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Maghrebi M, Marín-Sanz M, Miras Moreno MB, Quagliata G, Caldo F, Gatti N, Mannino G, Pesenti M, D'Alessandro S, Nocito FF, Lucini L, Sestili F, Astolfi S, Barro F, Vigani G. The drought-induced plasticity of mineral nutrients contributes to drought tolerance discrimination in durum wheat. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 215:109077. [PMID: 39213946 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.109077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 07/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Drought is a major challenge for the cultivation of durum wheat, a crucial crop for global food security. Plants respond to drought by adjusting their mineral nutrient profiles to cope with water scarcity, showing the importance of nutrient plasticity for plant acclimation and adaptation to diverse environments. Therefore, it is essential to understand the genetic basis of mineral nutrient profile plasticity in durum wheat under drought stress to select drought-tolerant varieties. The research study investigated the responses of different durum wheat genotypes to severe drought stress at the seedling stage. The study employed an ionomic, molecular, biochemical and physiological approach to shed light on distinct behaviors among different genotypes. The drought tolerance of SVEMS16, SVEVO, and BULEL was related to their capacity of maintaining or increasing nutrient's accumulation, while the limited nutrient acquisition capability of CRESO and S.CAP likely resulted in their susceptibility to drought. The study highlighted the importance of macronutrients such as SO42-, NO3-, PO43-, and K+ in stress resilience and identified variant-containing genes potentially influencing nutritional variations under drought. These findings provide valuable insights for further field studies to assess the drought tolerance of durum wheat genotypes across various growth stages, ultimately ensuring food security and sustainable production in the face of changing environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moez Maghrebi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Centro dell'Innovazione, Università degli studi di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Miriam Marín-Sanz
- Department of Plant Breeding, Institute for Sustainable Agriculture (IAS), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Alameda del Obispo s/n, 14004-Córdoba, Spain
| | - Maria Begona Miras Moreno
- Department of Plant Breeding, Institute for Sustainable Agriculture (IAS), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Alameda del Obispo s/n, 14004-Córdoba, Spain
| | - Giulia Quagliata
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali (DAFNE), Università della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Francesco Caldo
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Centro dell'Innovazione, Università degli studi di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Noemi Gatti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Centro dell'Innovazione, Università degli studi di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Mannino
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Centro dell'Innovazione, Università degli studi di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Michele Pesenti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali - Produzione, Territorio, Agroenergia, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Stefano D'Alessandro
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Centro dell'Innovazione, Università degli studi di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Fabio Francesco Nocito
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali - Produzione, Territorio, Agroenergia, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Luigi Lucini
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, I-29122, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Francesco Sestili
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali (DAFNE), Università della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Stefania Astolfi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali (DAFNE), Università della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Francisco Barro
- Department of Plant Breeding, Institute for Sustainable Agriculture (IAS), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Alameda del Obispo s/n, 14004-Córdoba, Spain
| | - Gianpiero Vigani
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Centro dell'Innovazione, Università degli studi di Torino, Turin, Italy.
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Matraszek-Gawron R, Hawrylak-Nowak B, Rubinowska K. The effect of sulphur supplementation on cadmium phytotoxicity in wheat and lettuce: changes in physiochemical properties of roots and accumulation of phytochelatins. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:16375-16387. [PMID: 38315336 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32259-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Intensive sulphur fertilisation has been reported to improve the nutrient balance and growth of Cd-exposed plants, but the reasons of this phenomenon and the role of sulphur compounds in the resistance to cadmium are unclear. We investigated sulphur supplementation-induced changes in the surface properties of roots and the level of thiol peptides (PCs) in Cd-stressed Triticum aestivum L. (monocots clade) and Lactuca sativa L. (dicots clade) grown in nutrient solution. The combination of three sulphur (2 mM S-basic level, 6 or 9 mM S-elevated levels) and four cadmium (0, 0.0002, 0.02 or 0.04 mM Cd) concentrations was used. The physicochemical parameters of the roots were determined based on the apparent surface area (Sr), total variable surface charge (Q), cation exchange capacity (CEC) and surface charge density (SCD). In Cd-exposed plants supplied with sulphur, a different character and trend in the physicochemical changes (adsorption and ion exchange) of roots were noted. At the increased sulphur levels, as a rule, the Sr, CEC, Q and SCD values clearly increased in the lettuce but decreased in the wheat in the entire range of the Cd concentrations, except the enhanced Sr of wheat supplied with 6 mM S together with elevated (0.0002 mM) and unchanged (0.02, 0.04 mM Cd) value of this parameter at 9 mM S. This indicates a clade-specific and/or species-specific plant reaction. The 6 mM S appears to be more effective than 9 mM S in alleviation of the cadmium's toxic effects on roots. It was found that at 0.02 and 0.04 mM Cd, the use of 6 mM S limits the Cd accumulation in the roots of both species in comparison with the basic S fertilisation. Moreover, PC accumulation was much more efficient in wheat than in lettuce, and intensive sulphur nutrition generally induced biosynthesis of these chelating compounds. Physicochemical parameters together with quantitative and qualitative assessment of thiol peptides can be important indicators of the efficiency of root system functioning under cadmium stress. The differences between the species and the multidirectional character of the changes are a result of the involvement of a number of multi-level mechanisms engaged in the defence against metal toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranata Matraszek-Gawron
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 15, 20-950, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Barbara Hawrylak-Nowak
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 15, 20-950, Lublin, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Rubinowska
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 15, 20-950, Lublin, Poland
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Chang JD, Huang S, Wiseno I, Sui FQ, Feng F, Zheng L, Ma JF, Zhao FJ. Dissecting the promotional effect of zinc on cadmium translocation from roots to shoots in rice. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:6790-6803. [PMID: 37610886 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
It is often expected that Zn decreases Cd accumulation in plants due to competition for the same transporters. Here, we found that increasing Zn supply markedly increased the root-to-shoot translocation of Cd in rice. RNA sequencing showed that high Zn up-regulated expression of genes involved in glutathione biosynthesis and metabolism and the Zn/Cd transporter gene OsHMA2, but down-regulated expression of genes related to Zn uptake. Knockout of the iron or Zn transporter genes OsIRT1, OsIRT2, or OsZIP9 did not affect the Zn promotional effect on Cd translocation. Knockout of the manganese/Cd transporter gene OsNRAMP5 greatly reduced Cd uptake but did not affect the Zn promotional effect. Variation in the tonoplast transporter gene OsHMA3 affected Cd translocation but did not change the Zn promotional effect. Knockout of the Zn/Cd transporter gene OsHMA2 not only decreased Cd and Zn translocation, but also abolished the Zn promotional effect. Increased expression of OsHMA2 under high Zn conditions supports the hypothesis that this transporter participates in the promotional effect of Zn on Cd translocation. The results also show that OsIRT1, OsIRT2, and OsZIP9 made only small contributions to Cd uptake under low Zn conditions but not under high Zn conditions, whereas the dominant role of OsNRAMP5 in Cd uptake diminished under low Zn conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Dong Chang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Sheng Huang
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Chuo 2-20-1, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan
| | - Indi Wiseno
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Chuo 2-20-1, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan
| | - Fu-Qing Sui
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Fan Feng
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Luqing Zheng
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jian Feng Ma
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Chuo 2-20-1, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan
| | - Fang-Jie Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Ajeesh Krishna TP, Maharajan T, Antony Ceasar S. Significance and genetic control of membrane transporters to improve phytoremediation and biofortification processes. Mol Biol Rep 2023:10.1007/s11033-023-08521-2. [PMID: 37212961 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08521-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Humans frequently consume plant-based foods in their daily life. Contamination of agricultural soils by heavy metals (HMs) is a major food and nutritional security issue. The crop plants grown in HM-contaminated agricultural soil may accumulate more HMs in their edible part, further transferring into the food chain. Consumption of HM-rich crops can cause severe health issues in humans. On the other hand, the low content of the essential HM in the edible part of the crop also causes health problems. Therefore, researchers must try to reduce the non-essential HM in the edible part of the crop plants and improve the essential HMs. Phytoremediation and biofortification are the two strategies for resolving this problem. The genetic component helps to improve the efficiency of phytoremediation and biofortification processes in plants. They help eliminate HMs from soil and improve essential HM content in crop plants. The membrane transporter genes (genetic components) are critical in these two strategies. Therefore, engineering membrane transporter genes may help reduce the non-essential HM content in the edible part of crop plants. Targeted gene editing by genome editing tools like CRISPR could help plants achieve efficient phytoremediation and biofortification. This article covers gene editing's scope, application, and implication to improve the phytoremediation and biofortification processes in non-crop and crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- T P Ajeesh Krishna
- Division of Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences, Rajagiri College of Social Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, 683104, India
| | - Theivanayagam Maharajan
- Division of Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences, Rajagiri College of Social Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, 683104, India
| | - S Antony Ceasar
- Division of Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences, Rajagiri College of Social Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, 683104, India.
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Rivetta A, Pesenti M, Sacchi GA, Nocito FF, Cocucci M. Cadmium Transport in Maize Root Segments Using a Classical Physiological Approach: Evidence of Influx Largely Exceeding Efflux in Subapical Regions. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:992. [PMID: 36903851 PMCID: PMC10005225 DOI: 10.3390/plants12050992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The bidirectional fluxes of cadmium and calcium across the plasma membrane were assessed and compared in subapical maize root segments. This homogeneous material provides a simplified system for investigating ion fluxes in whole organs. The kinetic profile of cadmium influx was characterized by a combination of a saturable rectangular hyperbola (Km = 30.15) and a straight line (k = 0.0013 L h-1 g-1 fresh weight), indicating the presence of multiple transport systems. In contrast, the influx of calcium was described by a simple Michaelis-Menten function (Km = 26.57 µM). The addition of calcium to the medium reduced cadmium influx into the root segments, suggesting a competition between the two ions for the same transport system(s). The efflux of calcium from the root segments was found to be significantly higher than that of cadmium, which was extremely low under the experimental conditions used. This was further confirmed by comparing cadmium and calcium fluxes across the plasma membrane of inside-out vesicles purified from maize root cortical cells. The inability of the root cortical cells to extrude cadmium may have driven the evolution of metal chelators for detoxifying intracellular cadmium ions.
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Thanwisai L, Janket A, Tran HTK, Siripornadulsil W, Siripornadulsil S. Low Cd-accumulating rice grain production through inoculation of germinating rice seeds with a plant growth-promoting endophytic bacterium. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 251:114535. [PMID: 36640569 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of the plant growth-promoting endophytic bacterium Cupriavidus taiwanensis KKU2500-3 on the growth of KDML105 rice plants and cadmium (Cd) accumulation in grains. The rice plants were cultivated in soils with 20 and 50 ppm Cd under greenhouse conditions for two consecutive years. At both levels, Cd reduced rice growth and development. Under Cd stress, KKU2500-3 colonized the root surface and interior of rice plants at the early growth stage, and this colonization remained until the late stage. The colonized bacteria increased the pigment contents but reduced the root-to-aboveground translocation of Cd. In soil with 20 ppm Cd, the phytochelatin content of the bacteria-inoculated rice was lower (32.3-89.3%) than that of uninoculated rice. In soil with 50 ppm Cd, the bacteria-inoculated rice exhibited higher glutathione reductase (5-63%) and proline (5-115%) levels, a higher reduced glutathione (GSH)/0.5 oxidized glutathione (GSSG) ratio (4-212%) and decreased lipid peroxidation (1-19%) compared with uninoculated rice. The root-to-grain translocation factor of inoculated rice in soil with 50 ppm Cd was significantly lower than that of inoculated rice in soil with 20 ppm Cd, and this finding was consistent with the 38.6% and 75.1% reductions in Cd accumulation observed in grains from soils with 20 and 50 ppm Cd, respectively. The Cd content of KDML105 grains grown in soil with 50 ppm Cd was 0.36 ppm, which is below the Codex standard for polished rice (0.4 ppm). The levels of available P, Zn, and SO42- also affect Cd availability in soil, and colonized KKU2500-3 showed varying responses to different Cd levels. Thus, bacterial inoculation, the Cd level and soil properties play important roles in Cd accumulation in KDML105 rice grains. The role of C. taiwanensis KKU2500-3 on the production of low-Cd-accumulating rice in paddy fields contaminated with a range of Cd levels should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalita Thanwisai
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Anon Janket
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Hong Thi Kim Tran
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Wilailak Siripornadulsil
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Research Center for Environmental and Hazardous Substance Management, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Surasak Siripornadulsil
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Research Center for Environmental and Hazardous Substance Management, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.
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Cavallaro V, Maghrebi M, Caschetto M, Sacchi GA, Nocito FF. Sulfur Stable Isotope Discrimination in Rice: A Sulfur Isotope Mass Balance Study. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:837517. [PMID: 35360342 PMCID: PMC8960986 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.837517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The use of sulfur (S) stable isotopes to study S metabolism in plants is still limited by the relatively small number of studies. It is generally accepted that less S stable isotope discrimination occurs during sulfate (SO4 2-) uptake. However, S metabolism and allocation are expected to produce separations of S stable isotopes among the different plant S pools and organs. In this study, we measured the S isotope composition of the main S pools of rice plants grown under different SO4 2- availabilities in appropriate closed and open hydroponic-plant systems. The main results indicate that fractionation against 34S occurred during SO4 2- uptake. Fractionation was dependent on the amount of residual SO4 2- in the solution, showing a biphasic behavior related to the relative expression of two SO4 2- transporter genes (OsSULTR1;1 and OsSULTR1;2) in the roots. S isotope separations among S pools and organs were also observed as the result of substantial S isotope fractionations and mixing effects occurring during SO4 2- assimilation and plant S partitioning. Since the S stable isotope separations conserve the memory of the physiological and metabolic activities that determined them, we here underline the potential of the 32S/34S analysis for the detailed characterization of the metabolic and molecular processes involved in plant S nutrition and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Cavallaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali—Produzione, Territorio, Agroenergia, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Moez Maghrebi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali—Produzione, Territorio, Agroenergia, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Mariachiara Caschetto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali—Produzione, Territorio, Agroenergia, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze dell’Ambiente e della Terra, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Gian Attilio Sacchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali—Produzione, Territorio, Agroenergia, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Francesco Nocito
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali—Produzione, Territorio, Agroenergia, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Liu CX, Yang T, Zhou H, Ahammed GJ, Qi ZY, Zhou J. The E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Gene Sl1 Is Critical for Cadmium Tolerance in Solanum lycopersicum L. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11030456. [PMID: 35326106 PMCID: PMC8944816 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11030456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Heavy metal cadmium (Cd) at high concentrations severely disturbs plant growth and development. The E3 ubiquitin ligase involved in protein degradation is critical for plant tolerance to abiotic stress, but the role of E3 ubiquitin ligases in Cd tolerance is largely unknown in tomato. Here, we characterized an E3 ubiquitin ligase gene Sl1, which was highly expressed in roots under Cd stress in our previous study. The subcellular localization of Sl1 revealed that it was located in plasma membranes. In vitro ubiquitination assays confirmed that Sl1 had E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. Knockout of the Sl1 gene by CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technology reduced while its overexpression increased Cd tolerance as reflected by the changes in the actual quantum efficiency of PSII photochemistry (ΦPSII) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) accumulation. Cd-induced increased activities of antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and glutathione reductase (GR) were compromised in sl1 mutants but were enhanced in Sl1 overexpressing lines. Furthermore, the content of Cd in both shoots and roots increased in sl1 mutants while reduced in Sl1 overexpressing plants. Gene expression assays revealed that Sl1 regulated the transcript levels of heavy metal transport-related genes to inhibit Cd accumulation. These findings demonstrate that Sl1 plays a critical role in regulating Cd tolerance by relieving oxidative stress and resisting heavy metal transportation in tomato. The study provides a new understanding of the mechanism of plant tolerance to heavy metal stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Xu Liu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China; (C.-X.L.); (T.Y.); (H.Z.)
| | - Ting Yang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China; (C.-X.L.); (T.Y.); (H.Z.)
| | - Hui Zhou
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China; (C.-X.L.); (T.Y.); (H.Z.)
| | - Golam Jalal Ahammed
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
- Correspondence: (G.J.A.); (J.Z.)
| | - Zhen-Yu Qi
- Agricultural Experiment Station, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
| | - Jie Zhou
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China; (C.-X.L.); (T.Y.); (H.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plants Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Agricultural Ministry of China, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Shandong (Linyi) Institute of Modern Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Linyi 276000, China
- Correspondence: (G.J.A.); (J.Z.)
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