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Aitipamula S, Bolla G. Optimizing Drug Development: Harnessing the Sustainability of Pharmaceutical Cocrystals. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:3121-3143. [PMID: 38814314 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.4c00289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Environmental impacts of the industrial revolution necessitate adoption of sustainable practices in all areas of development. The pharmaceutical industry faces increasing pressure to minimize its ecological footprint due to its significant contribution to environmental pollution. Over the past two decades, pharmaceutical cocrystals have received immense popularity due to their ability to optimize the critical attributes of active pharmaceutical ingredients and presented an avenue to bring improved drug products to the market. This review explores the potential of pharmaceutical cocrystals as an ecofriendly alternative to traditional solid forms, offering a sustainable approach to drug development. From reducing the number of required doses to improving the stability of actives, from eliminating synthetic operations to using pharmaceutically approved chemicals, from the use of continuous and solvent-free manufacturing methods to leveraging published data on the safety and toxicology, the cocrystallization approach contributes to sustainability of drug development. The latest trends suggest a promising role of pharmaceutical cocrystals in bringing novel and improved medicines to the market, which has been further fuelled by the recent guidance from the major regulatory agencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasulu Aitipamula
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore 627833, Republic of Singapore
| | - Geetha Bolla
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
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Hegazy MM, Badawi AA, El-Nabarawi MA, Eldegwy MA, Louis D. One Factor at a Time and factorial experimental design for formulation of l-carnitine microcapsules to improve its manufacturability. Heliyon 2024; 10:e23637. [PMID: 38332882 PMCID: PMC10851296 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
l-carnitine is an essential dietary supplement of physiological importance. Handling and manufacture of l-carnitine is difficult due to its hygroscopic nature, resulting in impairing its flow properties, as well as solid dosage form stability. The study aimed at reducing l-carnitine hygroscopicity through its encapsulation within a hydrophobic, pH-insensitive polymer. A solid in oil in oil (s/o/o) emulsion solvent evaporation technique for microencapsulation was adopted to exclude the possibility of water uptake. The polymers used were two ethyl cellulose (EC) grades with different viscosities. The chosen solvent for the polymer was acetone, and liquid paraffin was the dispersion medium in which both the drug and polymer were insoluble. Sixteen formulations were developed, and evaluated to study the formulation parameters as anti-coalescent type, mixing speed, surfactant type and polymer ratio, and viscosity grade. A "One Factor at A Time" (OFAT) design of experiment, and a factorial design were utilized. Study results revealed that successful microencapsulation occurred by using Aerosil 200 (0.1 %) as anti-coalescent, a mixing speed of 1000 rpm, and Ethocel Std 20 at a 3:1 drug-to-polymer ratio. Microcapsule formulation containing l-carnitine base, successfully compressed into tablets, showed acceptable water content, disintegration time, hardness, and dissolution. Moreover, it showed acceptable stability upon storage at 40 °C at 75 % RH for six months compared to l-carnitine tablets prepared by wet granulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alia A. Badawi
- Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy Dept., Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A. El-Nabarawi
- Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy Dept., Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Egypt
| | | | - Dina Louis
- Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy Dept., Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Egypt
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology Dept., Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University, Egypt
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Li P, Zhang G, Zhou Z, Sun Y, Wang Y, Yang Y, Zhang X. The Effect of Solvents on the Crystal Morphology of Isosorbide Mononitrate and Its Molecular Mechanisms. Molecules 2024; 29:367. [PMID: 38257280 PMCID: PMC11154549 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29020367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
In this work, the modified attachment energy model was used to predict the crystal morphology of isosorbide mononitrate (ISMN) in the dichloromethane (CH2Cl2) solvent system and dichloromethane-n-hexane (CH2Cl2-C6H14) mixed solvent system. The solvent effect can significantly affect the crystal morphology, which can profoundly impact both the drug's physicochemical properties and the subsequent technological treatment process. In addition, the interactions between solvent molecules and crystal faces were investigated using molecular dynamics simulation, and radial distribution function (RDF) analysis was performed to determine the types of interactions. The structural parameter S was introduced to characterize the roughness of each crystal surface; the change in the CH2Cl2 diffusion coefficient before and after the addition of C6H14 was analyzed using mean square displacement (MSD). The calculation results of the modified attachment energy from the two solvent systems revealed that C6H14 could accelerate crystal growth, while the crystal morphology was not greatly affected, which is of some significance as a guide for the industrial crystallization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penghui Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China;
| | - Guimin Zhang
- National Engineering and Technology Research Center of Chirality Pharmaceutical, Linyi 276006, China; (G.Z.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Zongyi Zhou
- Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Linyi 273400, China; (Z.Z.); (Y.S.)
| | - Ying Sun
- Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Linyi 273400, China; (Z.Z.); (Y.S.)
| | - Yan Wang
- Library of Linyi University, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, China;
| | - Yu Yang
- National Engineering and Technology Research Center of Chirality Pharmaceutical, Linyi 276006, China; (G.Z.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Xiaolai Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China;
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Bharti K, Deepika D, Kumar M, Jha A, Manjit, Akhilesh, Tiwari V, Kumar V, Mishra B. Development and Evaluation of Amorphous Solid Dispersion of Riluzole with PBPK Model to Simulate the Pharmacokinetic Profile. AAPS PharmSciTech 2023; 24:219. [PMID: 37891363 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-023-02680-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In the current work, screening of polymers viz. polyacrylic acid (PAA), polyvinyl pyrrolidone vinyl acetate (PVP VA), and hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose acetate succinate (HPMC AS) based on drug-polymer interaction and wetting property was done for the production of a stable amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) of a poorly water-soluble drug Riluzole (RLZ). PAA showed maximum interaction and wetting property hence, was selected for further studies. Solid state characterization studies confirmed the formation of ASD with PAA. Saturation solubility, dissolution profile, and in vivo pharmacokinetic data of the ASD formulation were generated in rats against its marketed tablet Rilutor. The RLZ:PAA ASD showed exponential enhancement in the dissolution of RLZ. Predicted and observed pharmacokinetic data in rats showed enhanced area under curve (AUC) and Cmax in plasma and brain with respect to Rilutor. Furthermore, a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model of rats for Rilutor and RLZ ASD was developed and then extrapolated to humans where physiological parameters were changed along with a biochemical parameter. The partition coefficient was kept similar in both species. The model was used to predict different exposure scenarios, and the simulated data was compared with observed data points. The PBPK model simulated Cmax and AUC was within two times the experimental data for plasma and brain. The Cmax and AUC in the brain increased with ASD compared to Rilutor for humans showing its potential in improving its biopharmaceutical performance and hence enhanced therapeutic efficacy. The model can predict the RLZ concentration in multiple compartments including plasma and liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanchan Bharti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Deepika Deepika
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d' Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
- Pere Virgili Health Research Institute (IISPV), Hospital Universitari Sant Joan de Reus, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Manish Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Abhishek Jha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Manjit
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Akhilesh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Vinod Tiwari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d' Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
- Pere Virgili Health Research Institute (IISPV), Hospital Universitari Sant Joan de Reus, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Reus, Catalonia, Spain
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Pesticides Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Brahmeshwar Mishra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221005, India.
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Singh M, Barua H, Jyothi VGSS, Dhondale MR, Nambiar AG, Agrawal AK, Kumar P, Shastri NR, Kumar D. Cocrystals by Design: A Rational Coformer Selection Approach for Tackling the API Problems. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041161. [PMID: 37111646 PMCID: PMC10140925 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) with unfavorable physicochemical properties and stability present a significant challenge during their processing into final dosage forms. Cocrystallization of such APIs with suitable coformers is an efficient approach to mitigate the solubility and stability concerns. A considerable number of cocrystal-based products are currently being marketed and show an upward trend. However, to improve the API properties by cocrystallization, coformer selection plays a paramount role. Selection of suitable coformers not only improves the drug’s physicochemical properties but also improves the therapeutic effectiveness and reduces side effects. Numerous coformers have been used till date to prepare pharmaceutically acceptable cocrystals. The carboxylic acid-based coformers, such as fumaric acid, oxalic acid, succinic acid, and citric acid, are the most commonly used coformers in the currently marketed cocrystal-based products. Carboxylic acid-based coformers are capable of forming the hydrogen bond and contain smaller carbon chain with the APIs. This review summarizes the role of coformers in improving the physicochemical and pharmaceutical properties of APIs, and deeply explains the utility of afore-mentioned coformers in API cocrystal formation. The review concludes with a brief discussion on the patentability and regulatory issues related to pharmaceutical cocrystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maan Singh
- Pharmaceutical Solid State Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Harsh Barua
- Solid State Pharmaceutical Cluster (SSPC), Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, Bernal Institute, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Limerick, V94T9PX Limerick, Ireland
| | - Vaskuri G. S. Sainaga Jyothi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad 500037, India
| | - Madhukiran R. Dhondale
- Pharmaceutical Solid State Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Amritha G. Nambiar
- Pharmaceutical Solid State Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Ashish K. Agrawal
- Pharmaceutical Solid State Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
| | | | - Dinesh Kumar
- Pharmaceutical Solid State Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi 221005, India
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