1
|
Barnett MJ, Clubbs B, Woodyard A, Wasem V, Prinze J, Tirupasur A, Hosseini S, Kim M, Gallardo F, Polich N, Desselle S. Barriers and motivational factors for engaging in novel opioid and medication disposal-related services in community pharmacies. Res Social Adm Pharm 2024; 20:713-722. [PMID: 38719767 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2024.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/17/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to explore and identify motivational factors and barriers for pharmacy personnel participation in specific opioid mitigation programs, using the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) as an investigational framework. METHODS A naturalistic inquiry method was employed involving semi-structured interviews with pharmacy personnel to assess their intentions, attitudes, normative beliefs, and behaviors towards participating in naloxone dispensing and provision of at-home drug disposal solutions. Purposive sampling was utilized to recruit participants, with saturation achieved after 12 interviews. Interviews were transcribed and coded to identify recurring themes. RESULTS Four primary themes emerged: 1) the value and benefits of helping others, emphasizing societal, patient, and environmental benefits; 2) limits and barriers to participation, including financial concerns, management support, and time constraints; 3) pharmacists' intrinsic motivators, highlighting personal motivations and differentiation between programs for specific patient types; and 4) program implementation challenges and strategies. CONCLUSION The findings underscore the applicability of the TPB in understanding pharmacy engagement in opioid abatement programs. Despite facing barriers such as financial considerations and time constraints, the overall positive attitudes towards the programs indicate a strong motivation to contribute to public health efforts. Addressing identified barriers and leveraging motivators could enhance participation, potentially mitigating the opioid crisis. Future research should incorporate patient perspectives to fully understand the impact and effectiveness of pharmacy-led interventions, such as naloxone dispensing and disposal solutions, in opioid misuse prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell J Barnett
- Touro University California College of Pharmacy, 1310 Club Dr, Vallejo, CA, 94592, USA.
| | - Brooke Clubbs
- Southeast Missouri State University, One University Plaza, Cape Girardeau, MO, 63701, USA.
| | - Ashley Woodyard
- Touro University California College of Pharmacy, 1310 Club Dr, Vallejo, CA, 94592, USA.
| | - Valerie Wasem
- Touro University California College of Pharmacy, 1310 Club Dr, Vallejo, CA, 94592, USA.
| | - Joyce Prinze
- Touro University California College of Pharmacy, 1310 Club Dr, Vallejo, CA, 94592, USA.
| | - Anuradha Tirupasur
- Touro University California College of Pharmacy, 1310 Club Dr, Vallejo, CA, 94592, USA.
| | - Sina Hosseini
- Touro University California College of Pharmacy, 1310 Club Dr, Vallejo, CA, 94592, USA.
| | - Madison Kim
- Touro University California College of Pharmacy, 1310 Club Dr, Vallejo, CA, 94592, USA.
| | - Faviola Gallardo
- University of Iowa, College of Pharmacy, 180 S Grand Ave, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
| | - Natalie Polich
- Drake University College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, 2507 University Avenue, Des Moines, IA, 50311, USA.
| | - Shane Desselle
- Touro University California College of Pharmacy, 1310 Club Dr, Vallejo, CA, 94592, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Murry LT, Desselle SP. Barriers to person-centered service design in pharmacy practice: examples, lessons, and potential solutions. Int J Clin Pharm 2024; 46:542-547. [PMID: 38194008 DOI: 10.1007/s11096-023-01689-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Despite increased attention to, and frameworks conceptualizing person-centered care, systematic, organizational, and provider-level barriers continue to discourage the development and delivery of person-centered care (PCC) in pharmacy practice and beyond. This commentary describes existing pharmacy-specific literature related to PCC, barriers to PCC within the context of pharmacy practice, and potential solutions to increase person-centeredness in pharmacy services. Literature to substantiate and describe barriers and potential solutions was identified from 2008 to 2023, a period where the emphasis on PCC in pharmacy practice dramatically increased. Overall, pharmacy-specific literature was identified describing four key barriers to PCC. Several potential solutions were identified, including: using innovative and theory-informed approaches to collecting individual need and preference information, employing processes and equipping providers to facilitate trust, changing organizational culture, and aligning quality metrics and financial incentives with PCC. Identified solutions may be used to address individual, organizational, and systematic barriers to promote PCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Logan T Murry
- The University of Iowa College of Pharmacy, 180 S Grand Ave, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
- The Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education, Chicago, IL, 60603, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Desselle SP. Advancing the research agenda on pharmacy workforce support cadres. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH IN CLINICAL AND SOCIAL PHARMACY 2024; 13:100407. [PMID: 38532842 PMCID: PMC10963916 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcsop.2024.100407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shane P. Desselle
- Dept. of Clinical and Social Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Touro University California, 1310 Club Dr., Vallejo, CA 94592, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Leslie KF, Waltz P, DeJarnett B, Fuller LZ, Lisenby S, Raake SE. Evaluation of technician immunization administration. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2023; 63:1715-1721. [PMID: 37541392 DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2023.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To (1) assess technician and supervising pharmacists' attitudes and perceptions toward technicians administering immunizations after a technician training initiative, (2) describe the public health impact of technician-administered COVID-19 immunizations, and (3) describe best practices for technician-administered immunizations. DESIGN A mixed-methods study collected quantitative and qualitative data. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS Kentucky technicians who completed an immunization administration training, and their supervising pharmacists. OUTCOME MEASURES Surveys were administered to Kentucky technicians who completed immunization administration training between January and September 2021. Surveys assessed the effectiveness of the training, integration of technicians in the immunization workflow, and impact of technicians in their organization's immunization efforts. Similar surveys were deployed to supervising pharmacists. Response frequencies were recorded for each question and descriptive statistics were calculated for each item included in the survey. Key informant interviews were conducted with technicians and pharmacists to further explore study concepts, assess needs, and discuss best practices for implementation. Interviews were audio recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed using inductive thematic analysis. RESULTS Fifty-seven technicians and 37 pharmacists responded to the survey. Technicians were easily integrated into community pharmacy immunization workflow that allowed for increased immunization administration. Ninety-four percent of supervising pharmacists and 98% of technicians supported the use of technicians in the immunization workflow beyond the pandemic. Twenty-seven interviews were conducted. Major themes that emerged from the data included using the "right" technicians, role delineation and collaboration, policies, logistics, financial implications, and public health impact. CONCLUSION The utilization of pharmacy technicians in administration helped to accelerate the immunization process, alleviate the burden on pharmacists and other health care professionals, and ensure widespread vaccine distribution to combat the pandemic.
Collapse
|
5
|
Singleton BA, Al-Dahir S, Gillard C, Earls M, Bommarito J, Duhe M, Phi K. Perceived Role, Identity and Experiences of Pharmacists and the Potential Impact on COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake per Louisiana Region: A Prospective Cohort Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:6459. [PMID: 37569001 PMCID: PMC10418418 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20156459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Some of the lowest COVID-19 community vaccination rates in America are found in Louisiana. This study investigated: (1) barriers that Louisiana pharmacists encountered during the pandemic; and (2) the effect of pharmacists' role and identity confidence on willingness to enforce vaccine mandates, and COVID-19 vaccine uptake. Fifty-four community pharmacists from nine regions of Louisiana participated in the study. Pharmacists completed questionnaires about: personal demographics, patient population, vaccination encouragement, COVID-19 concerns, and vaccination administration rates. The importance of feeling like a trusted voice in the community, as well as professional perception and self-assurance, were measured using Likert scale questions. During focus groups, participants discussed experiences with the COVID-19 vaccination rollout and vaccination-related obstacles. As the pandemic progressed, pharmacists reported being overworked, understaffed, and overburdened with new responsibilities. In regions with lower vaccination rates, pharmacists were less likely to feel at ease enforcing vaccine mandates. Independent pharmacists were less comfortable enforcing vaccine mandates than chain pharmacists but had more positive perceptions of their role and identity. This study contributes to further understanding of pharmacy workflow obstacles and pharmacists' perceptions of their professional roles and identities in the community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brittany A. Singleton
- Division of Clinical and Administrative Sciences, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA
| | - Sara Al-Dahir
- Division of Clinical and Administrative Sciences, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Adams AJ. Extending COVID-19 Pharmacy Technician Duties: Impact on Safety and Pharmacist Jobs. J Pharm Technol 2023; 39:134-138. [PMID: 37323767 PMCID: PMC10209718 DOI: 10.1177/87551225231172343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The 2019 coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) led to an expanded scope of practice for pharmacy technicians. As the pandemic wanes, state governments are faced with the decision of whether or not to make permanent the authority of pharmacy technicians to perform extended duties. Objective: Determine the impacts on patient safety and job market demands preadoption and postadoption of Idaho's expanded technician duties in 2017 as a natural experiment for expanded technician duties. Methods: Data from the National Practitioner Data Bank (NPDB) is used to explore patient safety outcomes in Idaho preadoption and postadoption and as compared with its border states. Data from Pharmacy Demand Reports is used to compare job postings in Idaho and its border state, and National Association of Boards of Pharmacy census data are used to compare growth in the number of pharmacists and technicians in Idaho and its border states over time. Results: For Idaho pharmacists, the average number of disciplinary actions reported against both pharmacists and technicians dropped after implementation of expanded technician duties. Idaho also had a lower rate of discipline for pharmacists and technicians than its border states. Idaho had the third highest job postings for pharmacists and the second highest for technicians among its border states. Idaho also had the largest growth in the number of licensed pharmacists and technicians of the observed states in the study period. Conclusion: Available statewide data from Idaho as compared with its border states suggests that expanded technician duties did not adversely impact patient safety outcomes or the pharmacist job market. Additional states may wish to expand pharmacy technician duties in the years ahead.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex J. Adams
- Idaho Division of Financial Management, Eagle, ID, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Adams AJ, Eid DD. Federal pharmacist Paxlovid prescribing authority: A model policy or impediment to optimal care? EXPLORATORY RESEARCH IN CLINICAL AND SOCIAL PHARMACY 2023; 9:100244. [PMID: 36945228 PMCID: PMC10011027 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcsop.2023.100244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The U.S federal government leveraged emergency authority to allow pharmacists to prescribe Paxlovid (nirmatrelvir and ritonavir) during the COVID-19 pandemic. While heralded by pharmacy associations, the FDA framework included restrictions that arguably ran counter to clinical guidelines and evidence-based research and recommendations. These restrictions will limit the utility of pharmacist prescriptive authority for Paxlovid in practice. The experience of Paxlovid prescribing and a similar recent federal action illustrate the challenges inherent in federal oversight of pharmacist prescriptive authority. While initially more difficult to navigate for stakeholders, working with state legislatures and state boards of pharmacy has much stronger long-term potential to enable broad pharmacist prescriptive authority and benefit patient care. This commentary uses Idaho's pharmacist prescribing regulations as a comparison to the federal actions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex J Adams
- Idaho Division of Financial Management, Eagle, ID 83616, United States of America
| | - Deeb D Eid
- Ferris State University College of Pharmacy, Affiliate Preceptor, Grand Rapids, MI 49501, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sparkmon W, Barnard M, Rosenthal M, Desselle S, Ballou JM, Holmes E. Pharmacy Technician Efficacies and Workforce Planning: A Consensus Building Study on Expanded Pharmacy Technician Roles. PHARMACY 2023; 11:pharmacy11010028. [PMID: 36827666 PMCID: PMC9961539 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy11010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The expansion of pharmacy technician scope of practice in recent years, though remaining somewhat contentious, has afforded multiple opportunities for pharmacy technicians to provide additional assistance within the pharmacy. However, much of the research examining this growth has focused on specific tasks, which were determined by either the researchers themselves or the respective state boards of pharmacy. This study aimed to gain a better understanding of what expanded tasks pharmacists believe technicians should have an increased role in performing. A consensus-building research methodology was used to survey practicing pharmacists to determine which tasks those pharmacists believed technicians should take an increased role in performing. This study used modified Delphi techniques to build consensus among panels of both hospital and community pharmacists regarding 20 setting-specific technician tasks. Results of our study indicated that both hospital and community pharmacists believed technicians should have an increased involvement in performing tasks which are more related to the operations of the pharmacy rather than tasks which are more clinical in nature. This finding illustrates a belief among a segment of pharmacists that expanded roles for technicians should do more to alleviate the managerial and operational burden placed on pharmacists, potentially allowing pharmacists to take on increased clinical roles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wesley Sparkmon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Creighton University School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(402)-280-1857
| | - Marie Barnard
- Department of Pharmacy Administration, University of Mississippi School of Pharmacy, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Meagen Rosenthal
- Department of Pharmacy Administration, University of Mississippi School of Pharmacy, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Shane Desselle
- College of Pharmacy, Touro University California, Vallejo, CA 94592, USA
| | - Jordan Marie Ballou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Outcomes Sciences, University of South Carolina College of Pharmacy, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Erin Holmes
- Department of Pharmacy Administration, University of Mississippi School of Pharmacy, University, MS 38677, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Desselle SP, Wasem V, Woodyard A, Hosseini S, Hohmeier KC, McKeirnan KC. Cultures of support and resilience are associated with certified pharmacy technicians embracing new roles. Res Social Adm Pharm 2023; 19:316-321. [PMID: 36216755 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2022.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Various technological, economic, and regulatory factors are creating opportunities for pharmacy technicians to take on additional responsibilities. Technicians in the broader sense have indicated a preference for expanded scope of duties; however, it is not known what drives technicians' greater inclinations to accept these new roles. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine the association of various work-related factors, such as co-worker support, pharmacist-leadership style, future uncertainty, their own organizational commitment, and personal characteristics of technicians, including their resilience, on pharmacy technicians' willingness to take on emerging responsibilities in pharmacy. METHODS A self-administered questionnaire survey was disseminated through email to a national, randomized sample of 3000 technicians certified through the National Healthcareer Association (NHA). The questionnaire solicited data on willingness to participate in either of 13 emerging responsibilities as well as resilience, perceived transformative leadership behaviors of supervising pharmacists, future uncertainty, coworker support, organizational commitment, and various personal and practice-related variables. Following the use of principal component analyses for item purification and summation of various scale responses, inferential analyses were conducted via independent sample t-tests, one way analyses of variance, and Pearson's product moment correlation, as appropriate. RESULTS From 2906 surveys delivered, 878 were returned, with 745 of them providing completed responses on willingness to participate in emerging responsibilities. Willingness on most items/responsibilities was highly rated, with many means being at least 4 on a 5-point scale, though some were lower and perhaps a reflection of less exposure to these by way of their personal experience orpractice setting. Technicians' resilience, their coworker support, organizational commitment, and perceived transformative behaviors undertaken by their supervising pharmacists were all highly associated with willingness to engage. CONCLUSIONS Pharmacists, pharmacy technician peers, and organizations can contribute to a culture that is supportive for pharmacy technicians and may serve to encourage commitment, resilience, and willingness to embrace new, or emerging responsibilities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shane P Desselle
- Social and Behavioral Pharmacy, Touro University California College of Pharmacy, Vallejo, CA, USA.
| | - Valerie Wasem
- Touro University California College of Pharmacy, Vallejo, CA, USA
| | - Ashley Woodyard
- Touro University California College of Pharmacy, Vallejo, CA, USA
| | - Sina Hosseini
- Touro University California College of Pharmacy, Vallejo, CA, USA
| | - Kenneth C Hohmeier
- Director of Community Affairs, Director of PGY-1 Community-based Residency Program, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Translational Science, Nashville, TN, 37211, USA
| | - Kimberly C McKeirnan
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, Washington State University College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacotherapy Department, Spokane, WA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wasem V, Woodyard A, Desselle SP, Hosseini S, Hohmeier KC, McKeirnan KC. Correlations to and potential implications of resilience among certified pharmacy technicians. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2023; 63:90-96. [PMID: 36151026 DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2022.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess resilience among a sample of certified pharmacy technicians in the United States and evaluate associations between resilience and various personal and work-related characteristics and conditions, including coworker support and pharmacist leadership behaviors, and to assess the relationship between technicians' resilience and support from coworkers and commitment to their organization. METHODS This study employed the use of a self-administered questionnaire survey electronically in a cross-sectional design. The questionnaire was delivered with a response portal open for approximately 6 weeks during the spring of 2022 to a sample of 3000 technicians certified through the National Healthcareer Association. The questionnaire consisted of items comprising the Brief Resilience Scale, an adapted version of the Multifactorial Leadership Questionnaire (A-MLQ), and items measuring aspects of coworker support, future uncertainty, commitment, and turnover, in addition to demographic and practice site-related questions. RESULTS Usable responses were acquired from 822 respondents, who reported relatively high levels of resilience. Resilience was observed to be positively correlated with pharmacy transformative leadership behaviors measured on the A-MLQ and with coworker support and negatively correlated with future uncertainty. Respondents indicating the highest level of profession commitment reported a statistically higher level of resilience than did others. There were very few relationships observed between resilience and technicians' personal characteristics. CONCLUSIONS Immutable characteristics (e.g., race/ethnicity, sex, and age) played a very small role in describing resilience among pharmacy technicians. Instead, organizational characteristics of the workplace were shown to be highly associative with resilience of technicians, adding further evidence that organizations and the profession can help facilitate resilience among these important pharmacy support personnel.
Collapse
|
11
|
DiMario A, McCall KL, Couture S, Boynton W. Pharmacist and Pharmacy Technician Attitudes and Experiences with Technician-Administered Immunizations. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10081354. [PMID: 36016241 PMCID: PMC9412918 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10081354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to the increased demand for healthcare services during the COVID-19 pandemic, the Public Readiness and Emergency Preparedness (PREP) Act amendments and guidance authorized pharmacy technicians, who are not otherwise authorized in their state, to administer the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)-recommended immunizations and COVID-19 vaccines under pharmacist order. Subsequently, many pharmacies nationwide have expanded technician duties to include immunization administration. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the attitudes and experiences associated with technician-administered immunizations among community pharmacists and technicians. The cross-sectional study evaluated the primary endpoint through the completion of anonymous surveys containing peer-reviewed questionnaires. Pharmacy technicians and their supervising pharmacists were selected to complete the survey at a grocery chain’s pharmacies located in five states across the Northeast if they completed the immunization program and administered at least one immunization. Surveys were drafted using Microsoft Forms and results were analyzed using Microsoft Excel. Chi-squared tests were utilized for comparing categorical variables between groups. A total of 268 survey responses were obtained; 171 responses came from pharmacists and 97 responses came from immunization-certified technicians. Most pharmacists and pharmacy technicians responded that technicians could safely administer vaccines (87.1% and 96.9%, respectively) and competently process and bill vaccine services (90.6% and 99.0%, respectively). In addition, both participant populations responded that technician-administered vaccines improved the workflow of vaccine services (76.6% and 82.5%, respectively) without increasing the likelihood of vaccine errors (56.1% and 78.3%, respectively). When compared with technicians, fewer pharmacists were confident in a technician’s ability to competently prepare vaccines (63.7% vs. 91.8%; p < 0.001). A statistically significant association was observed between responses regarding an efficient process for immunizing patients and the likelihood of technician vaccination errors (χ2 = 14.36; p < 0.01). Pharmacists and pharmacy technicians responded that technicians competently administer immunizations and should participate in more patient-care duties. Multiple states are enacting legislation to include technician vaccine administration as a permanent component of their scope of practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexis DiMario
- School of Pharmacy, University of New England, Portland, ME 04103, USA
- Hannaford Supermarkets & Pharmacy, Scarborough, ME 04074, USA
| | - Kenneth Lee McCall
- School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binghamton University, Johnson City, NY 13790, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(607)-777-5853
| | - Sara Couture
- Hannaford Supermarkets & Pharmacy, Scarborough, ME 04074, USA
| | - Wendy Boynton
- Hannaford Supermarkets & Pharmacy, Scarborough, ME 04074, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Miller JC, Rodin NM, McKeirnan KC. Training student pharmacists to administer pediatric immunizations. CURRENTS IN PHARMACY TEACHING & LEARNING 2022; 14:507-513. [PMID: 35483818 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2022.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE To describe the implementation of a pediatric vaccination training for student pharmacists and to assess student confidence in providing pediatric vaccinations after taking part in a mixed media, traditional lecture, and active learning, formatted training course. EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITY AND SETTING Student pharmacists were trained with a two-hour pediatric immunization training module which consisted of materials to detail administration techniques. Students were assessed using a live skills assessment and a multiple-choice knowledge examination. To assess student confidence in these skills, the students were given a pre- and post-instruction survey which was analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test. FINDINGS All 170 students enrolled successfully completed the knowledge assessment with an average score of 87% (SD 10%). The skills assessment items most commonly needing remediation were verifying that caregivers received the Vaccine Information Sheet (24%) and reviewing comfort measures and after care instructions with the caregiver (24%). The pre-course survey was completed by 169 out of 170 student pharmacists (99.4%) while the post-course survey was completed by 164 student pharmacists (96.4%) with each item showing a statistically significant increase in perceived confidence in vaccine administration. SUMMARY Pediatric vaccination training was integrated into a doctor of pharmacy curriculum with the goals of increasing student knowledge and confidence in giving pediatric immunizations. Upon course completion, there was a statistically significant increase in student-perceived knowledge and confidence when administering pediatric immunizations. By expanding access to pediatric immunizers, pharmacists can aid in increasing immunization rates improving public health in their communities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C Miller
- Washington State University, 412 E Spokane Fall Blvd, Spokane, WA 99202, United States.
| | - Nicole M Rodin
- Washington State University, 412 E Spokane Fall Blvd, Spokane, WA 99202, United States.
| | - Kimberly C McKeirnan
- Washington State University, 412 E Spokane Fall Blvd, Spokane, WA 99202, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Adams AJ, Bright D, Adams J. Pharmacy technician-administered immunizations: A five-year review. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2021; 62:419-423. [PMID: 34857489 PMCID: PMC8590632 DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2021.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In October 2020, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) issued guidance authorizing trained pharmacy technicians in all states to administer immunizations. Given that this action is temporary, it will be necessary for states to adopt their own legislation or regulations to sustain these efforts beyond the coronavirus pandemic. At least 11 different immunization administration training programs have emerged for pharmacy technicians. An increasing number of publications have emerged on pharmacy technician immunization administration, demonstrating the ability to train technicians and have them safely administer immunizations in practice. Supervising pharmacists reported initial hesitancy but strong acceptance of delegating this task after experience in practice. States should look to expand and make permanent the authority of pharmacy technicians to ensure these benefits can continue to be realized after the HHS guidance expires.
Collapse
|
14
|
DeMarco M, Carter C, Houle SKD, Waite NM. The role of pharmacy technicians in vaccination services: a scoping review. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2021; 62:15-26.e11. [PMID: 34663566 DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2021.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A busy pharmacy workload may limit a pharmacist's ability to meet the needs of vaccine-willing patients and also contribute to missed opportunities to engage with vaccine hesitant individuals. Opportunities for pharmacy technicians to support vaccination services may play a role in addressing increasing patient vaccination needs. PURPOSE This research aims to review the role of pharmacy technicians in vaccination services that is supported by pharmacy practice research to date. METHODS In compliance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses protocols, systematic searches were performed in PubMed, Embase, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, Scopus, and CINAHL. Articles published through June 2020, in French, English, and Spanish, were screened for eligibility. Two independent reviewers screened titles and abstracts for inclusion. Data extraction of included study methodologies and results was performed by one reviewer and verified by a second reviewer. RESULTS A total of 656 records were identified through the search of published literature. Full-text screening of 145 records identified 14 articles for inclusion. Most articles evaluated emerging pharmacy technician roles in patient screening (n = 8, 53%) and vaccine administration (n = 5, 36%). Implementation of both emerging roles demonstrated positive patient outcomes (n = 10, 72%). Screening activities were complicated by the complexity of the role, as well as its potential to increase overall time spent on vaccination services. Pharmacists and technicians advocated for accredited vaccine administration training owing to consistent benefits in pharmacy workflow efficiency, pharmacist clinical time, and pharmacy technician job satisfaction. CONCLUSION This review supports the effective deployment of pharmacy technicians in delivering vaccination services. Despite pharmacy technician vaccine administration roles being highly regulated, professional advocacy by pharmacists and technicians can use the advantageous training, workflow, and patient outcomes benefits presented in this review. Early adopters of professional practice advancements for pharmacy technician vaccine administration may expand vaccination service capacity efficiently and safely, thereby reaching more patients.
Collapse
|
15
|
Stanley ER, Hafford A, Naseman R, Li J, Worley M, Mehta BH. Assessment of pharmacy technician learning preferences and implications for training. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2021; 78:S16-S25. [PMID: 33064128 PMCID: PMC7797731 DOI: 10.1093/ajhp/zxaa362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To assess pharmacy technician learning preferences using the VARK tool and through self-identification. Methods The VARK (visual, aural, read/write, kinesthetic) questionnaire was incorporated into a larger survey, which was distributed during live staff meetings and a continuing education session held by the Ohio Pharmacists Association attended by 204 pharmacy technicians across various practice settings. Results A 90% response rate was achieved. Most respondents (78.8%) self-identified a single predominant learning preference, with 60.3% indicating a preference for kinesthetic learning methods. In contrast, after assessment with the VARK questionnaire 37.9% of survey participants were categorized as having a quadmodal learning style incorporating all VARK modalities. With regard to the Pharmacy Technician Certification Exam, a large majority of participants (96.2% of those providing a response) indicated that they had taken the exam in the past, with 17 participants (9.3% of those providing a response) indicating more than 1 attempt to pass the exam. Furthermore, experiential (on-the-job) training was identified by a large majority of survey respondents (79.3%) as the preferred way to learn new information. Conclusion Learning preferences of pharmacy technicians vary amongst individuals, with many found to have multiple learning preferences through VARK questionnaire assessment. Incorporating experiential training and establishing learning preferences of pharmacy technicians may aid in development of accredited training programs that cater to the needs of pharmacy technicians.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erin R Stanley
- Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH
| | - Amanda Hafford
- Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH
| | | | - Junan Li
- Ohio State University College of Pharmacy, Columbus, OH
| | - Marcia Worley
- Ohio State University College of Pharmacy, Columbus, OH
| | - Bella H Mehta
- Division of Pharmacy Practice and Science, Ohio State University College of Pharmacy, Columbus, OH
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Tsai WC, Chen X, Yang C. Consumer Food Waste Behavior among Emerging Adults: Evidence from China. Foods 2020; 9:foods9070961. [PMID: 32708156 PMCID: PMC7404786 DOI: 10.3390/foods9070961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
With the aggravation of global climate change, the issue of environmental protection has become the focus of global attention, and countries all over the world have devoted themselves to the sustainable development of resources to reduce the negative impact of the environment on human society. Reducing the resource waste is an important aspect of the sustainable development, among which food waste is a critical part. According to a report of the United Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), 35% of food is wasted during consumption. Although households are the main contributors to food waste during consumption, the situation in university canteens cannot be ignored. As universities have a high degree of social influence, some policies and activities are piloted in universities, and then, promoted to society after achieving significant results. In future social development, the food waste behavior of consumers at the early stage of adulthood will have a significant impact on society. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the factors that lead to food waste by early adulthood consumers. This study focuses on food waste by end consumers and explores factors in the food waste behavior of the emerging adulthood consumer, which can be used as a reference for improving food waste in schools, governments, and other related industries in the future. The results show that the model of factors influencing the food waste behavior of emerging adulthood consumers established in this study is acceptable. According to the analysis results of the structural equation modeling (SEM), it can be seen that the influences of environmental concerns on the attitude toward behavior, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control are ranked first, second, and third, respectively. While emerging adulthood consumers have a high degree of independence and self-awareness, schools, governments, media networks, and other related industries also need to establish a more complete system and form of cherishing food, in order to encourage emerging adulthood consumers to change their behavior and attitude spontaneously.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wang-Chin Tsai
- Department of Creative Design, National Yunlin University of Science &Technology, Yunlin 640, Taiwan;
| | - Xuqi Chen
- Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA;
| | - Chun Yang
- Graduate School of Design, National Yunlin University of Science &Technology, Yunlin 640, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-968613316
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Gavaza P, Hackworth Z, Ho T, Kim H, Lopez Z, Mamhit J, Vasquez M, Vo J, Kwahara N, Zough F. California Pharmacists' and Pharmacy Technicians' Opinions on Administration of Immunizations in Community Pharmacies by Pharmacy Technicians. JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PHARMACY PRACTICE 2020. [DOI: 10.37901/jcphp19-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacy technicians are prohibited from administering immunizations in California. This study sought to determine the opinions of California pharmacists and pharmacy technicians on the administration of immunizations in community pharmacies by pharmacy technicians.
Both pharmacists and pharmacy technicians supported the authorization of pharmacy technicians to administer immunizations. Both believed that pharmacy technicians' assistance in administering immunizations would be beneficial.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Trina Ho
- Loma Linda University School of Pharmacy
| | - Haneul Kim
- Loma Linda University School of Pharmacy
| | | | | | | | - Jenee Vo
- Loma Linda University School of Pharmacy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hughes TD, Minshew LM, Cutrell S, Ferreri SP. T.E.A.M.S.Work: Leveraging Technicians to Enhance ABM Med Sync in Community Pharmacies. PHARMACY 2020; 8:E51. [PMID: 32230719 PMCID: PMC7356274 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy8020051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The expansion of pharmacy technicians' roles in community pharmacies allows pharmacists the opportunity to focus on providing clinical services to patients. This study explores the tasks pharmacy technicians' perform to support Med Sync programs in community pharmacies. Pharmacy staff members at North Carolina pharmacies with more than fifty percent of their prescription volume being dispensed as part of a Med Sync program were recruited to participate in semi-structured interviews. Inductive coding and summary analysis were used to analyze the interview data. Study participants described pharmacy technicians' roles in identifying patients for marketing and enrollment, reviewing patients' medications list, choosing alignment dates based on patient preference, contacting patients in preparation for dispensing and, lastly, engaging in pickup or delivery of medications. This study highlights technicians' vital role in completing tasks that support Med Sync programs in community pharmacies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Stefanie P. Ferreri
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA (L.M.M.); (S.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wage Premiums as a Means to Evaluate the Labor Market for Pharmacy Technicians in the United States: 1997-2018. PHARMACY 2020; 8:pharmacy8010042. [PMID: 32192014 PMCID: PMC7151700 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy8010042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacy technicians are integral members of the health care team, assisting pharmacists and other health professionals in assuring safe and effective medication use. To date, evaluation of the labor market for pharmacy technicians has been limited, and relatively little has been evaluated regarding trends in wages. The objective of this research is to use US Bureau of Labor Statistics (US BLS) data to evaluate changes in pharmacy technician wages in the United States from 1997 to 2018 relative to changes in the US consumer price index (CPI). Median hourly wages for pharmacy technicians were collected from US BLS data from 1997 to 2018. Median hourly wages were compared to expected hourly wages, with the difference, a wage premium, indicative of imbalances in the supply and demand of labor. Both positive and negative wage premiums were observed, with most positive wage premiums occurring prior to 2007 and most negative wage premiums observed after 2008. Differences in wage premiums were also observed between technicians working in various practice settings. Given the median length of employment of pharmacy technicians, it is likely that the majority of technicians working in US pharmacies have not experienced increases in their wages relative to what would be expected by changes in the CPI. This has occurred at a time when pharmacies and pharmacists are asking more of their pharmacy technicians. Researchers and pharmacy managers must continue to evaluate the pharmacy technician labor market to assure that technician wage and compensation levels attract an adequate supply of sufficiently skilled workers.
Collapse
|
20
|
Eid D, Osborne J, Borowicz B. Moving the Needle: A 50-State and District of Columbia Landscape Review of Laws Regarding Pharmacy Technician Vaccine Administration. PHARMACY 2019; 7:E168. [PMID: 31835561 PMCID: PMC6958442 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy7040168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacy technicians are essential for inner workings of pharmacy teams and their depth of involvement in roles continues to evolve. An innovative role for pharmacy technicians, administration of vaccines, has emerged. With Idaho, Rhode Island, and Utah recently implementing changes that allow pharmacy technicians to safely perform this role, the need arose for a detailed examination of the law climate in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. A nine-question survey was sent out to all 51 state boards of pharmacy inquiring to legislative and regulatory environment of pharmacy technician vaccine administration. Additionally, a protocol driven, peer-reviewed process of state-specific regulations and statutes revealed categorized trends pertaining to this topic. Each state was classified per protocol into four different categories. The categorization resulted in identification of nine states in which pharmacy technician administered vaccination may be considered "Not Expressly Prohibited". A majority of states were categorized as prohibited (either directly or indirectly). Board of pharmacy respondents (43%) reported varying viewpoints on technician administered vaccines. While three states (Idaho, Rhode Island, Utah) have already made changes to allow for pharmacy technician administered vaccinations, opportunities exist for other states to consider changes to statutes or rules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deeb Eid
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Ferris State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA; (J.O.); (B.B.)
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Bertsch TG, McKeirnan KC, Frazier K, VanVoorhis L, Shin S, Le K. Supervising pharmacists’ opinions about pharmacy technicians as immunizers. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2019; 59:527-532. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
22
|
Palombi L, Hawthorne AN, Lunos S, Melgaard K, Dahly A, Blue H. Community Pharmacist Utilization of Legislation That Allows Impact on the Opioid Crisis in the State of Minnesota: A Mixed-Methods Approach. J Pharm Pract 2019; 33:799-808. [PMID: 30983492 DOI: 10.1177/0897190019841747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As opioid overdose deaths climb, legislation supporting pharmacists in developing their role to address the crisis has expanded. Although Minnesota pharmacists are encouraged to utilize opiate antagonist, syringe access and authorized collector legislation, the use patterns of these tools are unknown. METHODS A mixed-methods approach was used to survey 8405 Minnesota-licensed pharmacists on their practices related to the opioid crisis. An analysis of community pharmacist utilization of opioid-related legislation was conducted. RESULTS The majority (88.64%) of respondents indicated that they had not dispensed naloxone in the past month using a protocol; 59.69% reported that they had not dispensed naloxone by any method in the past month. Over sixty percent (60.61%) of respondents agreed they are comfortable with dispensing syringes and would dispense noninsulin syringes in their pharmacy under the statewide Syringe Access Initiative; 25.86% reported that they are not comfortable dispensing syringes. The majority (78.64%) of respondents reported that they do not participate in collecting unwanted pharmaceuticals. CONCLUSION While pharmacists have the potential to play a key role in efforts focused on addressing the opioid crisis through harm reduction strategies, this role and the use of supporting legislation is currently underutilized in the state of Minnesota.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Palombi
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 14713University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Amanda N Hawthorne
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 14713University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Scott Lunos
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Biostatistical Design and Analysis Center, 14713University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Kelsey Melgaard
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 14713University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Ashley Dahly
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 14713University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Heather Blue
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 14713University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Duluth, MN, USA
| |
Collapse
|