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Kumari A, Gupta AK, Sharma S, Jadon VS, Sharma V, Chun SC, Sivanesan I. Nanoparticles as a Tool for Alleviating Plant Stress: Mechanisms, Implications, and Challenges. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1528. [PMID: 38891334 PMCID: PMC11174413 DOI: 10.3390/plants13111528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Plants, being sessile, are continuously exposed to varietal environmental stressors, which consequently induce various bio-physiological changes in plants that hinder their growth and development. Oxidative stress is one of the undesirable consequences in plants triggered due to imbalance in their antioxidant defense system. Biochemical studies suggest that nanoparticles are known to affect the antioxidant system, photosynthesis, and DNA expression in plants. In addition, they are known to boost the capacity of antioxidant systems, thereby contributing to the tolerance of plants to oxidative stress. This review study attempts to present the overview of the role of nanoparticles in plant growth and development, especially emphasizing their role as antioxidants. Furthermore, the review delves into the intricate connections between nanoparticles and plant signaling pathways, highlighting their influence on gene expression and stress-responsive mechanisms. Finally, the implications of nanoparticle-assisted antioxidant strategies in sustainable agriculture, considering their potential to enhance crop yield, stress tolerance, and overall plant resilience, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Kumari
- Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Domain, School of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara-Jalandhar 144411, Punjab, India; (A.K.); (S.S.); (V.S.)
| | - Ashish Kumar Gupta
- ICAR—National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Pusa Campus, New Delhi 110012, India;
| | - Shivika Sharma
- Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Domain, School of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara-Jalandhar 144411, Punjab, India; (A.K.); (S.S.); (V.S.)
| | - Vikash S. Jadon
- School of Biosciences, Swami Rama Himalayan University, JollyGrant, Dehradun 248016, Uttarakhand, India;
| | - Vikas Sharma
- Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Domain, School of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara-Jalandhar 144411, Punjab, India; (A.K.); (S.S.); (V.S.)
| | - Se Chul Chun
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Institute of Natural Science and Agriculture, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea;
| | - Iyyakkannu Sivanesan
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Institute of Natural Science and Agriculture, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea;
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Saberi Riseh R, Vatankhah M, Hassanisaadi M, Varma RS. A review of chitosan nanoparticles: Nature's gift for transforming agriculture through smart and effective delivery mechanisms. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 260:129522. [PMID: 38246470 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) have emerged as a promising tool in agricultural advancements due to their unique properties including, biocompatability, biodegradability, non-toxicity and remarkable versatility. These inherent properties along with their antimicrobial, antioxidant and eliciting activities enable CNPs to play an important role in increasing agricultural productivity, enhancing nutrient absorption and improving pest management strategies. Furthermore, the nano-formulation of chitosan have the ability to encapsulate various agricultural amendments, enabling the controlled release of pesticides, fertilizers, plant growth promoters and biocontrol agents, thus offering precise and targeted delivery mechanisms for enhanced efficiency. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the latest research and developments in the use of CNPs for enhancing agricultural practices through smart and effective delivery mechanisms. It discusses the synthesis methods, physicochemical properties, and their role in enhancing seed germination and plant growth, crop protection against biotic and abiotic stresses, improving soil quality and reducing the environmental pollution and delivery of agricultural amendments. Furthermore, the potential environmental benefits and future directions for integrating CNPs into sustainable agricultural systems are explored. This review aims to shed light on the transformative potential of chitosan nanoparticles as nature's gift for revolutionizing agriculture and fostering eco-friendly farming practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roohallah Saberi Riseh
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan 7718897111, Iran; Pistachio Safety Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan 771751735, Iran.
| | - Masoumeh Vatankhah
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan 7718897111, Iran
| | - Mohadeseh Hassanisaadi
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan 7718897111, Iran
| | - Rajender S Varma
- Centre of Excellence for Research in Sustainable Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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Methela NJ, Pande A, Islam MS, Rahim W, Hussain A, Lee DS, Mun BG, Maria Joseph Raj NP, Kim SJ, Kim Y, Yun BW. Chitosan-GSNO nanoparticles: a positive modulator of drought stress tolerance in soybean. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:639. [PMID: 38082263 PMCID: PMC10712192 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04640-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chitosan biopolymer is an emerging non-toxic and biodegradable plant elicitor or bio-stimulant. Chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) have been used for the enhancement of plant growth and development. On the other hand, NO is an important signaling molecule that regulates several aspects of plant physiology under normal and stress conditions. Here we report the synthesis, characterization, and use of chitosan-GSNO nanoparticles for improving drought stress tolerance in soybean. RESULTS The CSGSNONPs released NO gas for a significantly longer period and at a much lower rate as compared to free GSNO indicating that incorporation of GSNO in CSNPs can protect the NO-donor from rapid decomposition and ensure optimal NO release. CS-GSNONPs improved drought tolerance in soybean plants reflected by a significant increase in plant height, biomass, root length, root volume, root surface area, number of root tips, forks, and nodules. Further analyses indicated significantly lower electrolyte leakage, higher proline content, higher catalase, and ascorbate peroxidase activity, and reduction in MDA and H2O2 contents after treatment with 50 μM CS-GSNONPs under drought stress conditions. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis indicated that CS-GSNONPs protected against drought-induced stress by regulating the expression of drought stress-related marker genes such as GmDREB1a, GmP5CS, GmDEFENSIN, and NO-related genes GmGSNOR1 and GmNOX1. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the potential of nano-technology-based delivery systems for nitric oxide donors to improve plant growth, and development and protect against stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nusrat Jahan Methela
- Department of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea
- Department of Agriculture, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, 3814, Bangladesh
| | - Anjali Pande
- Department of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea
| | - Mohammad Shafiqul Islam
- Department of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea
- Department of Agriculture, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, 3814, Bangladesh
| | - Waqas Rahim
- Department of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea
| | - Adil Hussain
- Department of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea.
- Department of Agriculture, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Mardan, 23200, Pakistan.
| | - Da-Sol Lee
- Department of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea
| | - Bong-Gyu Mun
- Department of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea
| | - Nirmal Prashanth Maria Joseph Raj
- Nanomaterials and Systems Lab, Mechatronics Engineering, Faculty of Applied Energy System, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, South Korea
- Energy Harvesting Research Group, School of Physics & Astronomy, SUPA, University of St Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 9SS, UK
| | - Sang-Jae Kim
- Nanomaterials and Systems Lab, Mechatronics Engineering, Faculty of Applied Energy System, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, South Korea
| | - Yoonha Kim
- Department of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea
| | - Byung-Wook Yun
- Department of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea.
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Sougrakpam Y, Babuta P, Deswal R. Nitric oxide (NO) modulates low temperature-stress signaling via S-nitrosation, a NO PTM, inducing ethylene biosynthesis inhibition leading to enhanced post-harvest shelf-life of agricultural produce. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 29:2051-2065. [PMID: 38222283 PMCID: PMC10784255 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-023-01371-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Low temperature (cold) stress is one of the major abiotic stress conditions affecting crop productivity worldwide. Nitric oxide (NO) is a dynamic signaling molecule that interacts with various stress regulators and provides abiotic stress tolerance. Stress enhanced NO contributes to S-nitrosothiol accumulation which causes oxidation of the -SH group in proteins leading to S-nitrosation, a post-translational modification. Cold stress induced in vivo S-nitrosation of > 240 proteins majorly belonging to stress/signaling/redox (myrosinase, SOD, GST, CS, DHAR), photosynthesis (RuBisCO, PRK), metabolism (FBA, GAPDH, TPI, SBPase), and cell wall modification (Beta-xylosidases, alpha-l-arabinogalactan) in different crop plants indicated role of NO in these important cellular and metabolic pathways. NO mediated regulation of a transcription factor CBF (C-repeat Binding Factor, a transcription factor) at transcriptional and post-translational level was shown in Solanum lycopersicum seedlings. NO donor priming enhances seed germination, breaks dormancy and provides tolerance to stress in crops. Its role in averting stress, promoting seed germination, and delaying senescence paved the way for use of NO and NO releasing compounds to prevent crop loss and increase the shelf-life of fruits and vegetables. An alternative to energy consuming and expensive cold storage led to development of a storage device called "shelf-life enhancer" that delays senescence and increases shelf-life at ambient temperature (25-27 °C) using NO donor. The present review summarizes NO research in plants and exploration of NO for its translational potential to improve agricultural yield and post-harvest crop loss. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-023-01371-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaiphabi Sougrakpam
- Molecular Physiology and Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Delhi, New Delhi, Delhi 110007 India
| | - Priyanka Babuta
- Molecular Physiology and Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Delhi, New Delhi, Delhi 110007 India
| | - Renu Deswal
- Molecular Physiology and Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Delhi, New Delhi, Delhi 110007 India
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Campos EVR, Pereira ADES, Aleksieienko I, do Carmo GC, Gohari G, Santaella C, Fraceto LF, Oliveira HC. Encapsulated plant growth regulators and associative microorganisms: Nature-based solutions to mitigate the effects of climate change on plants. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 331:111688. [PMID: 36963636 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decades, the atmospheric CO2 concentration and global average temperature have been increasing, and this trend is projected to soon become more severe. This scenario of climate change intensifies abiotic stress factors (such as drought, flooding, salinity, and ultraviolet radiation) that threaten forest and associated ecosystems as well as crop production. These factors can negatively affect plant growth and development with a consequent reduction in plant biomass accumulation and yield, in addition to increasing plant susceptibility to biotic stresses. Recently, biostimulants have become a hotspot as an effective and sustainable alternative to alleviate the negative effects of stresses on plants. However, the majority of biostimulants have poor stability under environmental conditions, which leads to premature degradation, shortening their biological activity. To solve these bottlenecks, micro- and nano-based formulations containing biostimulant molecules and/or microorganisms are gaining attention, as they demonstrate several advantages over their conventional formulations. In this review, we focus on the encapsulation of plant growth regulators and plant associative microorganisms as a strategy to boost their application for plant protection against abiotic stresses. We also address the potential limitations and challenges faced for the implementation of this technology, as well as possibilities regarding future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefânia V R Campos
- Institute of Science and Technology of Sorocaba, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Av. Três de Março 511, 18087-180 Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil; B.Nano Soluções Tecnológicas Ltda, Rua Dr. Júlio Prestes, 355,18230-000 São Miguel Arcanjo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Anderson do E S Pereira
- Institute of Science and Technology of Sorocaba, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Av. Três de Março 511, 18087-180 Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil; B.Nano Soluções Tecnológicas Ltda, Rua Dr. Júlio Prestes, 355,18230-000 São Miguel Arcanjo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ivan Aleksieienko
- Aix Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, LEMiRE, Microbial Ecology of the Rhizosphere, ECCOREV FR 3098, F-13108 Saint Paul Lez Durance, France
| | - Giovanna C do Carmo
- Department of Animal and Plant Biology, State University of Londrina (UEL), PR 445, Km 380, 86057-970 Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Gholamreza Gohari
- Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Catherine Santaella
- Aix Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, LEMiRE, Microbial Ecology of the Rhizosphere, ECCOREV FR 3098, F-13108 Saint Paul Lez Durance, France
| | - Leonardo F Fraceto
- Institute of Science and Technology of Sorocaba, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Av. Três de Março 511, 18087-180 Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Halley C Oliveira
- Department of Animal and Plant Biology, State University of Londrina (UEL), PR 445, Km 380, 86057-970 Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
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Rashid MI, Shah GA, Iqbal Z, Ramzan M, Rehan M, Ali N, Shahzad K, Summan A, Ismail IMI, Ondrasek G. Nanobiochar Associated Ammonia Emission Mitigation and Toxicity to Soil Microbial Biomass and Corn Nutrient Uptake from Farmyard Manure. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12091740. [PMID: 37176798 PMCID: PMC10181413 DOI: 10.3390/plants12091740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The unique properties of NB, such as its nano-size effect and greater adsorption capacity, have the potential to mitigate ammonia (NH3) emission, but may also pose threats to soil life and their associated processes, which are not well understood. We studied the influence of different NB concentrations on NH3 emission, soil microbial biomass, nutrient mineralization, and corn nutrient uptake from farmyard manure (FM). Three different NB concentrations i.e., 12.5 (NB1), 25 (NB2), and 50% (NB3), alone and in a fertilizer mixture with FM, were applied to corn. NB1 alone increased microbial biomass in soil more than control, but other high NB concentrations did not influence these parameters. In fertilizer mixtures, NB2 and NB3 decreased NH3 emission by 25% and 38%, respectively, compared with FM alone. Additionally, NB3 significantly decreased microbial biomass carbon, N, and soil potassium by 34%, 36%, and 14%, respectively, compared with FM. This toxicity to soil parameters resulted in a 21% decrease in corn K uptake from FM. Hence, a high NB concentration causes toxicity to soil microbes, nutrient mineralization, and crop nutrient uptake from the FM. Therefore, this concentration-dependent toxicity of NB to soil microbes and their associated processes should be considered before endorsing NB use in agroecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Imtiaz Rashid
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghulam Abbas Shah
- Department of Agronomy, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi 46300, Pakistan
| | - Zahid Iqbal
- Department of Soil Science, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi 46300, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ramzan
- Department of Agronomy, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi 46300, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Rehan
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nadeem Ali
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khurram Shahzad
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Summan
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Environment, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Iqbal M I Ismail
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80200, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gabrijel Ondrasek
- Department of Soil Amelioration, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Nanoparticles as a Promising Strategy to Mitigate Biotic Stress in Agriculture. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12020338. [PMID: 36830248 PMCID: PMC9951924 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12020338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles are recognized due to their particular physical and chemical properties, which are conferred due to their size, in the range of nanometers. Nanoparticles are recognized for their application in medicine, electronics, and the textile industry, among others, but also in agriculture. The application of nanoparticles as nanofertilizers and biostimulants can help improve growth and crop productivity, and it has therefore been mentioned as an essential tool to control the adverse effects of abiotic stress. However, nanoparticles have also been noted for their exceptional antimicrobial properties. Therefore, this work reviews the state of the art of different nanoparticles that have shown the capacity to control biotic stress in plants. In this regard, metal and metal oxide nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, and others, such as silica nanoparticles, have been described. Moreover, uptake and translocation are covered. Finally, future remarks about the studies on nanoparticles and their beneficial role in biotic stress management are made.
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Gomes DG, Sanada K, Pieretti JC, Shigueoka LH, Sera GH, Seabra AB, Oliveira HC. Nanoencapsulation Boosts the Copper-Induced Defense Responses of a Susceptible Coffea arabica Cultivar against Hemileia vastatrix. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12020249. [PMID: 36830160 PMCID: PMC9952095 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12020249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the environmental risks of conventional Cu-based fungicides, Cu-loaded chitosan nanoparticles have been developed as nano-pesticides, aiming to protect plants against different diseases. In this sense, the objective was to verify the effects of chitosan nanoparticles containing Cu2+ ions on leaf discs of Coffea arabica cv. IPR 100 infected with Hemileia vastatrix. The treatments were water as a control (CONT), unloaded chitosan nanoparticles (NP), chitosan nanoparticles containing Cu2+ ions (NPCu), and free Cu2+ ions (Cu). Different concentrations of NP (0.25; 0.5; 1 g L-1) and Cu2+ ions (1.25; 2.5; 5 mmol L-1) were tested. The severity of the coffee rust was 42% in the CONT treatment, 22% in NP, and 2% in NPCu and Cu. The treatments protected coffee leaves; however, NPCu stood out for initial stress reduction, decreasing Cu phytotoxicity, promoting photosynthetic activity maintenance, and increasing antioxidant responses, conferring significant protection against coffee rust. At low concentrations (1.25 mmol L-1), NPCu showed higher bioactivity than Cu. These results suggest that Cu-loaded chitosan nanoparticles can induce a more significant plant defense response to the infection of Hemileia vastatrix than conventional Cu, avoiding the toxic effects of high Cu concentrations. Thus, this nanomaterial has great potential to be used as nano-pesticides for disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego G. Gomes
- Department of Agronomy, State University of Londrina UEL, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil
- Department of Animal and Plant Biology, State University of Londrina UEL, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil
- Correspondence: (D.G.G.); (H.C.O.)
| | - Karina Sanada
- Department of Animal and Plant Biology, State University of Londrina UEL, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Joana C. Pieretti
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Avenida dos Estados, Santo André 09210-580, Brazil
| | - Luciana H. Shigueoka
- Rural Development Institute of Parana—IAPAR-EMATER (IDR-Parana), Londrina 86047-902, Brazil
| | - Gustavo H. Sera
- Rural Development Institute of Parana—IAPAR-EMATER (IDR-Parana), Londrina 86047-902, Brazil
| | - Amedea B. Seabra
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Avenida dos Estados, Santo André 09210-580, Brazil
| | - Halley C. Oliveira
- Department of Animal and Plant Biology, State University of Londrina UEL, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil
- Correspondence: (D.G.G.); (H.C.O.)
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