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Queiroz SAS, Dos Santos ALP, Bobey AF, Cabral VA, Verli H, Dos Santos Magalhães TB, Guimarães ET, Soares MBP, Aguiar ACC, Guido RVC, Trovó M, Cilli EM, Pinto MEF, Bolzani VS. [1-7-NαC]-Crocaorb A1 and A2, orbitides from the latex of Croton campanulatus. Fitoterapia 2024; 178:106183. [PMID: 39142528 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2024.106183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Two new heptapeptides, [1-7-NαC]-crocaorbs A1 (1) and A2 (2), were isolated from the latex of Croton campanulatus. Their structures were determined using NMR spectroscopic techniques, ESI-HRMS data, Marfey's method, and further refined using molecular dynamics with simulated annealing (MD/SA). Molecular dynamics calculations of peptides 1 and 2 demonstrated greater stability in simulations using a biological solvent compared to those using DMSO. Compound 1, the most abundant peptide in latex, was assessed for NO production, antiplasmodial and cytotoxicity activities. The peptide significantly increased nitric oxide (NO) production at concentrations of 40, 20 or 10 μM (17.932 ± 1.1, 18.270 ± 0.9, 18.499 ± 0.7, respectively). Its antiplasmodial activity exhibited limited efficacy, with only 5% inhibition of Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 growth at a concentration of 50 μM. Also, it exhibited no cytotoxic effects in the J774A.1 murine macrophages cell line. This study represents the first report of a phytochemical investigation of the species C. campanulatus, which showed orbitides with distinctive sequences in contrast to other peptides described for the genus Croton and contributes to the study of structural diversity within this particular class of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzana A S Queiroz
- Nuclei of Bioassays, Biosynthesis and Ecophysiology of Natural Products, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University - UNESP, 14800-060 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Letícia P Dos Santos
- Nuclei of Bioassays, Biosynthesis and Ecophysiology of Natural Products, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University - UNESP, 14800-060 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Antonio F Bobey
- Nuclei of Bioassays, Biosynthesis and Ecophysiology of Natural Products, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University - UNESP, 14800-060 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Vinicius A Cabral
- Center of Biotechnology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, 91500-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Hugo Verli
- Center of Biotechnology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, 91500-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Tatiana B Dos Santos Magalhães
- Laboratory of Histotechnics and Cell Culture, Department of Life Sciences, Bahia State University - UNEB, 41150-000 Salvador, BA, Brazil; Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Immunopharmacology, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation -FIOCRUZ, 40296-710 Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Elisalva T Guimarães
- Laboratory of Histotechnics and Cell Culture, Department of Life Sciences, Bahia State University - UNEB, 41150-000 Salvador, BA, Brazil; Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Immunopharmacology, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation -FIOCRUZ, 40296-710 Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Milena B P Soares
- Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Immunopharmacology, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation -FIOCRUZ, 40296-710 Salvador, BA, Brazil; Senai Institute for Innovation in Advanced Health Systems, SENAI/CIMATEC, 41650-010 Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Anna Caroline C Aguiar
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo - USP, 13568-250 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael V C Guido
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo - USP, 13568-250 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Trovó
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Botany Department, 21941-853 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Eduardo M Cilli
- Nuclei of Bioassays, Biosynthesis and Ecophysiology of Natural Products, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University - UNESP, 14800-060 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Meri Emili F Pinto
- Nuclei of Bioassays, Biosynthesis and Ecophysiology of Natural Products, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University - UNESP, 14800-060 Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Vanderlan S Bolzani
- Nuclei of Bioassays, Biosynthesis and Ecophysiology of Natural Products, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University - UNESP, 14800-060 Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
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Di Petrillo A, Pintus F, Floris S, Tuberoso CIG, de Almeida ABABS, Giorno TBS, Fernandes PD, Boylan F. Effects of Euphorbia characias subsp. characias flower extracts on nociceptive pain and acute inflammatory models in mice. Fitoterapia 2024; 176:106002. [PMID: 38729245 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2024.106002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Pain and inflammation are major health issues worldwide, leading to negative consequences. Despite several drugs being available to manage these conditions, their effectiveness can be limited by cost, adverse reactions, and potential tolerance and dependence with long-term use. Euphorbia characias traditionally used in folk medicine for its diverse biological activities - including antiproliferative, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory effects - has not been extensively studied in vivo for its analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties of the water and ethanolic extracts of E. characias flowers (ECAEFl and ECEEFl) were evaluated using various models. Both extracts significantly reduced paw licking time in a formalin-induced paw licking model, with ECAEFl specifically targeting and ECEEFl affecting both the neurogenic and inflammatory phases. Additionally, in the carrageenan-induced cell migration model, both extracts showed a significant decrease in leukocyte migration, protein extravasation and nitric oxide levels, further demostrating their anti-inflammatory activity. High-Resolution HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS-MS and HPLC-PDA analysis characterized the chemical composition of the extracts, identifying a significant presence of phenolic compounds, particularly quercetin and its derivatives, which likely contribute to the observed biological activities. These findings highlight the potential of E. characias extracts as natural sources of compounds with antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties. Further investigations are needed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and explore their therapeutic potential in pain and inflammation-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalia Di Petrillo
- Department of Medical Science and Public Health, Gastroenterology Unit, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042 Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Francesca Pintus
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, SS 554-Bivio per Sestu, Monserrato, 09042, Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Sonia Floris
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, SS 554-Bivio per Sestu, Monserrato, 09042, Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Carlo Ignazio Giovanni Tuberoso
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, SS 554-Bivio per Sestu, Monserrato, 09042, Cagliari, Italy.
| | | | - Thais Biondino Sardella Giorno
- Laboratório de Farmacologia da Dor e da Inflamação, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patricia Dias Fernandes
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panoz Institute and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Fabio Boylan
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panoz Institute and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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Floris S, Di Petrillo A, Pintus F, Delogu GL. Pistacia lentiscus: Phytochemistry and Antidiabetic Properties. Nutrients 2024; 16:1638. [PMID: 38892571 PMCID: PMC11174566 DOI: 10.3390/nu16111638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Pistacia lentiscus L. (P. lentiscus) is an evergreen shrub (Anacardiaceae family) primarily found in the Mediterranean region. The plant has been thoroughly characterized, resulting in a high concentration of bioactive compounds as flavonoids and phenolics. Moreover, P. lentiscus was revealed to possess a great nutritional and industrial importance because of its variety of biological activities, including antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-atherogenic and antioxidant properties. Many of its beneficial health properties and applications date back to antiquity, and the European Medicines Agency officially acknowledged it as an herbal medicinal product. Indeed, it is widely employed in conventional medicine to treat several diseases, including type 2 diabetes (T2D). On this basis, this review aims to summarize and describe the chemical composition of different parts of the plant and highlight the potential of P. lentiscus, focusing on its antidiabetic activities. The plant kingdom is drawing increasing attention because of its complexity of natural molecules in the research of novel bioactive compounds for drug development. In this context, P. lentiscus demonstrated several in vitro and in vivo antidiabetic effects, acting upon many therapeutic T2D targets. Therefore, the information available in this review highlighted the multitarget effects of P. lentiscus and its great potential in T2D treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Floris
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (S.F.); (G.L.D.)
| | - Amalia Di Petrillo
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy;
| | - Francesca Pintus
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (S.F.); (G.L.D.)
| | - Giovanna Lucia Delogu
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (S.F.); (G.L.D.)
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Yu W, Guo J, Liu Y, Xue X, Wang X, Wei L, Ma J. Potential Impact of Combined Inhibition by Bacteriocins and Chemical Substances of Foodborne Pathogenic and Spoilage Bacteria: A Review. Foods 2023; 12:3128. [PMID: 37628127 PMCID: PMC10453098 DOI: 10.3390/foods12163128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, food safety caused by foodborne pathogens and spoilage bacteria has become a major public health problem worldwide. Bacteriocins are a kind of antibacterial peptide synthesized by microbial ribosomes, and are widely used as food preservatives. However, when used individually bacteriocins may have limitations such as high cost of isolation and purification, narrow inhibitory spectrum, easy degradation by enzymes, and vulnerability to complex food environments. Numerous studies have demonstrated that co-treatment with bacteriocins and a variety of chemical substances can have synergistic antibacterial effects on spoilage microorganisms and foodborne pathogens, effectively prolonging the shelf life of food and ensuring food safety. Therefore, this paper systematically summarizes the synergistic bacteriostatic strategies of bacteriocins in combination with chemical substances such as essential oils, plant extracts, and organic acids. The impacts of bacteriocins when used individually and in combination with other chemical substances on different food substrates are clarified, and bacteriocin-chemical substance compositions that enhance antibacterial effectiveness and reduce the potential negative effects of chemical preservatives are highlighted and discussed. Combined treatments involving bacteriocins and different kinds of chemical substances are expected to be a promising new antibacterial method and to become widely used in both the food industry and biological medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jiage Ma
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Harbin 150030, China; (W.Y.); (J.G.); (Y.L.); (X.X.); (X.W.); (L.W.)
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Yi ZY, Xiao L, Chang X, Dong XQ, Wang CJ. Iridium-Catalyzed Asymmetric Cascade Allylation/Retro-Claisen Reaction. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:20025-20034. [PMID: 36264302 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c08811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An enantiomerically enriched 3-hydroxymethyl pentenal unit is one of the key structural cores in plenty of natural products and drug candidates with significant biological activities. However, very few synthetic methodologies for the facile construction of the related skeletons have been reported to date. Herein, an elegant iridium-catalyzed asymmetric cascade allylation/retro-Claisen reaction of readily available β-diketones with VEC was successfully developed, and a wide range of functionalized chiral 3-hydroxymethyl pentenal derivatives could be prepared in good yields with excellent enantioselectivities. Various 1,3-diketones and functionalized ketones containing different electron-withdrawing groups on the β-position were well tolerated as outstanding partners with high reactivity and excellent regio-/chemo-/enantioselectivity. The synthetic utility of product chiral 3-hydroxymethyl pentenal derivatives was well shown through gram-scale transformation, hydrogenation, cyclopropanation, hydroboration, and olefin metathesis. Moreover, this elegant protocol demonstrated synthetic applications in the concise synthesis of synthetically useful chiral building block (S)-Taniguchi lactone and the formal synthesis of natural product cytisine. A rational reaction pathway was proposed based on the experimental results and control experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Yuan Yi
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Lu Xiao
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xin Chang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xiu-Qin Dong
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Chun-Jiang Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.,State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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Benjamaa R, Moujanni A, Kaushik N, Choi EH, Essamadi AK, Kaushik NK. Euphorbia species latex: A comprehensive review on phytochemistry and biological activities. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1008881. [PMID: 36275519 PMCID: PMC9583255 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1008881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The genus Euphorbia includes about 2,000 species commonly widespread in both temperate and tropical zones that contain poisonous milky juice fluid or latex. Many species have been used in traditional and complementary medicine for the treatment of various health issues such as dropsy, paralysis, deafness, wounds, warts on the skin, and amaurosis. The medicinal applications of these species have been attributed to the presence of various compounds, and most studies on Euphorbia species have focused on their latex. In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge on chemical composition and biological activities of the latex from various species of the genus Euphorbia. Our aim was to explore the applications of latex extracts in the medical field and to evaluate their ethnopharmacological potential. The databases employed for data collection, are obtained through Web of Science, PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct and Scopus, from 1983 to 2022. The bibliographic data indicate that terpenoids are the most common secondary metabolites in the latex. Furthermore, the latex has interesting biological properties and pharmacological functions, including antibacterial, antioxidant, free radical scavenger, cytotoxic, tumor, anti-inflammatory, healing, hemostatic, anti-angiogenic, insecticidal, genotoxic, and mutagenic activities. However, the role of other components in the latex, such as phenolic compounds, alkaloids, saponins, and flavonoids, remains unknown, which limits the application of the latex. Future studies are required to optimize the therapeutic use of latex extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Benjamaa
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Neurosciences, Natural Resources and Environment, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Hassan First University of Settat, Settat, Morocco
| | - Abdelkarim Moujanni
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Neurosciences, Natural Resources and Environment, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Hassan First University of Settat, Settat, Morocco
| | - Neha Kaushik
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Engineering, The University of Suwon, Hwaseong-si, South Korea
| | - Eun Ha Choi
- Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Abdel Khalid Essamadi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Neurosciences, Natural Resources and Environment, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Hassan First University of Settat, Settat, Morocco
| | - Nagendra Kumar Kaushik
- Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, South Korea
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Jeon MJ, Roy NS, Choi BS, Oh JY, Kim YI, Park HY, Um T, Kim NS, Kim S, Choi IY. Identifying Terpenoid Biosynthesis Genes in Euphorbia maculata via Full-Length cDNA Sequencing. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27144591. [PMID: 35889464 PMCID: PMC9316252 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The annual herb Euphorbia maculata L. produces anti-inflammatory and biologically active substances such as triterpenoids, tannins, and polyphenols, and it is used in traditional Chinese medicine. Of these bioactive compounds, terpenoids, also called isoprenoids, are major secondary metabolites in E. maculata. Full-length cDNA sequencing was carried out to characterize the transcripts of terpenoid biosynthesis reference genes and determine the copy numbers of their isoforms using PacBio SMRT sequencing technology. The Illumina short-read sequencing platform was also employed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the secondary metabolite pathways from leaves, roots, and stems. PacBio generated 62 million polymerase reads, resulting in 81,433 high-quality reads. From these high-quality reads, we reconstructed a genome of 20,722 genes, in which 20,246 genes (97.8%) did not have paralogs. About 33% of the identified genes had two or more isoforms. DEG analysis revealed that the expression level differed among gene paralogs in the leaf, stem, and root. Whole sets of paralogs and isoforms were identified in the mevalonic acid (MVA), methylerythritol phosphate (MEP), and terpenoid biosynthesis pathways in the E. maculata L. The nucleotide information will be useful for identifying orthologous genes in other terpenoid-producing medicinal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Jin Jeon
- Microorganism Resources Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon 22689, Korea; (M.J.J.); (J.Y.O.)
| | - Neha Samir Roy
- Agriculture and Life Sciences Research Institute, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (N.S.R.); (T.U.)
| | | | - Ji Yeon Oh
- Microorganism Resources Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon 22689, Korea; (M.J.J.); (J.Y.O.)
| | - Yong-In Kim
- On Biological Resource Research Institute, Chuncheon 24239, Korea;
| | - Hye Yoon Park
- Biological Resources Assessment Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon 22689, Korea;
| | - Taeyoung Um
- Agriculture and Life Sciences Research Institute, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (N.S.R.); (T.U.)
| | - Nam-Soo Kim
- BIT Institute, NBIT Co., Ltd., Chuncheon 24341, Korea;
- Correspondence: (N.-S.K.); (S.K.); (I.-Y.C.); Tel.: +82-10-5522-6472 (N.-S.K.); +82-32-590-7110 (S.K.); +82-33-250-7768 (I.-Y.C.)
| | - Soonok Kim
- Microorganism Resources Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon 22689, Korea; (M.J.J.); (J.Y.O.)
- Correspondence: (N.-S.K.); (S.K.); (I.-Y.C.); Tel.: +82-10-5522-6472 (N.-S.K.); +82-32-590-7110 (S.K.); +82-33-250-7768 (I.-Y.C.)
| | - Ik-Young Choi
- Agriculture and Life Sciences Research Institute, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (N.S.R.); (T.U.)
- BIT Institute, NBIT Co., Ltd., Chuncheon 24341, Korea;
- Department of Agriculture and Life Industry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
- Correspondence: (N.-S.K.); (S.K.); (I.-Y.C.); Tel.: +82-10-5522-6472 (N.-S.K.); +82-32-590-7110 (S.K.); +82-33-250-7768 (I.-Y.C.)
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Pintus F, Floris S, Fais A, Era B, Porcedda C, Tuberoso CIG, Caddeo C. Euphorbia characias Extract: Inhibition of Skin Aging-Related Enzymes and Nanoformulation. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11141849. [PMID: 35890482 PMCID: PMC9320162 DOI: 10.3390/plants11141849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Plant extracts have long served as important sources of bioactive compounds, and they are currently the focus of extensive research in the development of novel preventive and therapeutic strategies. However, their health benefits are often limited by low bioavailability. Nanoparticle delivery systems can represent a solution to such limitations. Euphorbia characias is a Mediterranean shrub known to have biological activities, such as inhibiting tyrosinase and showing a potential role as a skin-whitening agent. In this study, an ethanolic extract from E. characias leaves was tested for its inhibitory activity on skin-related enzymes, such as elastase, collagenase, and hyaluronidase, and for sun protection factors. Moreover, the extract was formulated in phospholipid vesicles to improve its local bioavailability and applicability. The vesicles were characterized by size, surface charge, storage stability, and entrapment efficiency. The nanoformulation was also evaluated for antioxidant activity and assayed for cytocompatibility and anti-tyrosinase activity in melanoma cells. Our findings demonstrated that the extract has a photo-protective effect and enzyme-inhibitory properties. E. characias nanoformulation was also cytocompatible and improved the extract’s activity in the cells, suggesting a potential skin application for antimelanogenic treatments and confirming the key role of nanotechnological approaches to maximize plant extract’s potentialities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Pintus
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, SS 554-bivio per Sestu, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (F.P.); (S.F.); (A.F.); (B.E.); (C.I.G.T.)
| | - Sonia Floris
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, SS 554-bivio per Sestu, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (F.P.); (S.F.); (A.F.); (B.E.); (C.I.G.T.)
| | - Antonella Fais
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, SS 554-bivio per Sestu, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (F.P.); (S.F.); (A.F.); (B.E.); (C.I.G.T.)
| | - Benedetta Era
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, SS 554-bivio per Sestu, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (F.P.); (S.F.); (A.F.); (B.E.); (C.I.G.T.)
| | - Clara Porcedda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, SS 554-bivio per Sestu, 09042 Monserrato, Italy;
| | - Carlo Ignazio Giovanni Tuberoso
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, SS 554-bivio per Sestu, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (F.P.); (S.F.); (A.F.); (B.E.); (C.I.G.T.)
| | - Carla Caddeo
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Via Ospedale 72, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0706758462
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