1
|
Fordjour E, Manful CF, Khalsamehta TSK, Armah A, Cheema M, Thomas R. Cannabis-infused foods: Phytonutrients, health, and safe product innovations. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2024; 23:e70021. [PMID: 39267188 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.70021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 08/19/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/14/2024]
Abstract
Cannabis-infused foods are currently on the rise in markets all around the world. Meanwhile, there are concerns over the health implications for consumers. Studies have explored the therapeutic potential and nutritional and economic benefits of cannabis usage. Yet, the phytonutrients, processing methods, and health implications of cannabis-infused foods have not been well explored. This review evaluates existing evidence on the nutritional, processing, safety, and phytonutrient composition of cannabis-infused food products and their medicinal and functional prospects. Cannabis seeds contain the highest amount of dietary nutrients, while flowers contain the highest amount of bioactive constituents. Oils, butter, seeds, flowers, and leaf extracts are the plant forms currently incorporated into food products such as beverages, baked products, cooking ingredients, functional foods, nutraceuticals, and nootropics. Cannabis-infused foods have been found to offer therapeutic benefits for pain management, brain function, gut health, and certain cancers. Findings also show significant constraints associated with cannabis-infused foods regarding dosage guidelines, limited research, efficacy, and long-term health effects on consumers. This is further worsened by the lack of policies that regulate the industry. To realize the full potential of cannabis use in the food and health industries and in research, regulatory guidelines are needed to control dosages and improve its efficient use in these industries. This will go a long way to ensure the safety of cannabis users and enhance responsible production, marketing, and distribution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Fordjour
- Biotron Experimental Climate Change Research Centre/Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Charles F Manful
- School of Science and the Environment, Grenfell Campus, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Corner Brook, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Tarsaim S K Khalsamehta
- Biotron Experimental Climate Change Research Centre/Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Abraham Armah
- School of Science and the Environment, Grenfell Campus, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Corner Brook, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Mumtaz Cheema
- School of Science and the Environment, Grenfell Campus, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Corner Brook, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Raymond Thomas
- Biotron Experimental Climate Change Research Centre/Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Oriola AO, Kar P, Oyedeji AO. Cannabis sativa as an Herbal Ingredient: Problems and Prospects. Molecules 2024; 29:3605. [PMID: 39125010 PMCID: PMC11314114 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29153605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Cannabis sativa, otherwise known as hemp, is discussed to highlight the various problems and prospects associated with its use as an herbal ingredient. The chemical composition of hemp, with classification based on cannabinoid contents, its biological activities, current global scenarios and legality issues, economic importance, and future prospects, are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayodeji O. Oriola
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Walter Sisulu University, Nelson Mandela Drive, P/Bag X1, Mthatha 5117, South Africa;
| | - Pallab Kar
- African Medicinal Flora and Fauna Research Niche, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha 5117, South Africa
| | - Adebola O. Oyedeji
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Walter Sisulu University, Nelson Mandela Drive, P/Bag X1, Mthatha 5117, South Africa;
- African Medicinal Flora and Fauna Research Niche, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha 5117, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang F, Zang Z, Zhao Q, Xiaoyang C, Lei X, Wang Y, Ma Y, Cao R, Song X, Tang L, Deyholos MK, Zhang J. Advancement of Research Progress on Synthesis Mechanism of Cannabidiol (CBD). ACS Synth Biol 2024; 13:2008-2018. [PMID: 38900848 PMCID: PMC11264327 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.4c00239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Cannabis sativa L. is a multipurpose crop with high value for food, textiles, and other industries. Its secondary metabolites, including cannabidiol (CBD), have potential for broad application in medicine. With the CBD market expanding, traditional production may not be sufficient. Here we review the potential for the production of CBD using biotechnology. We describe the chemical and biological synthesis of cannabinoids, the associated enzymes, and the application of metabolic engineering, synthetic biology, and heterologous expression to increasing production of CBD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fu Wang
- Faculty
of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Zhenyuan Zang
- Faculty
of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Qian Zhao
- Faculty
of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Chunxiao Xiaoyang
- Faculty
of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Xiujuan Lei
- College
of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural
University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Yingping Wang
- College
of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural
University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Yiqiao Ma
- Faculty
of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Rongan Cao
- College
of Food Science, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural
University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Xixia Song
- Institute
of Industrial Crops of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haerbin 150000, China
| | - Lili Tang
- Institute
of Industrial Crops of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haerbin 150000, China
| | - Michael K. Deyholos
- Department
of Biology, University of British Columbia,
Okanagan, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Jian Zhang
- Faculty
of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- Department
of Biology, University of British Columbia,
Okanagan, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nahar L, Chaiwut P, Sangthong S, Theansungnoen T, Sarker SD. Progress in the analysis of phytocannabinoids by HPLC and UPLC (or UHPLC) during 2020-2023. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2024; 35:927-989. [PMID: 38837522 DOI: 10.1002/pca.3374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Organic molecules that bind to cannabinoid receptors are known as cannabinoids. These molecules possess pharmacological properties similar to those produced by Cannabis sativa L. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC, also known as ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography, UHPLC) have become the most widely used analytical tools for detection and quantification of phytocannabinoids in various matrices. HPLC and UPLC (or UHPLC) are usually coupled to an ultraviolet (UV), photodiode array (PDA), or mass spectrometric (MS) detector. OBJECTIVE To critically appraise the literature on the application of HPLC and UPLC (or UHPLC) methods for the analysis of phytocannabinoids published from January 2020 to December 2023. METHODOLOGY An extensive literature search was conducted using Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar and published materials including relevant books. In various combinations, using cannabinoid in all combinations, cannabis, hemp, hashish, C. sativa, marijuana, analysis, HPLC, UHPLC, UPLC, and quantitative, qualitative, and quality control were used as the keywords for the literature search. RESULTS Several HPLC- and UPLC (or UHPLC)-based methods for the analysis of phytocannabinoids were reported. While simple HPLC-UV or HPLC-PDA-based methods were common, the use of HPLC-MS, HPLC-MS/MS, UPLC (or UHPLC)-PDA, UPLC (or UHPLC)-MS, and UPLC (or UHPLC)-MS/MS was also reported. Applications of mathematical and computational models for optimization of protocols were noted. Pre-analyses included various environmentally friendly extraction protocols. CONCLUSION During the last 4 years, HPLC and UPLC (or UHPLC) remained the main analytical tools for phytocannabinoid analysis in different matrices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lutfun Nahar
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Phanuphong Chaiwut
- Green Cosmetic Technology Research Group, School of Cosmetic Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand
| | - Sarita Sangthong
- Green Cosmetic Technology Research Group, School of Cosmetic Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand
| | - Tinnakorn Theansungnoen
- Green Cosmetic Technology Research Group, School of Cosmetic Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand
| | - Satyajit D Sarker
- Centre for Natural Products Discovery, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Shin J, Choi S, Park AY, Ju S, Kweon B, Kim DU, Bae GS, Han D, Kwon E, Hong J, Kim S. In Vitro and In Vivo Anti-Inflammatory and Antidepressant-like Effects of Cannabis sativa L. Extracts. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1619. [PMID: 38931051 PMCID: PMC11207413 DOI: 10.3390/plants13121619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Cannabis sativa L. has been widely used by humans for centuries for various purposes, such as industrial, ceremonial, medicinal, and food. The bioactive components of Cannabis sativa L. can be classified into two main groups: cannabinoids and terpenes. These bioactive components of Cannabis sativa L. leaf and inflorescence extracts were analyzed. Mice were systemically administered 30 mg/kg of Cannabis sativa L. leaf extract 1 h before lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration, and behavioral tests were performed. We conducted an investigation into the oxygen saturation, oxygen tension, and degranulation of mast cells (MCs) in the deep cervical lymph nodes (DCLNs). To evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of Cannabis sativa L. extracts in BV2 microglial cells, we assessed nitrite production and the expression levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. The main bioactive components of the Cannabis sativa L. extracts were THCA (a cannabinoid) and β-caryophyllene (a terpene). Cannabis sativa L. leaf extract reduced the immobility time in the forced swimming test and increased sucrose preference in the LPS model, without affecting the total distance and time in the center in the open field test. Additionally, Cannabis sativa L. leaf extract improved oxygen levels and inhibited the degranulation of MCs in DCLNs. The Cannabis sativa L. extracts inhibited IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, nitrite, iNOS, and COX-2 expression in BV2 microglia cells. The efficacy of Cannabis sativa L. extracts was suggested to be due to the entourage effect of various bioactive phytochemicals. Our findings indicate that these extracts have the potential to be used as effective treatments for a variety of diseases associated with acute inflammatory responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joonyoung Shin
- Institute for Global Rare Disease Network, Professional Graduate School of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea; (J.S.); (S.C.); (A.Y.P.); (S.J.); (D.H.)
| | - Sangheon Choi
- Institute for Global Rare Disease Network, Professional Graduate School of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea; (J.S.); (S.C.); (A.Y.P.); (S.J.); (D.H.)
| | - A Yeong Park
- Institute for Global Rare Disease Network, Professional Graduate School of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea; (J.S.); (S.C.); (A.Y.P.); (S.J.); (D.H.)
| | - Suk Ju
- Institute for Global Rare Disease Network, Professional Graduate School of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea; (J.S.); (S.C.); (A.Y.P.); (S.J.); (D.H.)
| | - Bitna Kweon
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea; (B.K.); (D.-U.K.); (G.-S.B.)
| | - Dong-Uk Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea; (B.K.); (D.-U.K.); (G.-S.B.)
| | - Gi-Sang Bae
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea; (B.K.); (D.-U.K.); (G.-S.B.)
- Research Center of Traditional Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongwoon Han
- Institute for Global Rare Disease Network, Professional Graduate School of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea; (J.S.); (S.C.); (A.Y.P.); (S.J.); (D.H.)
- Department of Global Health and Development, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunjeong Kwon
- College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; (E.K.); (J.H.)
| | - Jongki Hong
- College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; (E.K.); (J.H.)
| | - Sungchul Kim
- Institute for Global Rare Disease Network, Professional Graduate School of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea; (J.S.); (S.C.); (A.Y.P.); (S.J.); (D.H.)
- Research Center of Traditional Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yang S, Sun M. Recent Advanced Methods for Extracting and Analyzing Cannabinoids from Cannabis-Infused Edibles and Detecting Hemp-Derived Contaminants in Food (2013-2023): A Comprehensive Review. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024. [PMID: 38857901 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c01286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Cannabis-infused edibles are food products infused with a cannabis extract. These edibles include baked goods, candies, and beverages, offering an alternative way to consume cannabis instead of smoking or vaporizing it. Ensuring the accurate detection of cannabis-infused edibles and identification of any contaminants is crucial for public health and safety. This is particularly important for compliance with legal regulations as these substances can have significant psychoactive effects, especially on unsuspecting consumers such as children or individuals with certain medical conditions. Using efficient extraction methods can greatly improve detection accuracy, ensuring that the concentration of cannabinoids in edibles is measured correctly and adheres to dosage guidelines and legal limits. This review comprehensively examines the preparation and extraction techniques for cannabinoid edibles. It covers methods such as solid-phase extraction, enhanced matrix removal-lipid, QuEChERS, dissolution and dispersion techniques, liquid-phase extraction, and other emerging methodologies along with analytical techniques for cannabinoid analysis. The main analytical techniques employed for the determination of cannabinoids include liquid chromatography (LC), gas chromatography (GC), direct analysis in real time (DART), and mass spectrometry (MS). The application of these extraction and analytical techniques is further demonstrated through their use in analyzing specific edible samples, including oils, candies, beverages, solid coffee and tea, snacks, pet food, and contaminated products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siyun Yang
- Department of Biology, Kean University, Union, New Jersey 07083, United States
| | - Mingjing Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Kean University, Union, New Jersey 07083, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Varga I, Kristić M, Lisjak M, Tkalec Kojić M, Iljkić D, Jović J, Kristek S, Markulj Kulundžić A, Antunović M. Antioxidative Response and Phenolic Content of Young Industrial Hemp Leaves at Different Light and Mycorrhiza. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:840. [PMID: 38592854 PMCID: PMC10976054 DOI: 10.3390/plants13060840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Due to the increasing presence of industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) and its multiple possibilities of use, the influence of different light and several biopreparations based on beneficial fungi and bacteria on hemp's morphological and physiological properties were examined. Different biopreparations and their combinations were inoculated on hemp seed and/or substrate and grown under blue and white light. A completely randomized block design was conducted in four replications within 30 days. For biopreparation treatment, vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza (VAM) in combination with Azotobacter chroococum and Trichoderma spp. were inoculated only on seed or both on seed and in the substrate. Generally, the highest morphological parameters (stem, root and plant length) were recorded on plants in white light and on treatment with applied Trichoderma spp., both on seed and substrate. Blue light negatively affected biopreparation treatments, resulting in lower values of all morphological parameters compared to control. Leaves pigments were higher under blue light, as compared to the white light. At the same time, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), flavonoids, total flavanol content and phenolic acids were not influenced by light type. Biopreparation treatments did not significantly influence the leaves' pigments content (Chl a, Chl b and Car), nor the phenolic and flavanol content.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Varga
- Department of Plant Production and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agrobiotechnical Sciences Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Vladimira Preloga 1, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (M.T.K.); (D.I.) (M.A.)
| | - Marija Kristić
- Department of Agroecology and Environment Protection, Faculty of Agrobiotechnical Sciences Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Vladimira Preloga 1, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (M.K.); (M.L.); (J.J.); (S.K.)
| | - Miroslav Lisjak
- Department of Agroecology and Environment Protection, Faculty of Agrobiotechnical Sciences Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Vladimira Preloga 1, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (M.K.); (M.L.); (J.J.); (S.K.)
| | - Monika Tkalec Kojić
- Department of Plant Production and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agrobiotechnical Sciences Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Vladimira Preloga 1, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (M.T.K.); (D.I.) (M.A.)
| | - Dario Iljkić
- Department of Plant Production and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agrobiotechnical Sciences Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Vladimira Preloga 1, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (M.T.K.); (D.I.) (M.A.)
| | - Jurica Jović
- Department of Agroecology and Environment Protection, Faculty of Agrobiotechnical Sciences Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Vladimira Preloga 1, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (M.K.); (M.L.); (J.J.); (S.K.)
| | - Suzana Kristek
- Department of Agroecology and Environment Protection, Faculty of Agrobiotechnical Sciences Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Vladimira Preloga 1, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (M.K.); (M.L.); (J.J.); (S.K.)
| | - Antonela Markulj Kulundžić
- Department of Industrial Plants Breeding and Genetics, Agricultural Institute Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia;
| | - Manda Antunović
- Department of Plant Production and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agrobiotechnical Sciences Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Vladimira Preloga 1, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (M.T.K.); (D.I.) (M.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Duvnjak T, Vrandecic K, Sudaric A, Cosic J, Siber T, Matosa Kocar M. First Report of Hemp Fusarium Wilt Caused by Fusarium oxysporum in Croatia. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3305. [PMID: 37765469 PMCID: PMC10537888 DOI: 10.3390/plants12183305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Wilted hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) plants were observed in August 2019 in commercial fields around Osijek, Croatia. Plants and roots with disease symptoms were collected. The single-spored isolates produced septate cottony white to light pink aerial mycelium and purple undersurface on potato dextrose agar (PDA). Smooth and hyaline hyphae were branched and septate. Macroconidia were fusiform to sickle-shaped with foot-shaped basal cells, elongated apical cells and three to five septa. Sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer and the partial elongation factor 1-α gene identified the species as Fusarium oxysporum. Artificial infection fulfills Koch's postulates, producing plants which show stunted growth and wilt symptoms similar to those observed in the commercial fields. Control seedlings remained symptomless and healthy. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of hemp Fusarium wilt causing F. oxysporum in Croatia. Considering that F. oxysporum has been reported in main field crops in Croatia, the presence of this pathogen could cause economically significant hemp production decreases, especially in humid and cold springs and susceptible varieties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomislav Duvnjak
- Department of Industrial Plants Breeding and Genetics, Agricultural Institute Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Karolina Vrandecic
- Department of Phytomedicine, Faculty of Agrobiotechnical Sciences Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Aleksandra Sudaric
- Department of Industrial Plants Breeding and Genetics, Agricultural Institute Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Center of Excellence for Biodiversity and Molecular Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Svetosimunska Cesta 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jasenka Cosic
- Department of Phytomedicine, Faculty of Agrobiotechnical Sciences Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Tamara Siber
- Department of Phytomedicine, Faculty of Agrobiotechnical Sciences Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Maja Matosa Kocar
- Department of Industrial Plants Breeding and Genetics, Agricultural Institute Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Fernandes HP, Choi YH, Vrieling K, de Bresser M, Sewalt B, Tonolo F. Cultivar-dependent phenotypic and chemotypic responses of drug-type Cannabis sativa L. to polyploidization. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1233191. [PMID: 37636092 PMCID: PMC10455935 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1233191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis sativa L. is a plant with a wide range of potential medicinal applications. In recent years, polyploidy has gained attention as a potential strategy for rapidly improving C. sativa, which, unlike other modern crops, has not yet benefitted from this established biotechnological application. Currently, no reports on high THCA and CBDA drug-type polyploid cultivars have been published. Moreover, it still needs to be clarified if different cultivars react similarly to polyploidization. For these reasons, we set out to evaluate and compare the phenotype and chemotype of three high Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA) and one high cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) drug-type cultivars in their diploid, triploid and tetraploid state through agronomic and metabolomic approaches. Our observations on plant morphology revealed a significant increase in plant height and leaf size with increasing ploidy levels in a cultivar-dependent manner. In contrast, cannabinoids were negatively affected by polyploidization, with the concentration of total cannabinoids, THCA, CBDA and cannabigerolic acid (CBGA) decreasing significantly in higher ploidy levels across all four cultivars. Headspace analysis of volatiles revealed that total volatile content decreased in triploids. On the other hand, tetraploids reacted differently depending on the cultivars. Two THCA dominant cultivars showed an increase in concentrations, while in the other two cultivars, concentrations decreased. Additionally, several rare compounds not present in diploids appeared in higher ploidy levels. Moreover, in one high THCA cultivar, a couple of elite tetraploid genotypes for cannabinoid and volatile production were identified, highlighting the role of cultivar and genotypic variability as an important factor in Cannabis sativa L. polyploids. Overall, our observations on plant morphology align with the giga phenotype observed in polyploids of other plant species. The decrease in cannabinoids and volatiles production in triploids have relevant implications regarding their commercial use. On the other hand, this study found that tetraploidization is a suitable approach to improve Cannabis sativa L. medicinal potential, although the response is cultivar and genotype-dependent. This work lays the ground for further improving, evaluating and harnessing Cannabis sativa L. chemical diversity by the breeding, biotechnological and pharmaceutical sectors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hocelayne Paulino Fernandes
- Aboveground-belowground Interaction Group, Plant Cluster, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
- Natural Products Laboratory, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Young Hae Choi
- Natural Products Laboratory, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Klaas Vrieling
- Aboveground-belowground Interaction Group, Plant Cluster, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Bobbie Sewalt
- Aboveground-belowground Interaction Group, Plant Cluster, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Francesco Tonolo
- Aboveground-belowground Interaction Group, Plant Cluster, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Steel L, Welling M, Ristevski N, Johnson K, Gendall A. Comparative genomics of flowering behavior in Cannabis sativa. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1227898. [PMID: 37575928 PMCID: PMC10421669 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1227898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis sativa L. is a phenotypically diverse and multi-use plant used in the production of fiber, seed, oils, and a class of specialized metabolites known as phytocannabinoids. The last decade has seen a rapid increase in the licit cultivation and processing of C. sativa for medical end-use. Medical morphotypes produce highly branched compact inflorescences which support a high density of glandular trichomes, specialized epidermal hair-like structures that are the site of phytocannabinoid biosynthesis and accumulation. While there is a focus on the regulation of phytocannabinoid pathways, the genetic determinants that govern flowering time and inflorescence structure in C. sativa are less well-defined but equally important. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that underly flowering behavior is key to maximizing phytocannabinoid production. The genetic basis of flowering regulation in C. sativa has been examined using genome-wide association studies, quantitative trait loci mapping and selection analysis, although the lack of a consistent reference genome has confounded attempts to directly compare candidate loci. Here we review the existing knowledge of flowering time control in C. sativa, and, using a common reference genome, we generate an integrated map. The co-location of known and putative flowering time loci within this resource will be essential to improve the understanding of C. sativa phenology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Anthony Gendall
- Australian Research Council Research Hub for Medicinal Agriculture, La Trobe Institute for Sustainable Agriculture and Food, Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Stasiłowicz-Krzemień A, Sip S, Szulc P, Cielecka-Piontek J. Determining Antioxidant Activity of Cannabis Leaves Extracts from Different Varieties-Unveiling Nature's Treasure Trove. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1390. [PMID: 37507928 PMCID: PMC10376652 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12071390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabis leaves contain a diverse range of antioxidants, including cannabinoids, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds, which offer significant health benefits. Utilising cannabis leaves as a source of antioxidants presents a cost-effective approach because they are typically discarded during the cultivation of cannabis plants for their seeds or fibres. Therefore, this presented study aimed to assess the antioxidant activity of the leaves of selected hemp cultivars, such as Białobrzeska, Tygra, and Henola, based on the results obtained with the 2,2'-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid, ferric reducing antioxidant power, cupric reducing antioxidant capacity, and 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assays. The cannabinoid profile was analysed for the antioxidant activity to the contents of cannabidiol (CBD), cannabigerol (CBG), Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), and cannabichromene (CBC), determined based on chromatographic assays. The following variables were tested: the impact of various extractants (methanol, ethanol, and isopropanol), and their mixtures (50:50, v/v, as well as extraction methods (maceration and ultra-sound-assisted extraction) significant in obtaining hemp extracts characterised by different cannabinoid profiles. The results revealed that the selection of extractant and extraction conditions significantly influenced the active compounds' extraction efficiency and antioxidant activity. Among the tested conditions, ultrasound-assisted extraction using methanol yielded the highest cannabinoid profile: CBD = 184.51 ± 5.61; CBG = 6.10 ± 0.21; Δ9-THC = 0.51 ± 0.01; and CBC = 0.71 ± 0.01 μg/g antioxidant potential in Białobrzeska leaf extracts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Stasiłowicz-Krzemień
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Biomaterials, Faculty of Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3, 60-806 Poznan, Poland
| | - Szymon Sip
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Biomaterials, Faculty of Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3, 60-806 Poznan, Poland
| | - Piotr Szulc
- Department of Agronomy, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Dojazd 11, 60-632 Poznan, Poland
| | - Judyta Cielecka-Piontek
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Biomaterials, Faculty of Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3, 60-806 Poznan, Poland
- Department of Pharmacology and Phytochemistry, Institute of Natural Fibres and Medicinal Plants, Wojska Polskiego 71b, 60-630 Poznan, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Fernandez I Marti A, Parungao M, Hollin J, Selimotic B, Farrar G, Seyler T, Anand A, Ahmad R. A Novel, Precise and High-Throughput Technology for Viroid Detection in Cannabis (MFDetect TM). Viruses 2023; 15:1487. [PMID: 37515174 PMCID: PMC10385567 DOI: 10.3390/v15071487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Hop latent viroid (HLVd) is a severe disease of cannabis, causing substantial economic losses in plant yield and crop value for growers worldwide. The best way to control the disease is early detection to limit the spread of the viroid in grow facilities. This study describes MFDetectTM as a rapid, highly sensitive, and high-throughput tool for detecting HLVd in the early stages of plant development. Furthermore, in the largest research study conducted so far for HLVd detection in cannabis, we compared MFDetectTM with quantitative RT-PCR in a time course experiment using different plant tissues, leaves, petioles, and roots at different plant developmental stages to demonstrate both technologies are comparable. Our study found leaf tissue is a suitable plant material for HLVd detection, with the viroid titer increasing in the infected leaf tissue with the age of plants. The study showed that other tissue types, including petiole and roots, were equally sensitive to detection via MFDetectTM. The assay developed in this research allows the screening of thousands of plants in a week. The assay can be scaled easily to provide growers with a quick turnaround and a cost-effective diagnostic tool for screening many plants and tissue types at different stages of development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angel Fernandez I Marti
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- MyFloraDNA, Inc., 1451 River Park Dr., Sacramento, CA 95815, USA
| | - Marcus Parungao
- MyFloraDNA, Inc., 1451 River Park Dr., Sacramento, CA 95815, USA
| | - Jonathan Hollin
- MyFloraDNA, Inc., 1451 River Park Dr., Sacramento, CA 95815, USA
| | - Berin Selimotic
- MyFloraDNA, Inc., 1451 River Park Dr., Sacramento, CA 95815, USA
| | - Graham Farrar
- Glass House Farms, 645 W Laguna Road, Camarillo, CA 93012, USA
| | - Tristan Seyler
- Glass House Farms, 645 W Laguna Road, Camarillo, CA 93012, USA
| | - Ajith Anand
- MyFloraDNA, Inc., 1451 River Park Dr., Sacramento, CA 95815, USA
| | - Riaz Ahmad
- MyFloraDNA, Inc., 1451 River Park Dr., Sacramento, CA 95815, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Pino S, Espinoza L, Jara-Gutiérrez C, Villena J, Olea AF, Díaz K. Study of Cannabis Oils Obtained from Three Varieties of C. sativa and by Two Different Extraction Methods: Phytochemical Characterization and Biological Activities. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12091772. [PMID: 37176831 PMCID: PMC10180737 DOI: 10.3390/plants12091772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Currently, much effort is being placed into obtaining extracts and/or essential oils from Cannabis sativa L. for specific therapeutic purposes or pharmacological compositions. These potential applications depend mainly on the phytochemical composition of the oils, which in turn are determined by the type of C. sativa and the extraction method used to obtain the oils. In this work, we have evaluated the contents of secondary metabolites, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), and cannabidiol (CBD), in addition to the total phenolic, flavonoids, and anthraquinone content in oils obtained using solid-liquid extraction (SLE) and supercritical fluid extraction (SCF). Different varieties of C. sativa were chosen by using the ratio of THC to CBD concentrations. Additionally, antioxidant, antifungal and anticancer activities on different cancer cell lines were evaluated in vitro. The results indicate that oils extracted by SLE, with high contents of CBD, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds, exhibit a high antioxidant capacity and induce a high decrease in the cell viability of the tested breast cancer cell line (MCF-7). The observed biological activities are attributed to the entourage effect, in which CBD, phenols and flavonoids play a key role. Therefore, it is concluded that the right selection of C. sativa variety and the solvent for SLE extraction method could be used to obtain the optimal oil composition to develop a natural anticancer agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Pino
- LABSUN (Laboratorio Sustentable Natural), Valparaíso 2340000, Chile
| | - Luis Espinoza
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Avenida España 1680, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile
| | - Carlos Jara-Gutiérrez
- Laboratorio de Investigación-Estrés Oxidativo, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CIB), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valparaíso, Viña del Mar 2520000, Chile
| | - Joan Villena
- Laboratorio de Investigación-Estrés Oxidativo, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CIB), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valparaíso, Viña del Mar 2520000, Chile
| | - Andrés F Olea
- Grupo QBAB, Instituto de Ciencias Químicas Aplicadas, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, El Llano Subercaseaux 2801, Santiago 8900000, Chile
| | - Katy Díaz
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Avenida España 1680, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wise K, Phan N, Selby-Pham J, Simovich T, Gill H. Utilisation of QSPR ODT modelling and odour vector modelling to predict Cannabis sativa odour. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0284842. [PMID: 37098051 PMCID: PMC10128932 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabis flower odour is an important aspect of product quality as it impacts the sensory experience when administered, which can affect therapeutic outcomes in paediatric patient populations who may reject unpalatable products. However, the cannabis industry has a reputation for having products with inconsistent odour descriptions and misattributed strain names due to the costly and laborious nature of sensory testing. Herein, we evaluate the potential of using odour vector modelling for predicting the odour intensity of cannabis products. Odour vector modelling is proposed as a process for transforming routinely produced volatile profiles into odour intensity (OI) profiles which are hypothesised to be more informative to the overall product odour (sensory descriptor; SD). However, the calculation of OI requires compound odour detection thresholds (ODT), which are not available for many of the compounds present in natural volatile profiles. Accordingly, to apply the odour vector modelling process to cannabis, a QSPR statistical model was first produced to predict ODT from physicochemical properties. The model presented herein was produced by polynomial regression with 10-fold cross-validation from 1,274 median ODT values to produce a model with R2 = 0.6892 and a 10-fold R2 = 0.6484. This model was then applied to terpenes which lacked experimentally determined ODT values to facilitate vector modelling of cannabis OI profiles. Logistic regression and k-means unsupervised cluster analysis was applied to both the raw terpene data and the transformed OI profiles to predict the SD of 265 cannabis samples and the accuracy of the predictions across the two datasets was compared. Out of the 13 SD categories modelled, OI profiles performed equally well or better than the volatile profiles for 11 of the SD, and across all SD the OI data was on average 21.9% more accurate (p = 0.031). The work herein is the first example of the application of odour vector modelling to complex volatile profiles of natural products and demonstrates the utility of OI profiles for the prediction of cannabis odour. These findings advance both the understanding of the odour modelling process which has previously only been applied to simple mixtures, and the cannabis industry which can utilise this process for more accurate prediction of cannabis odour and thereby reduce unpleasant patient experiences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kimber Wise
- School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
- Nutrifield, Sunshine West, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicholas Phan
- Faculty of Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jamie Selby-Pham
- School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
- Nutrifield, Sunshine West, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tomer Simovich
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- PerkinElmer Inc., Glen Waverley, Victoria, Australia
| | - Harsharn Gill
- School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Šenkyřík JB, Křivánková T, Kaczorová D, Štefelová N. Investigation of the Effect of the Auxin Antagonist PEO-IAA on Cannabinoid Gene Expression and Content in Cannabis sativa L. Plants under In Vitro Conditions. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1664. [PMID: 37111886 PMCID: PMC10142887 DOI: 10.3390/plants12081664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The in vitro shoot propagation of Cannabis sativa L. is an emerging research area for large-scale plant material production. However, how in vitro conditions influence the genetic stability of maintained material, as well as whether changes in the concentration and composition of secondary metabolites can be expected are aspects that need to be better understood. These features are essential for the standardised production of medicinal cannabis. This work aimed to find out whether the presence of the auxin antagonist α-(2-oxo-2-phenylethyl)-1H-indole-3-acetic acid (PEO-IAA) in the culture media influenced the relative gene expression (RGE) of the genes of interest (OAC, CBCA, CBDA, THCA) and the concentrations of studied cannabinoids (CBCA, CBDA, CBC, ∆9-THCA, and ∆9-THC). Two C. sativa cultivars, 'USO-31' and 'Tatanka Pure CBD', were cultivated by in vitro conditions with PEO-IAA presence and then analysed. The RT-qPCR results indicated that even though some changes in the RGE profiles could be observed, no differences were statistically significant compared with the control variant. The results of the phytochemical analyses demonstrate that although there were some differences from the control variant, only the cultivar 'Tatanka Pure CBD' showed a statistically significant increase (at a statistical significance level α = 0.05) in the concentration of the cannabinoid CBDA. In conclusion, it would appear that using PEO-IAA in the culture medium is a suitable approach to improve in vitro cannabis multiplication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Josef Baltazar Šenkyřík
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Křivánková
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Dominika Kaczorová
- Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University Olomouc, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Genetic Resources for Vegetables, Medicinal and Special Plants, Crop Research Institute, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Nikola Štefelová
- Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University Olomouc, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Siracusa L, Ruberto G, Cristino L. Recent Research on Cannabis sativa L.: Phytochemistry, New Matrices, Cultivation Techniques, and Recent Updates on Its Brain-Related Effects (2018-2023). Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28083387. [PMID: 37110621 PMCID: PMC10146690 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabis sativa L. is a plant that humankind has been using for millennia. The basis of its widespread utilization is its adaptability to so many different climatic conditions, with easy cultivability in numerous diverse environments. Because of its variegate phytochemistry, C. sativa has been used in many sectors, although the discovery of the presence in the plant of several psychotropic substances (e.g., Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, THC) caused a drastic reduction of its cultivation and use together with its official ban from pharmacopeias. Fortunately, the discovery of Cannabis varieties with low content of THC as well as the biotechnological development of new clones rich in many phytochemical components endorsed with peculiar and many important bioactivities has demanded the reassessment of these species, the study and use of which are currently experiencing new and important developments. In this review we focus our attention on the phytochemistry, new matrices, suitable agronomic techniques, and new biological activities developed in the five last years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Siracusa
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Paolo Gaifami, 18, 95126 Catania, CT, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ruberto
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Paolo Gaifami, 18, 95126 Catania, CT, Italy
| | - Luigia Cristino
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei, 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, NA, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Yan B, Chang C, Gu Y, Zheng N, Fang Y, Zhang M, Wang G, Zhang L. Genome-Wide Identification, Classification, and Expression Analyses of the CsDGAT Gene Family in Cannabis sativa L. and Their Response to Cold Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24044078. [PMID: 36835488 PMCID: PMC9963917 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Hempseed is a nutrient-rich natural resource, and high levels of hempseed oil accumulate within hemp seeds, consisting primarily of different triglycerides. Members of the diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) enzyme family play critical roles in catalyzing triacylglycerol biosynthesis in plants, often governing the rate-limiting step in this process. As such, this study was designed to characterize the Cannabis sativa DGAT (CsDGAT) gene family in detail. Genomic analyses of the C. sativa revealed 10 candidate DGAT genes that were classified into four families (DGAT1, DGAT2, DGAT3, WS/DGAT) based on the features of different isoforms. Members of the CsDGAT family were found to be associated with large numbers of cis-acting promoter elements, including plant response elements, plant hormone response elements, light response elements, and stress response elements, suggesting roles for these genes in key processes such as development, environmental adaptation, and abiotic stress responses. Profiling of these genes in various tissues and varieties revealed varying spatial patterns of CsDGAT expression dynamics and differences in expression among C. sativa varieties, suggesting that the members of this gene family likely play distinct functional regulatory functions CsDGAT genes were upregulated in response to cold stress, and significant differences in the mode of regulation were observed when comparing roots and leaves, indicating that CsDGAT genes may play positive roles as regulators of cold responses in hemp while also playing distinct roles in shaping the responses of different parts of hemp seedlings to cold exposure. These data provide a robust basis for further functional studies of this gene family, supporting future efforts to screen the significance of CsDGAT candidate genes to validate their functions to improve hempseed oil composition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bowei Yan
- Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences Postdoctoral Programme, Institute of Industrial Crops, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Chuanyi Chang
- Harbin Academy of Agricultural Science, Harbin 150028, China
| | - Yingnan Gu
- Remote Sensing Technique Center, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Nan Zheng
- Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences Postdoctoral Programme, Institute of Industrial Crops, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Yuyan Fang
- Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences Postdoctoral Programme, Institute of Industrial Crops, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences Postdoctoral Programme, Institute of Industrial Crops, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Guijiang Wang
- Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences Postdoctoral Programme, Institute of Industrial Crops, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, China
- Correspondence: (G.W.); (L.Z.)
| | - Liguo Zhang
- Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences Postdoctoral Programme, Institute of Industrial Crops, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, China
- Correspondence: (G.W.); (L.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|