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Surinkaew S, Sun D, Kooltheat N, Boonhok R, Somsak V, Kumphune S. The cytoprotective effect of Gymnema inodorum leaf extract against hypoxia-induced cardiomyocytes injury. Heliyon 2024; 10:e35846. [PMID: 39170335 PMCID: PMC11337021 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e35846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Ischemic heart disease stands out as a major global contributor to mortality, with the initiation of hypoxia, marked by reduced oxygen availability, disrupting the balance of reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to cellular injury. Exploring antioxidants derived from medicinal plants is becoming more interesting as a potential alternative treatment, especially for mitigating myocardial injury. Thus, this study aimed to assess the cytoprotective efficacy of Gymnema inodorum leaf extract (GIE) in a rat cardiac myoblast, H9c2, subjected to an in vitro hypoxia. The cell viability, intracellular ROS production and the expression of inflammatory cytokines were quantified, and hypoxia-induced cell morphology changes were observed using confocal fluorescence microscopy. The results showed that GIE notably enhanced cell viability, preserving membrane integrity, when compared with the hypoxic group. Remarkably, GIE significantly reduced hypoxia-induced intracellular ROS production, attributable to its inherent antioxidant properties. Furthermore, GIE significantly reduced interleukin (IL)-1β, interleukin (IL)-6 mRNA expression level and tended to reduce tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) mRNA expression. In conclusion, these findings underscore the potential of GIE in mitigating hypoxia-induced myocardial injury, highlighting its robust antioxidant and anti-inflammatory attributes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirirat Surinkaew
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
- Research Excellence Center for Innovation and Health Products (RECIHP), Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
| | - Dali Sun
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ritchie School of Engineering and Computer Science, University of Denver, Colorado, 80208, USA
| | - Nateelak Kooltheat
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
- Hematology and Transfusion Science Research Center, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
| | - Rachasak Boonhok
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
- Research Excellence Center for Innovation and Health Products (RECIHP), Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
| | - Voravuth Somsak
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
- Research Excellence Center for Innovation and Health Products (RECIHP), Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
| | - Sarawut Kumphune
- Biomedical Engineering Institute, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
- Biomedical Engineering and Innovation Research Center, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
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2
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Ounjaijean S, Somsak V, Saki M, Mitsuwan W, Romyasamit C. Antibacterial, Antibiofilm, and Antioxidant Activities of Aqueous Crude Gymnema inodorum Leaf Extract against Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus faecium. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1399. [PMID: 39065167 PMCID: PMC11278954 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12071399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2024] [Revised: 07/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREF) causes nosocomial infections with high mortality and morbidity rates. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of aqueous crude Gymnema inodorum leaf extract (GIE) against the VREF ATCC 700221 strain. The antimicrobial activity of GIE against VREF was performed using disk diffusion and broth microdilution. The antibiofilm activities were evaluated using the crystal violet staining assay. The antioxidant potential was evaluated. Preliminary screening of the antimicrobial activity of 50 and 100 µg/disk of GIE against VREF revealed inhibition zones of 8.33 ± 0.58 mm and 8.67 ± 0.29 mm, respectively. Additionally, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values against VREF were 125 and ≥ 250 mg/mL, respectively. SEM analysis showed that treatment with GIE caused morphological changes, including incomplete cell division, damaged cell walls, and cell content leakage, suggesting a disruption of bacterial cells. GIE also inhibited and eradicated biofilms formed by VREF. The extract exhibited antioxidant activities in the DPPH and ABTS assays. While GIE shows potential as an antibacterial and antibiofilm agent, further studies are necessary to fully understand the underlying mechanisms and optimize its use for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakaewan Ounjaijean
- Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Voravuth Somsak
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
- Research Excellence Center for Innovation and Health Products, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
| | - Morteza Saki
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran;
| | - Watcharapong Mitsuwan
- Akkhraratchakumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand;
- Center of Excellence in Innovation of Essential Oil and Bioactive Compounds, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
| | - Chonticha Romyasamit
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Innovation of Essential Oil and Bioactive Compounds, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
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3
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Tongchai P, Yadoung S, Sutan K, Kawichai S, Danmek K, Maitip J, Ghosh S, Jung C, Chuttong B, Hongsibsong S. Antioxidant Capacity, Phytochemicals, Minerals, and Chemical Pollutants in Worker Honey Bee ( Apis mellifera L.) Broods from Northern Thailand: A Safe and Sustainable Food Source. Foods 2024; 13:1998. [PMID: 38998504 PMCID: PMC11241797 DOI: 10.3390/foods13131998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Honey bee brood (HBB) (Apis mellifera L.), a traditional protein source, has been studied for its nutritional value, but bio-functional properties and safety concerns have not been verified. This study examined the Antioxidant capacity, phytochemicals, minerals, and chemical pollutants in worker broods from several apiaries in Northern Thailand. HBB samples were lyophilized to evaluate antioxidant capacity using ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP assays, tests with water, and 70% ethanol extracts. Phytochemicals were identified using LC-QTOF-MS; pollutants were analyzed chromatographically, and minerals were determined using ICP-OES. The results showed that the evaluated antioxidant capacity of the ethanol extracts included DPPH 2.04-3.37 mg/mL, ABTS 21.22-33.91 mg/mL, and FRAP 50.07-104.15 mg AAE/100 g dry weight. Water extracts had outstanding antioxidant activities except for ABTS, with DPPH 10.67-84.97 mg/mL, ABTS 9.25-13.54 mg/mL, and FRAP 57.66-177.32 mgAAE/100 g dry weight. Total phenolics and flavonoids in ethanol extracts ranged from 488.95-508.87 GAE/100 g to 4.7-12.98 mg QE/g dry weight, respectively. Thirteen phytochemicals were detected and contained adequate mineral contents in the HBBs from different locations found, which were K, Ca, Mg, and Na, and no heavy metals or pollutants exceeded safe levels. These results imply that HBB from different apiaries in Northern Thailand is a nutritious food source with considerable antioxidants and a safe and sustainable food source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phannika Tongchai
- School of Health Sciences Research, Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Sumed Yadoung
- Environmental Science Program, Faculty of Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
- Environmental, Occupational Health Sciences and NCD Center of Excellence, Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (K.S.); (S.K.)
| | - Kunrunya Sutan
- Environmental, Occupational Health Sciences and NCD Center of Excellence, Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (K.S.); (S.K.)
| | - Saweang Kawichai
- Environmental, Occupational Health Sciences and NCD Center of Excellence, Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (K.S.); (S.K.)
| | - Khanchai Danmek
- School of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand;
| | - Jakkrawut Maitip
- Faculty of Science, Energy and Environment, King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok, Rayong Campus, Bankhai, Rayong 21120, Thailand;
| | - Sampat Ghosh
- Agriculture Science and Technology Research Institute, Andong National University, Andong 36729, Republic of Korea; (S.G.); (C.J.)
| | - Chuleui Jung
- Agriculture Science and Technology Research Institute, Andong National University, Andong 36729, Republic of Korea; (S.G.); (C.J.)
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong 36729, Republic of Korea
| | - Bajaree Chuttong
- Meliponini and Apini Research Laboratory, Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Surat Hongsibsong
- School of Health Sciences Research, Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
- Environmental, Occupational Health Sciences and NCD Center of Excellence, Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (K.S.); (S.K.)
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Toma L, Deleanu M, Sanda GM, Barbălată T, Niculescu LŞ, Sima AV, Stancu CS. Bioactive Compounds Formulated in Phytosomes Administered as Complementary Therapy for Metabolic Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4162. [PMID: 38673748 PMCID: PMC11049841 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolic disorders (MDs), including dyslipidemia, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, diabetes mellitus, obesity and cardiovascular diseases are a significant threat to human health, despite the many therapies developed for their treatment. Different classes of bioactive compounds, such as polyphenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, and triterpenes have shown therapeutic potential in ameliorating various disorders. Most of these compounds present low bioavailability when administered orally, being rapidly metabolized in the digestive tract and liver which makes their metabolites less effective. Moreover, some of the bioactive compounds cannot fully exert their beneficial properties due to the low solubility and complex chemical structure which impede the passive diffusion through the intestinal cell membranes. To overcome these limitations, an innovative delivery system of phytosomes was developed. This review aims to highlight the scientific evidence proving the enhanced therapeutic benefits of the bioactive compounds formulated in phytosomes compared to the free compounds. The existing knowledge concerning the phytosomes' preparation, their characterization and bioavailability as well as the commercially available phytosomes with therapeutic potential to alleviate MDs are concisely depicted. This review brings arguments to encourage the use of phytosome formulation to diminish risk factors inducing MDs, or to treat the already installed diseases as complementary therapy to allopathic medication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Camelia Sorina Stancu
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology “Nicolae Simionescu” of the Romanian Academy, 8 B.P. Haşdeu Street, 050568 Bucharest, Romania; (L.T.); (M.D.); (G.M.S.); (T.B.); (L.Ş.N.); (A.V.S.)
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Nuchuchua O, Srinuanchai W, Chansriniyom C, Suttisansanee U, Temviriyanukul P, Nuengchamnong N, Ruktanonchai U. Relationship of phytochemicals and antioxidant activities in Gymnema inodorum leaf extracts. Heliyon 2024; 10:e23175. [PMID: 38163201 PMCID: PMC10755283 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Gynmena inodorum (GI) is a green leafy vegetable used in the Northern Thai cuisine which has antioxidant activities and may be applicable for preventing oxidative stress and aging-related disease. However, understanding the relationship between GI phytonutrients and their antioxidant properties has been unclear. The aims of this study were to identify the GI leaf phytochemicals and to study their antioxidant activities. A chromatogram of LC-ESI-MS/QTOF-MS showed that the GI leaves were potentially composed of phenolics, quinic acids, flavonoids, and triterpenoid saponins. This study was able to authenticate quercetin, kaempferol, and triterpenoid GIA1 in the samples. The GI materials with high contents of phenolics, flavonoids, quercetin, and kaempferol showed significant relation to antioxidation and protection in endothelial cell death suppressed by reactive nitrogen species. Meanwhile, triterpenoids had a low antioxidant impact. Ultimately, GI leaves with high phenolic compounds are a promising raw material to develop as an antioxidant functional food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onanong Nuchuchua
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Wanwisa Srinuanchai
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Chaisak Chansriniyom
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Natural products and Nanoparticles Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | - Nitra Nuengchamnong
- Science Laboratory Center, Faculty of Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Uracha Ruktanonchai
- National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani, Thailand
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Ismail S, Chandel TI, Ramakrishnan J, Khan RH, Poomani K, Devarajan N. Phytochemical profiling, human insulin stability and alpha glucosidase inhibition of Gymnema latifolium leaves aqueous extract: Exploring through experimental and in silico approach. Comput Biol Chem 2023; 107:107964. [PMID: 37820470 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2023.107964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus Type 2 (DM2T) is a rapidly expanding metabolic endocrine disorder worldwide. It is caused due to inadequate insulin secretion by pancreatic beta cells as well as development of insulin resistance. This study aimed to investigate the anti-α-glucosidase, insulin stabilization effect, and non-cytotoxic nature of Gymnema latifolium leaf aqueous extract (GLAE). FTIR analysis revealed the functional groups of compounds present in GLAE. Through LC/ESI-MS/MS analysis, about 12 compounds which belongs to different classes, triterpene glycosides, flavonoids, phenolics, stilbene glycosides and chlorophenolic glycosides were identified. GLAE showed in vitro antioxidant activity. GLAE stabilized insulin by increasing its α-helical content. GLAE inhibited the mammalian α-glucosidase (IC50 = 144 μg/mL) activity through competitive mode (Ki = 61.30 µg/mL). GLAE did not affect the viability of normal cell line (Vero cell line) which shows its non-toxic nature. Molecular docking of phytocompounds identified in GLAE was done with human α-glucosidase and insulin. The top 2 compounds [Gymnema saponin V (GSV) and quercetin 3-(2-galloylglucoside) (QGG) with α-glucosidase; GSV and Z)-resveratrol 3,4'-diglucoside (RDG) with human insulin] with low binding free energy were subjected to 100 ns molecular dynamics simulation to ascertain the stable binding of ligand with protein. The MM/GBSA analysis revealed binding free energy of GSV/α-glucosidase and QGG /α-glucosidase to be - 20.9935 and, - 30.9461 kcal/mol, respectively. Altogether GLAE is valuable source of anti-α-glucosidase inhibitors and insulin stabilizing compounds, suggesting potential lead for further exploration as complementary medicine against DM2T.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahanaj Ismail
- Natural Drug Research laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu 636011, India
| | - Tajalli Ilm Chandel
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pardesh, India
| | - Jaganathan Ramakrishnan
- Laboratory of Biocrystallography and Computational Molecular Biology, Department of Physics, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu 636011, India
| | - Rizwan Hasan Khan
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pardesh, India
| | - Kumaradhas Poomani
- Laboratory of Biocrystallography and Computational Molecular Biology, Department of Physics, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu 636011, India
| | - Natarajan Devarajan
- Natural Drug Research laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu 636011, India.
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Nunta R, Khemacheewakul J, Sommanee S, Mahakuntha C, Chompoo M, Phimolsiripol Y, Jantanasakulwong K, Kumar A, Leksawasdi N. Extraction of gymnemic acid from Gymnema inodorum (Lour.) Decne. leaves and production of dry powder extract using maltodextrin. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11193. [PMID: 37433848 PMCID: PMC10336054 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38305-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to maximize the extraction of gymnemic acid (GA) from Phak Chiang Da (PCD) leaves, an indigenous medicinal plant used for diabetic treatment in Northern Thailand. The goal was to overcome the low concentration of GA in the leaves, which limits its applications among a larger population and develop a process to produce GA-enriched PCD extract powder. The solvent extraction method was employed to extract GA from PCD leaves. The effect of ethanol concentration and extraction temperature were investigated to determine the optimum extraction conditions. A process was developed to produce GA-enriched PCD extract powder, and its properties were characterized. In addition, color analysis (L*, a*, and b*) was performed to evaluate the overall appearance of the PCD extract powder. Antioxidant activity assay was conducted to assess the ability of the PCD extract powder to neutralize DPPH free radicals. The results showed that the concentration of 50% (v/v) ethanol at 70 °C for 2 h resulted in a higher GA concentration of 8307 mg/kg from dried PCD leaves. During the drying process, the use of maltodextrin at a concentration of 0.5% (w/v) was found to produce PCD extract powder with the maximum GA concentration. The color analysis revealed that the PCD extract powder had a dark greenish tint mixed with yellow. The antioxidant activity assay showed that 0.1 g of PCD extract powder was able to neutralize 75.8% of DPPH free radicals. The results concluded that PCD extract powder could potentially be used as a source of nutraceuticals or as a functional food ingredient. These findings suggest the potential value of GA-rich PCD extract powder in various applications in the pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, or food industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rojarej Nunta
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG) & Bioprocess Research Cluster (BRC), School of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50100, Thailand
- Division of Food Innovation and Business, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Lampang Rajabhat University, Lampang, 52100, Thailand
| | - Julaluk Khemacheewakul
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG) & Bioprocess Research Cluster (BRC), School of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50100, Thailand
- Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50100, Thailand
| | - Sumeth Sommanee
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG) & Bioprocess Research Cluster (BRC), School of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50100, Thailand
- Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50100, Thailand
| | - Chatchadaporn Mahakuntha
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG) & Bioprocess Research Cluster (BRC), School of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50100, Thailand
- Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50100, Thailand
| | - Mayuree Chompoo
- Division of Food Innovation and Business, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Lampang Rajabhat University, Lampang, 52100, Thailand
| | - Yuthana Phimolsiripol
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG) & Bioprocess Research Cluster (BRC), School of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50100, Thailand
- Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50100, Thailand
| | - Kittisak Jantanasakulwong
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG) & Bioprocess Research Cluster (BRC), School of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50100, Thailand
- Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50100, Thailand
| | - Anbarasu Kumar
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG) & Bioprocess Research Cluster (BRC), School of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50100, Thailand.
- Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50100, Thailand.
- Department of Biotechnology, Periyar Maniammai Institute of Science & Technology, Thanjavur, 613403, India.
| | - Noppol Leksawasdi
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG) & Bioprocess Research Cluster (BRC), School of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50100, Thailand.
- Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50100, Thailand.
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Nuchuchua O, Inpan R, Srinuanchai W, Karinchai J, Pitchakarn P, Wongnoppavich A, Imsumran A. Phytosome Supplements for Delivering Gymnema inodorum Phytonutrients to Prevent Inflammation in Macrophages and Insulin Resistance in Adipocytes. Foods 2023; 12:foods12112257. [PMID: 37297501 DOI: 10.3390/foods12112257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Gymnema inodorum (GI) is a leafy green vegetable found in the northern region of Thailand. A GI leaf extract has been developed as a dietary supplement for metabolic diabetic control. However, the active compounds in the GI leaf extract are relatively nonpolar. This study aimed to develop phytosome formulations of the GI extract to improve the efficiencies of their phytonutrients in terms of anti-inflammatory and anti-insulin-resistant activities in macrophages and adipocytes, respectively. Our results showed that the phytosomes assisted the GI extract's dispersion in an aqueous solution. The GI phytocompounds were assembled into a phospholipid bilayer membrane as spherical nanoparticles about 160-180 nm in diameter. The structure of the phytosomes allowed phenolic acids, flavonoids and triterpene derivatives to be embedded in the phospholipid membrane. The existence of GI phytochemicals in phytosomes significantly changed the particle's surface charge from neutral to negative within the range of -35 mV to -45 mV. The phytosome delivery system significantly exhibited the anti-inflammatory activity of the GI extract, indicated by the lower production of nitric oxide from inflamed macrophages compared to the non-encapsulated extract. However, the phospholipid component of phytosomes slightly interfered with the anti-insulin-resistant effects of the GI extract by decreasing the glucose uptake activity and increasing the lipid degradation of adipocytes. Altogether, the nano-phytosome is a potent carrier for transporting GI phytochemicals to prevent an early stage of T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onanong Nuchuchua
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Ratchanon Inpan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Wanwisa Srinuanchai
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Jirarat Karinchai
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Pornsiri Pitchakarn
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Ariyaphong Wongnoppavich
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Arisa Imsumran
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
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