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Del Rosario Moreno-Hernández M, Mancilla-Álvarez E, Aguilar-Jiménez D, Bello-Bello JJ. In Vitro Multiplication of Agave (A. marmorata and A. potatorum) by Temporary Immersion in SETIS™ Bioreactor. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2759:69-76. [PMID: 38285140 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3654-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
In Mexico, wild agaves are important for the production of alcoholic beverages known as mezcal and pulque. However, the propagation of agave seeds and pups is not enough to satisfy the national demand. Temporary immersion systems represent an agave micropropagation alternative that reduces the labor force, increases development, and improves the quality of seedlings. The use of the SETIS™ bioreactor in A. marmorata and A. potatorum improves the multiplication rate and allows rooting. Additionally, this bioreactor reduces the culture time, labor force, and reagents needed while maintaining high survival rates during the acclimatization phase.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniel Aguilar-Jiménez
- Educational Program of Agrobiotechnology, Technological University of Izucar de Matamoros, Izucar de Matamoros, Puebla, Mexico
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Ruiz Mondragón KY, Klimova A, Aguirre-Planter E, Valiente-Banuet A, Lira R, Sanchez-de la Vega G, Eguiarte LE. Differences in the genomic diversity, structure, and inbreeding patterns in wild and managed populations of Agave potatorum Zucc. used in the production of Tobalá mezcal in Southern Mexico. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0294534. [PMID: 37972146 PMCID: PMC10653438 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Agave potatorum Zucc. locally known as Tobalá, is an important species for mezcal production. It is a perennial species that takes 10 to 15 years to reach reproductive age. Because of high demand of Tobalá mezcal and the slow maturation of the plants, its wild populations have been under intense anthropogenic pressure. The main objective of this study was to estimate the genome-wide diversity in A. potatorum and determine if the type of management has had any effect on its diversity, inbreeding and structure. We analyzed 174 individuals (105 wild, 42 cultivated and 27 from nurseries) from 34 sites with a reduced representation genomic method (ddRADseq), using 14,875 SNPs. The diversity measured as expected heterozygosity was higher in the nursery and wild plants than in cultivated samples. We did not find private alleles in the cultivated and nursery plants, which indicates that the individuals under management recently derived from wild populations, which was supported by higher gene flow estimated from wild populations to the managed plants. We found low but positive levels of inbreeding (FIS = 0.082), probably related to isolation of the populations. We detected low genetic differentiation among populations (FST = 0.0796), with positive and significant isolation by distance. The population genetic structure in the species seems to be related to elevation and ecology, with higher gene flow among populations in less fragmented areas. We detected an outlier locus related to the recognition of pollen, which is also relevant to self-incompatibility protein (SI). Due to seed harvest and long generation time, the loss of diversity in A. potatorum has been gradual and artificial selection and incipient management have not yet caused drastic differences between cultivated and wild plants. Also, we described an agroecological alternative to the uncontrolled extraction of wild individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Y. Ruiz Mondragón
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Anastasia Klimova
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Erika Aguirre-Planter
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Alfonso Valiente-Banuet
- Departamento de Ecología de la Biodiversidad, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Rafael Lira
- Laboratorio de Recursos Naturales, Unidad de Biotecnología y Prototipos (UBIPRO), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla de Baz, Estado de México, México
| | - Guillermo Sanchez-de la Vega
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Luis E. Eguiarte
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
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