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Martín-Gómez JJ, Rodríguez-Lorenzo JL, Juan A, Tocino Á, Cervantes E. Infraspecific Variation in Silene Seed Tubercles. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1416. [PMID: 38794486 PMCID: PMC11125957 DOI: 10.3390/plants13101416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
The seeds of many species in the order Caryophyllales exhibit surface protuberances called tubercles. While tubercle shape and distribution have often been proposed as taxonomic criteria, paradoxically, their description has primarily relied on adjectives, with quantitative data on tubercle width, height, and other measurements lacking in the literature. Recently, a quantitative analysis of seed surface tubercles based on tubercle width, height, and curvature values (maximum and average curvature, and maximum to average curvature ratio) was proposed and applied to individual populations of a total of 31 species, with 12 belonging to Silene subg. Behenantha and 19 to S. subg. Silene. Tubercles were classified into two categories: echinate and rugose. Echinate tubercles exhibited higher values of height and curvature, and lower width, and were more prevalent in species of S. subg. Behenantha, while the rugose type was more abundant in S. subg. Silene. This work explored infraspecific differences in tubercle size and shape. For this, measurements of tubercle width, height and curvature were applied to 31 populations of eight species of Silene. Significant differences between populations were observed for most of the species examined. A particular tubercle type, previously described as umbonate or mammillate, was identified in S. nocturna seeds, characterized by high curvature values.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Javier Martín-Gómez
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Cordel de Merinas, 40, 37008 Salamanca, Spain;
| | - José Luis Rodríguez-Lorenzo
- Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biophysics v.v.i, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Královopolská 135, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Ana Juan
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales y Recursos Naturales, University of Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig, 03690 Alicante, Spain;
| | - Ángel Tocino
- Departamento de Matemáticas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Salamanca, Plaza de la Merced 1-4, 37008 Salamanca, Spain;
| | - Emilio Cervantes
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Cordel de Merinas, 40, 37008 Salamanca, Spain;
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Marcel H, Javier MGJ, Emilio C, Roman H, Jose Luis RL. Seed shape and size of Silene latifolia, differences between sexes, and influence of the parental genome in hybrids with Silene dioica. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1297676. [PMID: 38529065 PMCID: PMC10961389 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1297676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Plants undergo various natural changes that dramatically modify their genomes. One is polyploidization and the second is hybridization. Both are regarded as key factors in plant evolution and result in phenotypic differences in different plant organs. In Silene, we can find both examples in nature, and this genus has a seed shape diversity that has long been recognized as a valuable source of information for infrageneric classification. Methods Morphometric analysis is a statistical study of shape and size and their covariations with other variables. Traditionally, seed shape description was limited to an approximate comparison with geometric figures (rounded, globular, reniform, or heart-shaped). Seed shape quantification has been based on direct measurements, such as area, perimeter, length, and width, narrowing statistical analysis. We used seed images and processed them to obtain silhouettes. We performed geometric morphometric analyses, such as similarity to geometric models and elliptic Fourier analysis, to study the hybrid offspring of S. latifolia and S. dioica. Results We generated synthetic tetraploids of Silene latifolia and performed controlled crosses between diploid S. latifolia and Silene dioica to analyze seed morphology. After imaging capture and post-processing, statistical analysis revealed differences in seed size, but not in shape, between S. latifolia diploids and tetraploids, as well as some differences in shape among the parentals and hybrids. A detailed inspection using fluorescence microscopy allowed for the identification of shape differences in the cells of the seed coat. In the case of hybrids, differences were found in circularity and solidity. Overal seed shape is maternally regulated for both species, whereas cell shape cannot be associated with any of the sexes. Discussion Our results provide additional tools useful for the combination of morphology with genetics, ecology or taxonomy. Seed shape is a robust indicator that can be used as a complementary tool for the genetic and phylogenetic analyses of Silene hybrid populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubinský Marcel
- Department of Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research (NCBR), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | | | - Cervantes Emilio
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Salamanca (IRNASA)-CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Hobza Roman
- Department of Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
| | - Rodríguez Lorenzo Jose Luis
- Department of Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
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Cervantes E, Rodríguez-Lorenzo JL, Martín-Gómez JJ, Tocino Á. Curvature Analysis of Seed Silhouettes in Silene L. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2439. [PMID: 37447000 DOI: 10.3390/plants12132439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
The application of seed morphology to descriptive systematics requires methods for shape analysis and quantification. The complexity of lateral and dorsal views of seeds of Silene species is investigated here by the application of the Elliptic Fourier Transform (EFT) to representative seeds of four morphological types: smooth, rugose, echinate and papillose. The silhouettes of seed images in the lateral and dorsal views are converted to trigonometric functions, whose graphical representations reproduce them with different levels of accuracy depending on the number of harmonics. A general definition of seed shape in Silene species is obtained by equations based on 40 points and 20 harmonics, while the detailed representation of individual tubercles in each seed image requires between 100 and 200 points and 60-80 harmonics depending on their number and complexity. Smooth-type seeds are accurately represented with a low number of harmonics, while rugose, echinate and papillose seeds require a higher number. Fourier equations provide information about tubercle number and distribution and allow the analysis of curvature. Further estimation of curvature values in individual tubercles reveals differences between seeds, with higher values of curvature in S. latifolia, representative of echinate seeds, and lower in S. chlorifolia with rugose seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Cervantes
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Cordel de Merinas 40, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - José Luis Rodríguez-Lorenzo
- Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biophysics v.v.i, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Královopolská 135, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - José Javier Martín-Gómez
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Cordel de Merinas 40, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Ángel Tocino
- Departamento de Matemáticas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Salamanca, Plaza de la Merced 1-4, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
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Comparison of Seed Images with Geometric Models, an Approach to the Morphology of Silene (Caryophyllaceae). TAXONOMY 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/taxonomy3010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Seed morphological description is traditionally based on adjectives, which originated from the comparison with other shapes, including geometric figures. Nevertheless, descriptions based on this feature are not quantitative and measurements giving the percentage of similarity of seeds with reference figures are not available in the literature. Lateral views of Silene seeds resemble the cardioid and cardioid-derived figures. Dorsal views, nonetheless, resemble ellipses and derivatives, allowing seed shape quantification by comparison with defined geometric figures. In this work, we apply already-described models as well as new models to the morphological analysis of 51 Silene species. Our data revealed the existence of a link between lateral and dorsal models. Lateral models closed in the hilum region (models LM2 and LM4) were associated with those convex models of the dorsal seed views (DM1-DM4, DM10). Lateral models more open around the hilum region adjusted to seeds characterized as dorso canaliculata type better, i.e., to those geometric models with partial concavities in their dorsal views. The relationship between lateral and dorsal models, as well as between the models to their utility in taxonomy, is discussed.
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Martín-Gómez JJ, Rodríguez-Lorenzo JL, Tocino Á, Janoušek B, Juan A, Cervantes E. The Outline of Seed Silhouettes: A Morphological Approach to Silene (Caryophyllaceae). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3383. [PMID: 36501421 PMCID: PMC9737566 DOI: 10.3390/plants11233383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Seed morphology is an important source of information for plant taxonomy. Nevertheless, the characters under study are diverse, and a simple, unified method is lacking in the literature. A new method for the classification of seeds of the genus Silene based on optical images and image analysis has recently been described on the basis of morphological measurements of the lateral seed views. According to the outline of their silhouettes, seeds from 52 species (49 of Silene and three related species) were classified in three groups: smooth, rugose and echinate, revealing remarkable differences between these groups. This methodology has been applied here to 51 new species, making a total of 100 species of Silene analyzed so far. According to our data, a new group was described, termed papillose. The results showed morphological differences between the four mentioned seed groups, with reduced values of circularity for dorsal and lateral seed views in the papillose and echinate groups and reduced values of solidity in the papillose seeds. The method was applied to the analysis of individual as well as to average seed silhouettes and some of the differences between groups were maintained in both cases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José Luis Rodríguez-Lorenzo
- Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biophysics v.v.i, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Královopolská 135, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ángel Tocino
- Departamento de Matemáticas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Salamanca, Plaza de la Merced 1-4, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Bohuslav Janoušek
- Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biophysics v.v.i, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Královopolská 135, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ana Juan
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales y Recursos Naturales, University of Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig, 03690 Alicante, Spain
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Martín-Gómez JJ, Porceddu M, Bacchetta G, Cervantes E. Seed Morphology in Species from the Silene mollissima Aggregate (Caryophyllaceae) by Comparison with Geometric Models. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11070901. [PMID: 35406881 PMCID: PMC9002821 DOI: 10.3390/plants11070901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The description of seed shape by comparison with geometric models allows shape quantification, providing the means for an accurate comparison between different species or populations. Geometric models described for the lateral and dorsal views of the seeds of Silene species are applied to the quantification of the shape in the seeds belonging to twenty populations of the eleven taxa of S. mollissima aggregate. Cardioid models LM1, LM5 and LM6 adjust differentially to the lateral views of the seeds, while models DM1, DM5 and DM6 are applied to the dorsal views of the seeds. Quantification of the lateral view of seeds with LM5 results in two groups of species of different geographic origin. The seeds more resembling DM5 include S. andryalifolia, S. badaroi, S. gazulensis, S. hifacensis and S. tomentosa, i.e., the taxa with a continental distribution from southern Spain to northern Italy; in contrast, the group of seeds with lower similarity to DM5 includes those from species in northern Africa and the Mediterranean Tyrrhenian islands: S. auricolifolia, S. hicesiae, S. ichnusae, S. mollissima, S. oenotriae and S. velutina. The description of the seed shape based on geometric models contributes to investigating the relationships between related species and constitutes a promising technique for taxonomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Javier Martín-Gómez
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IRNASA-CSIC), Cordel de Merinas 40, E-37008 Salamanca, Spain; (J.J.M.-G.); (E.C.)
| | - Marco Porceddu
- Sardinian Germplasm Bank (BG-SAR), Hortus Botanicus Karalitanus (HBK), University of Cagliari (UNICA), Viale Sant’Ignazio da Laconi 9-11, 09123 Cagliari, Italy;
- Centre for the Conservation of Biodiversity (CCB), Life and Environmental Sciences Department, University of Cagliari (UNICA), Viale Sant’Ignazio da Laconi 11-13, 09123 Cagliari, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Gianluigi Bacchetta
- Sardinian Germplasm Bank (BG-SAR), Hortus Botanicus Karalitanus (HBK), University of Cagliari (UNICA), Viale Sant’Ignazio da Laconi 9-11, 09123 Cagliari, Italy;
- Centre for the Conservation of Biodiversity (CCB), Life and Environmental Sciences Department, University of Cagliari (UNICA), Viale Sant’Ignazio da Laconi 11-13, 09123 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Emilio Cervantes
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IRNASA-CSIC), Cordel de Merinas 40, E-37008 Salamanca, Spain; (J.J.M.-G.); (E.C.)
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