, India
| | - Jyotsna Vitore
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research -Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), Gandhinagar, India
| | - Derajram Benival
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research -Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), Gandhinagar, India.
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Rana D, Desai N, Salave S, Karunakaran B, Giri J, Benival D, Gorantla S, Kommineni N. Collagen-Based Hydrogels for the Eye: A Comprehensive Review. Gels 2023; 9:643. [PMID: 37623098 PMCID: PMC10454301 DOI: 10.3390/gels9080643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Collagen-based hydrogels have emerged as a highly promising platform for diverse applications in ophthalmology, spanning from drug delivery systems to biomedical interventions. This review explores the diverse sources of collagen, which give rise to different types of collagen protein. The critical isolation and purification steps are discussed, emphasizing their pivotal role in preparing collagen for biomedical use. To ensure collagen quality and purity, and the suitability of collagen for targeted applications, a comprehensive characterization and quality control are essential, encompassing assessments of its physical, chemical, and biological properties. Also, various cross-linking collagen methods have been examined for providing insight into this crucial process. This comprehensive review delves into every facet of collagen and explores the wide-ranging applications of collagen-based hydrogels, with a particular emphasis on their use in drug delivery systems and their potential in diverse biomedical interventions. By consolidating current knowledge and advancements in the field, this review aims to provide a detailed overview of the utilization of engineered collagen-based hydrogels in ocular therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhwani Rana
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad 382355, Gujarat, India; (D.R.); (S.S.); (B.K.); (D.B.)
| | - Nimeet Desai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi 502285, Telangana, India; (N.D.); (J.G.)
| | - Sagar Salave
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad 382355, Gujarat, India; (D.R.); (S.S.); (B.K.); (D.B.)
| | - Bharathi Karunakaran
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad 382355, Gujarat, India; (D.R.); (S.S.); (B.K.); (D.B.)
| | - Jyotsnendu Giri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi 502285, Telangana, India; (N.D.); (J.G.)
| | - Derajram Benival
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad 382355, Gujarat, India; (D.R.); (S.S.); (B.K.); (D.B.)
| | - Srividya Gorantla
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA;
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Desai N, Rana D, Pande S, Salave S, Giri J, Benival D, Kommineni N. "Bioinspired" Membrane-Coated Nanosystems in Cancer Theranostics: A Comprehensive Review. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1677. [PMID: 37376125 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15061677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Achieving precise cancer theranostics necessitates the rational design of smart nanosystems that ensure high biological safety and minimize non-specific interactions with normal tissues. In this regard, "bioinspired" membrane-coated nanosystems have emerged as a promising approach, providing a versatile platform for the development of next-generation smart nanosystems. This review article presents an in-depth investigation into the potential of these nanosystems for targeted cancer theranostics, encompassing key aspects such as cell membrane sources, isolation techniques, nanoparticle core selection, approaches for coating nanoparticle cores with the cell membrane, and characterization methods. Moreover, this review underscores strategies employed to enhance the multi-functionality of these nanosystems, including lipid insertion, membrane hybridization, metabolic engineering, and genetic modification. Additionally, the applications of these bioinspired nanosystems in cancer diagnosis and therapeutics are discussed, along with the recent advances in this field. Through a comprehensive exploration of membrane-coated nanosystems, this review provides valuable insights into their potential for precise cancer theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimeet Desai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi 502285, India
| | - Dhwani Rana
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad 382355, India
| | - Shreya Pande
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi 502285, India
| | - Sagar Salave
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad 382355, India
| | - Jyotsnendu Giri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi 502285, India
| | - Derajram Benival
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad 382355, India
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Jindal AB, Bhide AR, Salave S, Rana D, Benival D. Long-acting Parenteral Drug Delivery Systems for the Treatment of Chronic Diseases. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 198:114862. [PMID: 37160247 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The management of chronic conditions often requires patients to take daily medication for an extended duration. However, the need for daily dosing can lead to nonadherence to the therapy, which can result in the recurrence of the disease. Long-acting parenteral drug delivery systems have the potential to improve the treatment of chronic conditions. These systems use various technologies, such as oil-based injectables, PLGA-based microspheres, and in situ forming gel-based depots, to deliver different types of drugs. The use of long-acting parenteral formulations for the treatment of chronic infections such as HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis is a recent development in the field. Researchers are also exploring the use of long-acting parenteral formulations for the treatment of malaria, with the aim of reducing dosing frequency and improving adherence to treatment. This review discusses various aspects of long-acting formulation development, including the impact of the physicochemical properties of the drug, the type of long-acting formulation, and the route of administration. The clinical significance of long-acting formulations and recent advances in the field, such as long-acting nanoformulations and long-acting products currently in clinical trials, have also been highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil B Jindal
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Jhunjhunu, Rajasthan - 333031, India.
| | - Atharva R Bhide
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Jhunjhunu, Rajasthan - 333031, India
| | - Sagar Salave
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Ahmedabad (NIPER-A) An Institute of National Importance, Government of India, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Opp. Airforce Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar - 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Dhwani Rana
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Ahmedabad (NIPER-A) An Institute of National Importance, Government of India, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Opp. Airforce Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar - 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Derajram Benival
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Ahmedabad (NIPER-A) An Institute of National Importance, Government of India, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Opp. Airforce Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar - 382355, Gujarat, India
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Peptide Engraftment on PEGylated Nanoliposomes for Bone Specific Delivery of PTH (1-34) in Osteoporosis. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020608. [PMID: 36839930 PMCID: PMC9965365 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone-specific functionalization strategies on liposomes are promising approaches to delivering the drug in osteoporotic conditions. This approach delivers the drug to the bone surface specifically, reduces the dose and off-target effects of the drug, and thereby reduces the toxicity of the drug. The purpose of the current research work was to fabricate the bone-specific peptide conjugated pegylated nanoliposomes to deliver anabolic drug and its physicochemical evaluations. For this, a bone-specific peptide (SDSSD) was synthesized, and the synthesized peptide was conjugated with a linker (DSPE-PEG2000-COOH) to obtain a bone-specific conjugate (SDSSD-DSPE). Purified SDSSD-DSPE was characterized by HPLC, Maldi-TOF, NMR, and Scanning Electron Microscope/Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM/EDS). Further, peptide-conjugated and anabolic drug-encapsulated liposomes (SDSSD-LPs) were developed using the ethanol injection method and optimized by Central Composite Design (CCD) using a statistical approach. Optimized SDSSD-LPs were evaluated for their physicochemical properties, including surface morphology, particle size, zeta potential, in vitro drug release, and bone mineral binding potential. The obtained results from these studies demonstrated that SDSSD-DSPE conjugate and SDSSD-LPs were optimized successfully. The particle size, % EE, and zeta potential of SDSSD-LPs were observed to be 183.07 ± 0.85 nm, 66.72 ± 4.22%, and -25.03 ± 0.21 mV, respectively. SDSSD-LPs demonstrated a sustained drug release profile. Further, the in vitro bone mineral binding assay demonstrated that SDSSD-LPs deliver the drug to the bone surface specifically. These results suggested that SDSSD-LPs could be a potential targeting approach to deliver the anabolic drug in osteoporotic conditions.
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Li H, Dai W, Liu Z, He L. Renal Proximal Tubular Cells: A New Site for Targeted Delivery Therapy of Diabetic Kidney Disease. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15121494. [PMID: 36558944 PMCID: PMC9786989 DOI: 10.3390/ph15121494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a major complication of diabetes mellitus (DM) and the leading cause of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) worldwide. A significant number of drugs have been clinically investigated for the treatment of DKD. However, a large proportion of patients still develop end-stage kidney disease unstoppably. As a result, new effective therapies are urgently needed to slow down the progression of DKD. Recently, there is increasing evidence that targeted drug delivery strategies such as large molecule carriers, small molecule prodrugs, and nanoparticles can improve drug efficacy and reduce adverse side effects. There is no doubt that targeted drug delivery strategies have epoch-making significance and great application prospects for the treatment of DKD. In addition, the proximal tubule plays a very critical role in the progression of DKD. Consequently, the purpose of this paper is to summarize the current understanding of proximal tubule cell-targeted therapy, screen for optimal targeting strategies, and find new therapeutic approaches for the treatment of DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Liyu He
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-731-8529-2064
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