1
|
Ruiz Mondragón KY, Klimova A, Aguirre-Planter E, Valiente-Banuet A, Lira R, Sanchez-de la Vega G, Eguiarte LE. Differences in the genomic diversity, structure, and inbreeding patterns in wild and managed populations of Agave potatorum Zucc. used in the production of Tobalá mezcal in Southern Mexico. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0294534. [PMID: 37972146 PMCID: PMC10653438 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Agave potatorum Zucc. locally known as Tobalá, is an important species for mezcal production. It is a perennial species that takes 10 to 15 years to reach reproductive age. Because of high demand of Tobalá mezcal and the slow maturation of the plants, its wild populations have been under intense anthropogenic pressure. The main objective of this study was to estimate the genome-wide diversity in A. potatorum and determine if the type of management has had any effect on its diversity, inbreeding and structure. We analyzed 174 individuals (105 wild, 42 cultivated and 27 from nurseries) from 34 sites with a reduced representation genomic method (ddRADseq), using 14,875 SNPs. The diversity measured as expected heterozygosity was higher in the nursery and wild plants than in cultivated samples. We did not find private alleles in the cultivated and nursery plants, which indicates that the individuals under management recently derived from wild populations, which was supported by higher gene flow estimated from wild populations to the managed plants. We found low but positive levels of inbreeding (FIS = 0.082), probably related to isolation of the populations. We detected low genetic differentiation among populations (FST = 0.0796), with positive and significant isolation by distance. The population genetic structure in the species seems to be related to elevation and ecology, with higher gene flow among populations in less fragmented areas. We detected an outlier locus related to the recognition of pollen, which is also relevant to self-incompatibility protein (SI). Due to seed harvest and long generation time, the loss of diversity in A. potatorum has been gradual and artificial selection and incipient management have not yet caused drastic differences between cultivated and wild plants. Also, we described an agroecological alternative to the uncontrolled extraction of wild individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Y. Ruiz Mondragón
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Anastasia Klimova
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Erika Aguirre-Planter
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Alfonso Valiente-Banuet
- Departamento de Ecología de la Biodiversidad, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Rafael Lira
- Laboratorio de Recursos Naturales, Unidad de Biotecnología y Prototipos (UBIPRO), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla de Baz, Estado de México, México
| | - Guillermo Sanchez-de la Vega
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Luis E. Eguiarte
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Klimova A, Ruiz Mondragón KY, Aguirre-Planter E, Valiente A, Lira R, Eguiarte LE. Genomic analysis unveils reduced genetic variability but increased proportion of heterozygotic genotypes of the intensively managed mezcal agave, Agave angustifolia. Am J Bot 2023; 110:e16216. [PMID: 37478873 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE The central Oaxaca Basin has a century-long history of agave cultivation and is hypothesized to be the region of origin of other cultivated crops. Widely cultivated for mezcal production, the perennial crop known as "espadín" is putatively derived from wild Agave angustifolia. Nevertheless, little is known about its genetic relationship to the wild A. angustifolia or how the decades-long clonal propagation has affected its genetics. METHODS Using restriction-site-associated DNA sequencing and over 8000 single-nucleotide polymorphisms, we studied aspects of the population genomics of wild and cultivated A. angustifolia in Puebla and Oaxaca, Mexico. We assessed patterns of genetic diversity, inbreeding, distribution of genetic variation, and differentiation among and within wild populations and plantations. RESULTS Genetic differentiation between wild and cultivated plants was strong, and both gene pools harbored multiple unique alleles. Nevertheless, we found several cultivated individuals with high genetic affinity with wild samples. Higher heterozygosity was observed in the cultivated individuals, while in total, they harbored considerably fewer alleles and presented higher linkage disequilibrium compared to the wild plants. Independently of geographic distance among sampled plantations, the genetic relatedness of the cultivated plants was high, suggesting a common origin and prevalent role of clonal propagation. CONCLUSIONS The considerable heterozygosity found in espadín is contained within a network of highly related individuals, displaying high linkage disequilibrium generated by decades of clonal propagation and possibly by the accumulation of somatic mutations. Wild A. angustifolia, on the other hand, represents a significant genetic diversity reservoir that should be carefully studied and conserved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Klimova
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Karen Y Ruiz Mondragón
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Erika Aguirre-Planter
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Alfonso Valiente
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Rafael Lira
- Laboratorio de Recursos Naturales, Unidad de Biotecnología y Prototipos (UBIPRO), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Luis E Eguiarte
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ruiz Mondragon KY, Aguirre-Planter E, Gasca-Pineda J, Klimova A, Trejo-Salazar RE, Reyes Guerra MA, Medellin RA, Piñero D, Lira R, Eguiarte LE. Conservation genomics of Agave tequilana Weber var. azul: low genetic differentiation and heterozygote excess in the tequila agave from Jalisco, Mexico. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14398. [PMID: 36415865 PMCID: PMC9676017 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Genetic diversity is fundamental for the survival of species. In particular, in a climate change scenario, it is crucial that populations maintain genetic diversity so they can adapt to novel environmental conditions. Genetic diversity in wild agaves is usually high, with low genetic differentiation among populations, in part maintained by the agave pollinators such as the nectarivorous bats. In cultivated agaves, patterns of genetic diversity vary according to the intensity of use, management, and domestication stage. In Agave tequilana Weber var. azul (A. tequilana thereafter), the plant used for tequila production, clonal propagation has been strongly encouraged. These practices may lead to a reduction in genetic diversity. Methods We studied the diversity patterns with genome-wide SNPs, using restriction site associated DNA sequencing in cultivated samples of A. tequilana from three sites of Jalisco, Mexico. For one locality, seeds were collected and germinated in a greenhouse. We compared the genomic diversity, levels of inbreeding, genetic differentiation, and connectivity among studied sites and between adults and juvenile plants. Results Agave tequilana presented a genomic diversity of HT = 0.12. The observed heterozygosity was higher than the expected heterozygosity. Adults were more heterozygous than juveniles. This could be a consequence of heterosis or hybrid vigor. We found a shallow genetic structure (average paired FST = 0.0044). In the analysis of recent gene flow, we estimated an average migration rate among the different populations of m = 0.25. In particular, we found a population that was the primary source of gene flow and had greater genomic diversity (HE and HO ), so we propose that this population should continue to be monitored as a potential genetic reservoir. Discussion Our results may be the consequence of more traditional management in the studied specific region of Jalisco. Also, the exchange of seeds or propagules by producers and the existence of gene flow due to occasional sexual reproduction may play an important role in maintaining diversity in A. tequilana. For populations to resist pests, to continue evolving and reduce their risk of extinction under a climate change scenario, it is necessary to maintain genetic diversity. Under this premise we encourage to continue acting in conservation programs for this species and its pollinators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Erika Aguirre-Planter
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Jaime Gasca-Pineda
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Anastasia Klimova
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | | | | | - Rodrigo A. Medellin
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Daniel Piñero
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Rafael Lira
- Laboratorio de Recursos Naturales, Unidad de Biotecnología y Prototipos (UBIPRO), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Luis E. Eguiarte
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hernández-Terán A, Navarro-Díaz M, Benítez M, Lira R, Wegier A, Escalante AE. Host genotype explains rhizospheric microbial community composition: the case of wild cotton metapopulations (Gossypium hirsutum L.) in Mexico. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2021; 96:5850751. [PMID: 32490512 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiaa109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The rhizosphere provides several benefits to the plant host being a strong determinant for its health, growth and productivity. Nonetheless, the factors behind the assembly of the microbial communities associated with the rhizosphere such as the role of plant genotypes are not completely understood. In this study, we tested the role that intraspecific genetic variation has in rhizospheric microbial community assemblages, using genetically distinct wild cotton populations as a model of study. We followed a common garden experiment including five wild cotton populations, controlling for plant genotypes, environmental conditions and soil microbial community inoculum, to test for microbial differences associated with genetic variation of the plant hosts. Microbial communities of the treatments were characterized by culture-independent 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing with Illumina MiSeq platform. We analyzed microbial community diversity (alpha and beta), and diversity structure of such communities, determined by co-occurrence networks. Results show that different plant genotypes select for different and specific microbial communities from a common inoculum. Although we found common amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) to all plant populations (235), we also found unique ASVs for different populations that could be related to potential functional role of such ASVs in the rhizosphere.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Hernández-Terán
- Laboratorio Nacional de Ciencias de la Sostenibilidad (LANCIS), Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico.,Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Marcelo Navarro-Díaz
- Laboratorio Nacional de Ciencias de la Sostenibilidad (LANCIS), Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico.,Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mariana Benítez
- Laboratorio Nacional de Ciencias de la Sostenibilidad (LANCIS), Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico.,Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rafael Lira
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 54090, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ana Wegier
- Jardín Botánico, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ana E Escalante
- Laboratorio Nacional de Ciencias de la Sostenibilidad (LANCIS), Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tellez O, Mattana E, Diazgranados M, Kühn N, Castillo-Lorenzo E, Lira R, Montes-Leyva L, Rodriguez I, Flores Ortiz CM, Way M, Dávila P, Ulian T. Native trees of Mexico: diversity, distribution, uses and conservation. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9898. [PMID: 32999763 PMCID: PMC7505059 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mexico is one of the most floristically rich countries in the world. Despite significant contributions made on the understanding of its unique flora, the knowledge on its diversity, geographic distribution and human uses, is still largely fragmented. Unfortunately, deforestation is heavily impacting this country and native tree species are under threat. The loss of trees has a direct impact on vital ecosystem services, affecting the natural capital of Mexico and people’s livelihoods. Given the importance of trees in Mexico for many aspects of human well-being, it is critical to have a more complete understanding of their diversity, distribution, traditional uses and conservation status. We aimed to produce the most comprehensive database and catalogue on native trees of Mexico by filling those gaps, to support their in situ and ex situ conservation, promote their sustainable use, and inform reforestation and livelihoods programmes. Methods A database with all the tree species reported for Mexico was prepared by compiling information from herbaria and reviewing the available floras. Species names were reconciled and various specialised sources were used to extract additional species information, i.e. endemic status, threat status, availability in seed collections, reports on plant uses and conservation actions currently in place. With this information, a comprehensive catalogue of native trees from Mexico was redacted. Available georeferenced records were used to map each species distribution and perform spatial analyses to identify gaps of information and priority areas for their conservation and exploration. Results Mexico has at least 2,885 native tree species, belonging to 612 genera and 128 families. Fabaceae is the most represented family and Quercus the most represented genus. Approximately 44% of tree species are endemic to the country. The southern part of the country showed the highest values of species richness. Six hundred and seventy-four species have at least one documented human use. In terms of conservation assessment, ca. 33% of species have been assessed by either the IUCN Red List (919) or the National protection catalogue “NORMA Oficial Mexicana NOM-059” (29) or both (45). Additionally, 98 species have been included in the CITES listing for protection. In terms of existing conservation efforts, 19% of species have ex situ protection in seed banks, while protected areas overlap with all the identified peaks of species richness, except for those in the states of Veracruz and Chiapas. This work constitutes a key milestone for the knowledge, management, and conservation of the Mexican native trees. The two areas with high density of tree species identified in Veracruz and Chiapas represent two priority areas for tree conservation in Mexico, where integrated in situ and ex situ conservation efforts should be focused.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oswaldo Tellez
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Av. De los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala Tlalnepantla, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Efisio Mattana
- Wellcome Trust Millennium Building, RH17 6TN, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Ardingly, West Sussex, United Kingdom
| | - Mauricio Diazgranados
- Wellcome Trust Millennium Building, RH17 6TN, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Ardingly, West Sussex, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Kühn
- Wellcome Trust Millennium Building, RH17 6TN, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Ardingly, West Sussex, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Castillo-Lorenzo
- Wellcome Trust Millennium Building, RH17 6TN, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Ardingly, West Sussex, United Kingdom
| | - Rafael Lira
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Av. De los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala Tlalnepantla, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Leobardo Montes-Leyva
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Av. De los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala Tlalnepantla, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Isela Rodriguez
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Av. De los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala Tlalnepantla, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Cesar Mateo Flores Ortiz
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Av. De los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala Tlalnepantla, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Michael Way
- Wellcome Trust Millennium Building, RH17 6TN, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Ardingly, West Sussex, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia Dávila
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Av. De los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala Tlalnepantla, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Tiziana Ulian
- Wellcome Trust Millennium Building, RH17 6TN, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Ardingly, West Sussex, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lira R, Nascimento DV, Torres JB, Siqueira HAA. Predation on Diamondback Moth Larvae and Aphid by Resistant and Susceptible Lady Beetle, Eriopis connexa. Neotrop Entomol 2019; 48:909-918. [PMID: 31321624 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-019-00702-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A successful pest control requires both chemical and biological agents for most commercially grown crops. However, insecticide resistance is increasing worldwide. Cabbage, a widely grown Brassicaceae, hosts the most resistant insect pest to insecticides, the diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella L. However, insecticide-resistant populations Eriopis connexa (Germar), a lady beetle often found controlling aphids and other soft-bodied pest species sharing brassica fields with DBM. Thus, as a model for integration of insecticide and biological control methods, we evaluated predation by pyrethroid-resistant and pyrethroid-susceptible lady beetles on DBM larvae offered alone and in the presence of a preferred prey, the aphid Lipaphis pseudobrassicae (Davis). During 24-h exposure, resistant and susceptible E. connexa consumed an average of 9.8 and 6.0 second-instar instar DBM larvae, respectively. Resistant beetles showed no significant preferences for prey consumption between untreated and deltamethrin-treated leaf surfaces, at field-recommended rate. As a function of DBM availability, resistant beetles exhibited similar predation on treated and untreated arena and higher predation than susceptible beetles in a treated arena. In greenhouse cages, resistant and susceptible beetles exhibited similar survival after 10 days on cabbage treated with deltamethrin and promoted the reduction of DBM to 5.0% and 5.6%, respectively. Both populations fed on a mixed diet of aphids and DBM larvae even under high availability of the preferred aphid prey. Resistant E. connexa survives deltamethrin exposure and do not alter their predatory behavior in response to this insecticide-treated environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Lira
- Depto de Agronomia-Entomologia, Univ Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros, s/n, Dois Irmãos, Recife, PE, 52171-900, Brasil.
| | - D V Nascimento
- Depto de Agronomia-Entomologia, Univ Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros, s/n, Dois Irmãos, Recife, PE, 52171-900, Brasil
| | - J B Torres
- Depto de Agronomia-Entomologia, Univ Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros, s/n, Dois Irmãos, Recife, PE, 52171-900, Brasil
| | - H A A Siqueira
- Depto de Agronomia-Entomologia, Univ Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros, s/n, Dois Irmãos, Recife, PE, 52171-900, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Pogreba-Brown K, Austhof E, Okello A, Weiss J, Lira R, Ernst K. Public perceptions of non-pharmaceutical interventions for influenza and mosquito-borne illnesses - a statewide survey in Arizona. Perspect Public Health 2019; 140:214-221. [PMID: 31755813 DOI: 10.1177/1757913919886605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS We conducted a statewide online survey to understand public knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) related to non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) for mosquito-borne diseases and influenza in Arizona. METHODS The survey included knowledge of diseases, major health concerns, and sources of health information and KAP of NPIs for influenza and mosquito-borne diseases. Our team worked with Qualtrics®, an online survey company, to recruit a representative sample of 1500 adults in Arizona. RESULTS Of the 1531 respondents who completed the survey, most indicated that chronic conditions were their primary health concern (48%), with the other half split between infectious diseases (25%) and health effects of environmental conditions (26%). The majority (88%) of respondents indicated that they use the Internet to get their health information. Approximately one in eight people reported not emptying standing water and reducing potential mosquito habitats, despite respondents citing them as being the most effective factors in reducing mosquitoes. Regarding specific diseases, about half of the respondents were concerned about West Nile virus and/or Zika virus. Most (85%) people knew the signs and symptoms of influenza and 63% of people reported being likely to get the influenza shot. Those who did not vaccinate (n = 285) reported concerns that the vaccine would make them sick (41%), was ineffective (37%), or others indicated, 'I don't want to' (37%). CONCLUSIONS Overall, respondents were most concerned with chronic conditions and received their information from the Internet. Knowledge about mosquito-borne diseases was low. There were high levels of acceptance and self-reported uptake of the influenza vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Pogreba-Brown
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Mel & Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, The University of Arizona, 1295 N Martin Ave., A220, P.O. Box 245211, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - E Austhof
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Mel & Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - A Okello
- Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - J Weiss
- Arizona Department of Health Services, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - R Lira
- Arizona Department of Health Services, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - K Ernst
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Mel & Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hernández-Terán A, Wegier A, Benítez M, Lira R, Sosa Fuentes TG, Escalante AE. In vitro performance in cotton plants with different genetic backgrounds: the case of Gossypium hirsutum in Mexico, and its implications for germplasm conservation. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7017. [PMID: 31218120 PMCID: PMC6563797 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the best ex situ conservation strategies for wild germplasm is in vitro conservation of genetic banks. The success of in vitro conservation relies heavily on the micropropagation or performance of the species of interest. In the context of global change, crop production challenges and climate change, we face a reality of intensified crop production strategies, including genetic engineering, which can negatively impact biodiversity conservation. However, the possible consequences of transgene presence for the in vitro performance of populations and its implications for biodiversity conservation are poorly documented. In this study we analyzed experimental evidence of the potential effects of transgene presence on the in vitro performance of Gossypium hirsutum L. populations, representing the Mexican genetic diversity of the species, and reflect on the implications of such presence for ex situ genetic conservation of the natural variation of the species. We followed an experimental in vitro performance approach, in which we included individuals from different wild cotton populations as well as individuals from domesticated populations, in order to differentiate the effects of domestication traits dragged into the wild germplasm pool via gene flow from the effects of transgene presence. We evaluated the in vitro performance of five traits related to plant establishment (N = 300): propagation rate, leaf production rate, height increase rate, microbial growth and root development. Then we conducted statistical tests (PERMANOVA, Wilcoxon post-hoc tests, and NMDS multivariate analyses) to evaluate the differences in the in vitro performance of the studied populations. Although direct causality of the transgenes to observed phenotypes requires strict control of genotypes, the overall results suggest detrimental consequences for the in vitro culture performance of wild cotton populations in the presence of transgenes. This provides experimental, statistically sound evidence to support the implementation of transgene screening of plants to reduce time and economic costs in in vitro establishment, thus contributing to the overarching goal of germplasm conservation for future adaptation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Hernández-Terán
- Laboratorio Nacional de Ciencias de la Sostenibilidad, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.,Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ana Wegier
- Jardín Botánico, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mariana Benítez
- Laboratorio Nacional de Ciencias de la Sostenibilidad, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.,Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rafael Lira
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Los Reyes, Mexico
| | | | - Ana E Escalante
- Laboratorio Nacional de Ciencias de la Sostenibilidad, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Eguiarte LE, Hernández-Rosales HS, Barrera-Redondo J, Castellanos-Morales G, Paredes-Torres LM, Sánchez-de la Vega G, Ruiz-Mondragón KY, Vázquez-Lobo A, Montes-Hernández S, Aguirre-Planter E, Souza V, Lira R. Domesticación, diversidad y recursos genéticos y genómicos de México: El caso de las calabazas. TIP RECQB 2018. [DOI: 10.22201/fesz.23958723e.2018.0.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
La domesticación de plantas y animales permite estudiar diferentes procesos evolutivos, como la selección, adaptación y especiación. En este artículo se describen avances recientes en el estudio de las calabazas, las cuales constituyen el género Cucurbita (Cucurbitaceae) siendo un grupo de plantas herbáceas americanas que incluyen entre 12 y 15 especies. Cucurbita ha tenido seis eventos de domesticación, de los cuales cuatro sucedieron en México. Este es un género relativamente reciente, que surgió en Norte América hace 16 millones de años y sus especies cultivadas mantienen una alta variación genética; Cucurbita pepo es la especie que presenta mayor variación genética,variación asociada a dos domesticaciones independientes, una en el norte de México, y otra en el Sureste de los Estados Unidos. En otra especie, Cucurbita argyrosperma, sus poblaciones de la Península de Yucatán, representan una poza genética diferenciada del resto de la especie. El estudio del genoma de C. argyrosperma y taxa cercanos ha revelado las regiones de su genoma asociadas a la domesticación. Las poblaciones de las especies de este género representan una fuente de importantes recursos genéticos frente al cambio climático y constituyen un buen sistema para el estudio de la domesticación y de diferentes procesos evolutivos.
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Natural enemies are exposed to insecticide sprays for herbivorous species and may evolve field resistance to insecticides. Natural enemies selected for resistance in the field, however, are welcome for pest control. The susceptibility of 20 populations of Eriopis connexa from various crop ecosystems to λ-cyhalothrin was tested. Three bioassays were conducted: (i) topical treatment with lethal dose (LD)50 previously determined for populations considered standard for susceptibility (LD50S) and for resistance (LD50R) to λ-cyhalothrin at technical grade; (ii) dose-mortality assay to calculate the LD for populations exhibiting significant survival to the LD50R; and (iii) determination of survival when exposed to dried residues at field rates. Among the 20 tested populations, seven populations did not survive or survival rates were lower than 10% when treated with LD50R; three populations survived >20%, but lower than 50%; while ten populations exhibited equal or greater survival rates compared with the 50% expected survival for the LD50R. Thus, these ten populations were subjected to dose-mortality response, and the LD50 values varied from 0.046 to 5.44 µg a.i./insect with resistance ratio of 8.52- to 884.08-folds. Adults from these ten populations that were ranked as resistant according to the LD50R exhibited survival from 44.5 to 100% exposed to the lowest and from 38.8 to 100% exposed to the highest field rates of λ-cyhalothrin, respectively. Otherwise, the remaining ten populations ranked as susceptible according to the LD50R showed survival from 3.3 to 56% exposed to the lowest and from 0 to 17.7% exposed to the highest field rates of λ-cyhalothrin, respectively. Therefore, 50% of the tested E. connexa populations exhibited field-evolved resistance to λ-cyhalothrin and the use of a discriminatory LD50 for resistance matched the survival obtained when exposed to the insecticide field rates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P M G Costa
- Departamento de Agronomia - Entomologia,Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco,Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros, s/n, Dois Irmãos 52171-900,Recife - PE,Brazil
| | - J B Torres
- Departamento de Agronomia - Entomologia,Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco,Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros, s/n, Dois Irmãos 52171-900,Recife - PE,Brazil
| | - V M Rondelli
- Departamento de Agronomia,Universidade Federal de Rondônia (UNIR),76940-000 Rolim de Moura,RO,Brazil
| | - R Lira
- Departamento de Agronomia - Entomologia,Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco,Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros, s/n, Dois Irmãos 52171-900,Recife - PE,Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hernández-Terán A, Wegier A, Benítez M, Lira R, Escalante AE. Domesticated, Genetically Engineered, and Wild Plant Relatives Exhibit Unintended Phenotypic Differences: A Comparative Meta-Analysis Profiling Rice, Canola, Maize, Sunflower, and Pumpkin. Front Plant Sci 2017; 8:2030. [PMID: 29259610 PMCID: PMC5723393 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.02030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Agronomic management of plants is a powerful evolutionary force acting on their populations. The management of cultivated plants is carried out by the traditional process of human selection or plant breeding and, more recently, by the technologies used in genetic engineering (GE). Even though crop modification through GE is aimed at specific traits, it is possible that other non-target traits can be affected by genetic modification due to the complex regulatory processes of plant metabolism and development. In this study, we conducted a meta-analysis profiling the phenotypic consequences of plant breeding and GE, and compared modified cultivars with wild relatives in five crops of global economic and cultural importance: rice, maize, canola, sunflower, and pumpkin. For these five species, we analyzed the literature with documentation of phenotypic traits that are potentially related to fitness for the same species in comparable conditions. The information was analyzed to evaluate whether the different processes of modification had influenced the phenotype in such a way as to cause statistical differences in the state of specific phenotypic traits or grouping of the organisms depending on their genetic origin [wild, domesticated with genetic engineering (domGE), and domesticated without genetic engineering (domNGE)]. In addition, we tested the hypothesis that, given that transgenic plants are a construct designed to impact, in many cases, a single trait of the plant (e.g., lepidopteran resistance), the phenotypic differences between domGE and domNGE would be either less (or inexistent) than between the wild and domesticated relatives (either domGE or domNGE). We conclude that (1) genetic modification (either by selective breeding or GE) can be traced phenotypically when comparing wild relatives with their domesticated relatives (domGE and domNGE) and (2) the existence and the magnitude of the phenotypic differences between domGE and domNGE of the same crop suggest consequences of genetic modification beyond the target trait(s).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Hernández-Terán
- Laboratorio Nacional de Ciencias de la Sostenibilidad, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ana Wegier
- Laboratorio de Genética de la Conservación, Jardín Botánico, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mariana Benítez
- Laboratorio Nacional de Ciencias de la Sostenibilidad, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad (C3), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rafael Lira
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ana E. Escalante
- Laboratorio Nacional de Ciencias de la Sostenibilidad, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Rangel-Landa S, Casas A, García-Frapolli E, Lira R. Sociocultural and ecological factors influencing management of edible and non-edible plants: the case of Ixcatlán, Mexico. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 2017; 13:59. [PMID: 29084561 PMCID: PMC5663152 DOI: 10.1186/s13002-017-0185-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identifying factors influencing plant management allows understanding how processes of domestication operate. Uncertain availability of resources is a main motivation for managing edible plants, but little is known about management motives of non-edible resources like medicinal and ceremonial plants. We hypothesized that uncertain availability of resources would be a general factor motivating their management, but other motives could operate simultaneously. Uncertainty and risk might be less important motives in medicinal than in edible plants, while for ceremonial plants, symbolic and spiritual values would be more relevant. METHODS We inventoried edible, medicinal, and ceremonial plants in Ixcatlán, Oaxaca, Mexico, and conducted in-depth studies with 20 native and naturalized species per use type; we documented their cultural importance and abundance by interviewing 25 households and sampling vegetation in 33 sites. Consumption amounts and preferences were studied through surveys and free listings with 38 interviewees. Management intensity and risk indexes were calculated through PCA and their relation analyzed through regression analyses. Canonical methods allowed identifying the main sociocultural and ecological factors influencing management of plants per use type. RESULTS Nearly 64, 63, and 55% of all ceremonial, edible, and medicinal wild plants recorded, respectively, are managed in order to maintain or increase their availability, embellishing environments, and because of ethical reasons and curiosity. Management intensity was higher in edible plants under human selection and associated with risk. Management of ceremonial and medicinal plants was not associated with indexes of risk or uncertainty in their availability. Other sociocultural and ecological factors influence management intensity, the most important being reciprocal relations and abundance perception. CONCLUSIONS Plant management through practices and collectively regulated strategies is strongly related to control of risk and uncertainty in edible plants, compared with medicinal and ceremonial plants, in which reciprocal interchanges, curiosity, and spiritual values are more important factors. Understanding how needs, worries, social relations, and ethical values influence management decisions is important to understand processes of constructing management strategies and how domestication could be started in the past and are operated at the present.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Selene Rangel-Landa
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, UNAM, Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro 8711, 58190 Morelia, Michoacán Mexico
| | - Alejandro Casas
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, UNAM, Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro 8711, 58190 Morelia, Michoacán Mexico
| | - Eduardo García-Frapolli
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, UNAM, Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro 8711, 58190 Morelia, Michoacán Mexico
| | - Rafael Lira
- UBIPRO, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, UNAM, Av. de los Barrios #1, Los Reyes Ixtacala, Mexico, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Santos DS, Rodrigues ARS, Torres JB, Lira R. Performance of Eriopis connexa (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) resistant to lambda-cyhalothrin after extended recovery from knockdown. Neotrop Entomol 2016; 45:718-724. [PMID: 27394718 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-016-0422-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A population of the predatory lady beetle Eriopis connexa (Germar) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) was recorded as resistant to lambda-cyhalothrin. Adults exposed to this insecticide have recovered from knockdown after 72 h. Thus, the performance of resistant (R) and susceptible (S) populations of E. connexa not exposed to insecticide (R0 and S0) and R adults recovering from knockdown 24, 48, and 72 h after exposure (R24, R48, and R72) was studied. In addition, the fertility life table parameters were calculated for one generation considering the progenies from R0, S0, and R24 populations. The recovery rate from knockdown was 69.4% for R-adults, and greater recovery rate was observed within 48 h following lambda-cyhalothrin exposure. The S-females produced about 50% more eggs and lived longer, when compared with R-females irrespective of the recovery periods after knockdown. The R-females produced similar number of eggs and exhibited similar longevity across all treatments (R0, R24, R48, and R72). Progenies produced by R- and S-populations did not exhibit consistent differences in development and survival. The fertility life table parameters showed higher intrinsic rate of population growth (rm) and lower mean generation time (T) for R0- and R24-females, when compared with those for S0-females. Thus, the time interval needed to recover from knockdown is not related to the adaptive cost of resistance in E. connexa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D S Santos
- Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Univ Federal de Alagoas, Rio Largo, AL, Brasil
| | - A R S Rodrigues
- Instituto Federal Goiano-Câmpus Rio Verde, Rod. Sul Goiana, Km 01, Zona Rural, CEP 75901-970, Rio Verde, GO, Brasil.
| | - J B Torres
- Depto de Agronomia-Entomologia, Univ Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | - R Lira
- Depto de Agronomia-Entomologia, Univ Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lira R, Rodrigues ARS, Torres JB. Fitness Advantage in Heterozygous Ladybird Beetle Eriopis connexa (Germar) Resistant to Lambda-Cyhalothrin. Neotrop Entomol 2016; 45:573-579. [PMID: 27255766 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-016-0407-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The pyrethroid lambda-cyhalothrin is widely recommended for use against defoliators in crop ecosystems, but this broad-spectrum insecticide lacks efficacy against aphids; thus, key aphid predators such as the ladybird beetle Eriopis connexa (Germar) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) must be preserved. Given that populations of E. connexa recently identified as resistant to lambda-cyhalothrin show potential of integrating chemical and biological control in crop ecosystems, a historical goal of integrated pest management. In the present study, the resistance maintenance over F1, F2, and F3 progenies from crossing resistant (R) and susceptible (S) E. connexa populations that might be expected after releasing R predator in the crop field and the F1 offspring performance when the R population is crossed with the S population are evaluated. The offspring performance is determined for F1 progenies from crossing the R population at F40- and F45-reared generations in the laboratory with the S population at F38- and F1-reared generations in the laboratory. The mortality rate in the heterozygous F1 progeny is low and similar to the rate for the R population (<5%), but it is about 75% in F2 and F3 progenies from crossing R and S populations. Fecundity and longevity of the heterozygous F1 progeny are significantly greater compared to the R population. These results suggest that when R population beetles are released and mating with S population residents, their field offspring retains the resistance phenotype with the advantages of greater egg production and longer survival compared to the parental R population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Lira
- Depto de Agronomia-Entomologia, Univ Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros, s/n, Dois Irmãos, 52171-900, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | | | - J B Torres
- Depto de Agronomia-Entomologia, Univ Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros, s/n, Dois Irmãos, 52171-900, Recife, PE, Brasil.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Sales F, Morales R, Lira R, Bravo L, Sciascia Q. 0901 Comparison of meat quality and fatty acid composition of grain-fed calves to grass-fed steers as an alternative beef production system in Chilean Patagonia. J Anim Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.2527/jam2016-0901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
16
|
Lira R, Eguiarte L, Montes S, Zizumbo-Villarreal D, Marín PCG, Quesada M. Homo sapiens–Cucurbita interaction in Mesoamerica: Domestication, Dissemination, and Diversification. Ethnobotany of Mexico 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-6669-7_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
|
17
|
Szuba-Trznadel A, Rząsa A, Lira R, Fuchs B. The influence of (1,3)-(1,6)-β-D-glucan on the production results of sows and their offspring. J Anim Feed Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.22358/jafs/65685/2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
18
|
Hantel C, Lira R, Ozimek A, Frantsev R, Reincke M, Mussack T, Beuschlein F. Differential TNFα and Toll-like-receptor 4-signaling in endocrine tumors after tumor-vascular-disrupting agent ASA404 (vadimezan) and TNFα treatment. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2014. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1372034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
19
|
Vargas-Bello-Pérez E, Vera R, Aguilar C, Lira R, Peña I, Fernández J. Feeding olive cake to ewes improves fatty acid profile of milk and cheese. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2013.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
20
|
Vargas-Bello-Pérez E, Vera RR, Aguilar C, Lira R, Peña I, Valenzuela A, Cerda H. Effect of dietary inclusion of lampante olive oil on milk and cheese fatty acid profiles of ewes. Grasas y Aceites 2013. [DOI: 10.3989/gya.108312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
21
|
Albino-García C, Cervantes H, López M, Ríos-Casanova L, Lira R. Patrones de diversidad y aspectos etnobotánicos de las plantas arvenses del valle de Tehuacán-Cuicatlán: el caso de San Rafael, municipio de Coxcatlán, Puebla. REV MEX BIODIVERS 2011. [DOI: 10.22201/ib.20078706e.2011.3.719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
|
22
|
Carvajal-Gamez B, Arroyo R, Lira R, López-Camarillo C, Alvarez-Sánchez ME. Identification of two novel Trichomonas vaginalis eif-5a genes. Infect Genet Evol 2010; 10:284-91. [PMID: 20060503 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2009.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2009] [Revised: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 12/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A (eIF-5A) is highly conserved and is the only protein that is known to contain the unique and essential amino acid residue hypusine. Synthesis of hypusine is essential for the function of eIF5A in eukaryotic cell proliferation and survival. In this study, we identified two novel eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A (eIF-5A) genes in Trichomonas vaginalis. The tveif-5a1 and tveif-5a2 putative genes were localized in different contigs, both containing ORFs encoding proteins of 168 amino acids that share high sequence identity with eIF-5A sequences from other eukaryotic organisms. A phylogenetic tree constructed with TveIF-5A1 and TveIF-5A2 from T. vaginalis and 13 other eIF-5A sequences of eukaryotic and archaebacterial origin revealed that both trichomonal TveIF-5As show the highest degree of similarity to bacteria. Using an anti-TveIF-5A antibody, we detected two protein bands and spots of 19 and 20kDa with isoelectric points (pI) of 5.2 and 5.5, respectively, by one and two-dimensional Western blot assays. In addition, we used reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to demonstrate that both of these tveif-5a genes are expressed in T. vaginalis. Immunofluorescence assays showed that the TveIF-5A protein was dispersed throughout the parasite cytoplasm. In conclusion, T. vaginalis has two eif-5a genes, and both genes are expressed as highly conserved proteins of 19kDa, which are localized in the cytoplasm of this parasite.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Carvajal-Gamez
- Posgrado en Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México (UACM). San Lorenzo # 290, Col. Del Valle, CP 03100 Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Hernandez T, Canales M, Duran A, Garcia AM, Avila JG, Hernandez-Portilla L, Alvarado M, Romero M, Teran B, Davila P, Lira R. Variation in the Hexanic Extract Composition of Lippia graveolens in an Arid Zone from Mexico: Environmental Influence or True Chemotypes? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.2174/1874294700903010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
24
|
Canales M, Hernández T, Caballero J, Romo de Vivar A, Avila G, Duran A, Lira R. Informant consensus factor and antibacterial activity of the medicinal plants used by the people of San Rafael Coxcatlán, Puebla, México. J Ethnopharmacol 2005; 97:429-39. [PMID: 15740877 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2004.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2004] [Revised: 10/01/2004] [Accepted: 11/08/2004] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Using ethnobotanical techniques, the medicinal flora used by the inhabitants of San Rafael Coxcatlán, Puebla was determined. During the field work, two types of interviews were applied (free listing and semi-structured) to 60 informants, who supplied consistent information concerning the use of 46 species of medicinal plants. Further analysis showed 13 categories of different medicinal use. An informant consensus factor was calculated and 16 species were selected due to their utilization in the treatment of diseases of possible bacterial origin. Of these 16 plants, sequential extractions were made with hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol. The obtained extracts were used to assess their antibacterial activity against 14 bacterial strains; 75% of the plants presented antibacterial activity. The medicinal species Jatropha neopauciflora Pax (Euphorbiaceae) and Juliania adstringens (Schldl.) Schldl. (Julianiaceae) were those that showed the biggest activity. Moreover, these species also had the highest informant consensus factor values.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Canales
- Laboratorio de Fitoquímica, UBIPRO Facultad de Estudios Superiores-Iztacala UNAM, Tlalnepantla 54090, Edo. Méx, Mexico.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Hernández T, Canales M, Avila JG, García AM, Martínez A, Caballero J, de Vivar AR, Lira R. Composition and antibacterial activity of essential oil of Lantana achyranthifolia Desf. (Verbenaceae). J Ethnopharmacol 2005; 96:551-554. [PMID: 15619577 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2004.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2004] [Revised: 09/30/2004] [Accepted: 09/30/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The essential oil of the aerial parts of Lantana achyranthifolia Desf. (Verbenaceae) was examined by GC and GC-MS. Eighteen constituents were identified. Carvacrol, 1,8-cineole, isocaryophyllene, beta-bisabolene and alpha-bisabolol were found to be the major components. The oil exhibited antibacterial activity against fourteen Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Hernández
- Laboratorio de Fitoquímica, UBIPRO, Facultad de Estudios Superiores-Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla 54090, Edo. de Mexico, México.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Hernández T, Canales M, Avila JG, Duran A, Caballero J, Romo de Vivar A, Lira R. Ethnobotany and antibacterial activity of some plants used in traditional medicine of Zapotitlán de las Salinas, Puebla (México). J Ethnopharmacol 2003; 88:181-188. [PMID: 12963140 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-8741(03)00213-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The village of Zapotitlán de las Salinas is situated in the Valley of Tehuacán-Cuicatlán, Puebla, Mexico. Plant species used by the local inhabitants to treat gastrointestinal diseases were identified using ethnobotanical, ethnographic and taxonomic methods. Out of 119 interviews, 44 plant species were registered, of which the following are the most frequently used (listed in descending order): Lippia graveolens H.B. et K. (Verbenaceae), Lantana achyranthifolia Desf. (Verbenaceae), Turnera diffusa (Willd.) ex Schult. (Turneraceae), Lippia oaxacana Rob. et Greenm. (Verbenaceae), Gymnolaena oaxacana (Greenm.) Rydb. (Asteraceae), Cordia curassavica (Jacq.) Roem. et Schult. (Boraginaceae), Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae) and Acalypha hederacea Torrey (Euphorbiaceae). From these plants, hexane, chloroform and ethanol extracts were prepared in order to assess their antibacterial activity against 14 bacterial strains causing the most common gastrointestinal diseases in Mexican population. All hexane extracts showed antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. There is a correlation between the frequency of mention (of plant use) and the antibacterial activity. In conclusion, the knowledge of plants most frequently used for gastrointestinal infections in Zapotitlán de las Salinas is supported by scientific rationale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Hernández
- Laboratorio de Fitoquímica, UBIPRO, Facultad de Estudios Superiores-Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla 54090, Edo. de Mexico, Mexico.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Marchese J, Casiraghi V, Lira R, Tedesco A, Rehder V. FLOWERING OF ARTEMISIA ANNUA L. PLANTS SUBMITTED TO DIFFERENT PHOTOPERIOD AND TEMPERATURE CONDITIONS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.17660/actahortic.2002.569.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
28
|
Navarro M, Cisneros-Fajardo EJ, Lehmann T, Sánchez-Delgado RA, Atencio R, Silva P, Lira R, Urbina JA. Toward a novel metal-based chemotherapy against tropical diseases. 6. Synthesis and characterization of new copper(II) and gold(I) clotrimazole and ketoconazole complexes and evaluation of their activity against Trypanosoma cruzi. Inorg Chem 2001; 40:6879-84. [PMID: 11754267 DOI: 10.1021/ic0103087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The complexes [Cu(CTZ)(4)]Cl(2).2H(2)O (1), [Cu(CTZ)Cl(2)](2) (2), [Cu(KTZ)(3)Cl(2)] (3), and [Cu(KTZ)Cl(2)](2).2H(2)O (4) were prepared by reaction of CuCl(2) with CTZ and KTZ (where CTZ = 1-[[(2-chlorophenyl)diphenyl]methyl]-1H-imidazole and KTZ = cis-1-acetyl-4-[4-[[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy]phenyl]piperazine), respectively, in acetonitrile at different ligand to metal molar ratios. Gold complexes [Au(PPh(3))(CTZ)]PF(6) (5) and [Au(PPh(3))(KTZ)]PF(6).H(2)O (6) were synthesized by reaction of AuClPPh(3), with KPF(6) and CTZ or KTZ in acetonitrile. All the new compounds were characterized by NMR spectroscopy and microanalytical methods, and for the paramagnetic species EPR spectroscopy and DC magnetic susceptibility measurements were also employed. The solid-state structure of 1 has been determined by X-ray crystallography. 1 crystallizes in the triclinic space group P(-)1, with a = 12.773(2) A, b = 15.326(4) A, c = 11.641(2) A, V = 1957.4(7) A(3), Z = 1, and D(calcd) = 1.284 g/cm(3). The structure refinement converged at R1 = 0.0731 and wR2 = 0.1962. Complex 1 displayed a square-planar structure typical for tetrakis(imidazole)copper(II) complexes. The new compounds were tested for in vitro activity against cultures of epimastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease. At concentrations equivalent to 10(-6) M of total CTZ or KTZ (in DMSO) all the complexes exhibited significantly higher growth inhibitory activity than their respective parental compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Navarro
- Chemistry Center, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Apartado 21827, Caracas 1020-A, Venezuela.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Marovich MA, Lira R, Shepard M, Fuchs GH, Kruetzer R, Nutman TB, Neva FA. Leishmaniasis recidivans recurrence after 43 years: a clinical and immunologic report after successful treatment. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 33:1076-9. [PMID: 11528583 DOI: 10.1086/322643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2000] [Revised: 01/26/2001] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a patient with very late recurring leishmaniasis recidivans from whom lesional biopsy samples were obtained during and after topical steroid treatment that demonstrated the ability of the host to contain the parasite in the absence of therapy. Combination therapy with intralesional sodium stibogluconate and oral itraconazole was successful and immunologic data suggest that both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell subsets had roles in this disease process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M A Marovich
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
McMorris TC, Yu J, Lira R, Dawe R, MacDonald JR, Waters SJ, Estes LA, Kelner MJ. Structure-activity studies of antitumor agent irofulven (hydroxymethylacylfulvene) and analogues. J Org Chem 2001; 66:6158-63. [PMID: 11529745 DOI: 10.1021/jo010458z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Many analogues of the antitumor agent irofulven have been readily prepared by replacing the allylic hydroxyl with a variety of nucleophiles. Analogues of acylfulvene (the precursor to irofulven) were also prepared by Michael reaction with acrolein. The toxicity of the analogues was determined, as well as preclinical antitumor activity. Several analogues exhibited good activity in mouse xenografts. Structural requirements for activity are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T C McMorris
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0506, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Rocha MM, Dassin T, Lira R, Lima EL, Severo LC, Londero AT. Sporotrichosis in patient with AIDS: report of a case and review. Rev Iberoam Micol 2001; 18:133-6. [PMID: 15487924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Although sporotrichosis is not an AIDS-defining infection, reports of sporotrichosis in individuals infected with HIV are increasing. We report an unusual case of this co-infection in a man with progressive deep cutaneous ulcerations with numerous pleomorphic yeast cells of Sporothrix schenckii. In addition a review of the literature on this subject was carried out and commented upon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M M Rocha
- Serviço de Infectologia, Hospital Nossa Senhora da Conceição, Porto alegre, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Rodrigues CO, Catisti R, Uyemura SA, Vercesi AE, Lira R, Rodriguez C, Urbina JA, Docampo R. The sterol composition of Trypanosoma cruzi changes after growth in different culture media and results in different sensitivity to digitonin-permeabilization. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2001; 48:588-94. [PMID: 11596924 DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2001.tb00195.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Respiration, oxidative phosphorylation. and the corresponding changes in membrane potential (deltapsi) of Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes grown either in liver infusion-tryptose (LIT) or brain heart infusion (BHI) culture medium were assayed in situ using digitonin to render their plasma membrane permeable to succinate, ADP, safranine O, and other small molecules. When the cells were permeabilized with 64 microM digitonin, a concentration previously used with epimastigotes, the ability of the cells grown in LIT medium to sustain oxidative phosphorylation was demonstrated by the detection of an oligomycin-sensitive decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential induced by ADP. In contrast, the cells grown in BHI medium were not able to sustain a stable membrane potential and did not respond to ADP addition. Analyses of oxygen consumption by these permeabilized cells indicated that the rate of basal respiration, which was similar in both cell types, was significantly decreased by 64 microM digitonin. Addition of ADP to the permeabilized cells grown in LIT medium promoted an oligomycin-sensitive transition from resting to phosphorylating respiration in contrast to the cells grown in BHI medium, whose respiration decreased steadily and did not respond either to ADP or CCCP. Titration of the cells grown in BHI medium with different digitonin concentrations indicated that their mitochondria have higher sensitivity to digitonin than those grown in LIT medium. Analysis of the sterol composition of epimastigotes grown in the two different media showed a higher percentage of cholesterol in total and mitochondrial extracts of epimastigotes grown in BHI medium as compared to those grown in LIT medium, suggesting the involvement of this sterol in their increased sensitivity to digitonin-permeabilization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C O Rodrigues
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana 61802, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Singel LJ, Lira R. 'Yes, you can!'. Am J Nurs 2001; 101:24A-C. [PMID: 12168604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L J Singel
- University of Texas Health Science Center
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Lira R, Contreras LM, Rita RM, Urbina JA. Mechanism of action of anti-proliferative lysophospholipid analogues against the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi: potentiation of in vitro activity by the sterol biosynthesis inhibitor ketoconazole. J Antimicrob Chemother 2001; 47:537-46. [PMID: 11328763 DOI: 10.1093/jac/47.5.537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the mechanism of action of metabolically stable lysophospholipid analogues (LPAs), with potent anti-tumour and anti-protozoal activity against Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas' disease. Against the axenically grown epimastigote form of the parasite, the IC(50)s after 120 h for ET-18-OCH(3), miltefosine and ilmofosine were 3, 1 and 3 microM, respectively; at higher concentrations immediate lytic effects were observed. Eradication of the intracellular amastigote, grown inside Vero cells, was achieved at 0.1, 0.1 and 1 microM for ET-18-OCH(3), miltefosine and ilmofosine, respectively. Analysis of the lipid composition of epimastigotes exposed to LPAs at their IC(50) for 120 h showed that the ratio of phosphatidyl-choline (PC) to phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) changed from 1.5 in control cells to c. 0.67 in those treated with the analogues. A significant increase in the content of phosphatidylserine was also observed in treated cells. Intact epimastigotes efficiently incorporated radioactivity from L-[methyl-(14)C]methionine into PC, but not from [methyl-(14)C]choline. ET-18-OCH(3) inhibited the incorporation of L-[methyl-(14)C]methionine into PC with an IC(50) of 2 microM, suggesting that inhibition of the de novo synthesis through the Greenberg's pathway was a primary effect underlying the selective anti-parasitic activity of this compound. Antiproliferative synergism was observed as a consequence of combined treatment of epimastigotes with ET-18-OCH(3) and ketoconazole, a sterol biosynthesis inhibitor, probably due to the fact that a secondary effect of the latter is also a blockade of PC synthesis at the level of PE-PC-N-methyl-transferase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Lira
- Laboratorio de Química Biológica, Centro de Biofísica y Bioquímica, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Apartado 21827, Caracas 1020A, Venezuela
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Martin MB, Grimley JS, Lewis JC, Heath HT, Bailey BN, Kendrick H, Yardley V, Caldera A, Lira R, Urbina JA, Moreno SN, Docampo R, Croft SL, Oldfield E. Bisphosphonates inhibit the growth of Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania donovani, Toxoplasma gondii, and Plasmodium falciparum: a potential route to chemotherapy. J Med Chem 2001; 44:909-16. [PMID: 11300872 DOI: 10.1021/jm0002578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the effects in vitro of a series of bisphosphonates on the proliferation of Trypanosoma cruzi, Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, Leishmania donovani, Toxoplasma gondii, and Plasmodium falciparum. The results show that nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates of the type used in bone resorption therapy have significant activity against parasites, with the aromatic species having in some cases nanomolar or low-micromolar IC(50) activity values against parasite replication (e.g. o-risedronate, IC(50) = 220 nM for T. brucei rhodesiense; risedronate, IC(50) = 490 nM for T. gondii). In T. cruzi, the nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate risedronate is shown to inhibit sterol biosynthesis at a pre-squalene level, most likely by inhibiting farnesylpyrophosphate synthase. Bisphosphonates therefore appear to have potential in treating parasitic protozoan diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M B Martin
- Departments of Chemistry and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
A new sesquiterpene, omphadiol (4), has been isolated from cultures of Omphalotus illudens. Several known compounds, including illudosin (1), were also obtained. Structures were determined using MS, NMR, and X-ray techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T C McMorris
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0506, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Urbina JA, Lira R, Visbal G, Bartrolí J. In vitro antiproliferative effects and mechanism of action of the new triazole derivative UR-9825 against the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma (Schizotrypanum) cruzi. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000; 44:2498-502. [PMID: 10952601 PMCID: PMC90091 DOI: 10.1128/aac.44.9.2498-2502.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the in vitro antiproliferative effects of the new triazole derivative UR-9825 against the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma (Schizotrypanum) cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas' disease in Latin America. The compound was found to be extremely active against the cultured (epimastigote) form of the parasite, equivalent to that present in the reduviid vector, with a MIC of 30 nM, a concentration 33-fold lower than that required with the reference compound ketoconazole. At that MIC, growth arrest coincided with depletion of the parasite's 4,14-desmethyl endogenous sterols (ergosterol, 24-ethylcholesta-5,7,22-trien-3b-ol, and precursors) and their replacement by methylated sterols (lanosterol, 24-methylenedihydrolanosterol, and obtusifoliol), as revealed by high-resolution gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. This indicated that the primary mechanism of action of UR-9825 was inhibition of the parasite's sterol C14alpha demethylase, as seen with other azole derivatives. The phospholipid composition of growth-arrested epimastigotes was also altered, when compared to controls, with a significant increase in the content of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine and a concomitant reduction of the content of phosphatidylcholine. The clinically relevant intracellular amastigote form, grown in cultured Vero cells at 37 degrees C, was even more sensitive to UR-9825, with a MIC of 10 nM, comparable to that for ketoconazole. The results showed that UR-9825 is among the most potent azole derivatives tested against this parasite and support in vivo studies with this compound.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J A Urbina
- Laboratorio de Química Biológica, Centro de Biofísica y Bioquímica, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas, Venezuela.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Lira R, Doherty M, Modi G, Sacks D. Evolution of lesion formation, parasitic load, immune response, and reservoir potential in C57BL/6 mice following high- and low-dose challenge with Leishmania major. Infect Immun 2000; 68:5176-82. [PMID: 10948141 PMCID: PMC101773 DOI: 10.1128/iai.68.9.5176-5182.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A model of cutaneous leishmaniasis using 10(2) Leishmania major metacyclic promastigotes inoculated into the footpads of genetically resistant C57BL/6 mice was studied in order to more accurately reproduce the evolution of lesion formation and the kinetics of parasite growth and immune response as they might occur in naturally exposed reservoirs and in human hosts. In contrast to the more conventional experimental model employing 10(6) metacyclic promastigotes, in which the rapid development of footpad lesions was associated with an increasing number of amastigotes in the site, the low-dose model revealed a remarkably "silent" phase of parasite growth, lasting approximately 6 weeks, during which peak parasitic loads were established in the absence of any overt pathology. Footpad swelling was observed after 6 weeks, coincident with the onset of parasite clearance and with production of high levels of interleukin-12 (IL-12) and gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) in draining lymph nodes. Low-dose challenge of IL-12- and IFN-gamma-depleted or -deficient mice provided strong evidence that the induction or expression of cellular immunity is essentially absent during the first 6 to 8 weeks of intracellular growth, since the concentration of amastigotes in the site was not enhanced compared to that for wild-type animals during this time. By monitoring the ability of infected mice to transmit parasites to vector sand flies, it was observed that following low-dose challenge, footpads without apparent lesions provided an efficient source of parasites for exposed flies and that the low-dose challenge actually extended the duration of parasite transmissibility during the course of infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Lira
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Belkaid Y, Mendez S, Lira R, Kadambi N, Milon G, Sacks D. A natural model of Leishmania major infection reveals a prolonged "silent" phase of parasite amplification in the skin before the onset of lesion formation and immunity. J Immunol 2000; 165:969-77. [PMID: 10878373 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.2.969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A model of Leishmania major infection in C57BL/6 mice has been established that combines two main features of natural transmission: low dose (100 metacyclic promastigotes) and inoculation into a dermal site (the ear dermis). The evolution of the dermal lesion could be dissociated into two distinct phases. The initial "silent" phase, lasting 4-5 wk, favored establishment of the peak load of parasites in the dermis in the absence of lesion formation or any overt histopathologic changes in the site. The second phase corresponds to the development of a lesion associated with an acute infiltration of neutrophils, macrophages, and eosinophils into the dermis and was coincident with the killing of parasites in the site. The onset of immunity/pathology was correlated with the appearance of cells staining for IL-12p40 and IFN-gamma in the epidermal compartment, and an expansion of T cells capable of producing IFN-gamma in the draining lymph node. Parasite growth was not enhanced over the first 4.5 wk in anti-CD4-treated mice, SCID mice, or C57BL/6 mice deficient in IL-12p40, IFN-gamma, CD40 ligand, or inducible NO synthase. These mice all failed to ultimately control infection in the site, but in some cases (anti-CD4 treated, IL-12p40-/-, CD40 ligand-/-, and SCID) high dermal parasite loads were associated with little or no pathology. These results extend to a natural infection model a role for Th1 cells in both acquired resistance and lesion formation, and document the remarkable avoidance of this response during a prolonged phase of parasite amplification in the skin.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Ear, External
- Epidermis/immunology
- Epidermis/metabolism
- Epidermis/parasitology
- Epidermis/pathology
- Immunity, Innate
- Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes/immunology
- Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes/parasitology
- Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes/pathology
- Leishmania major/growth & development
- Leishmania major/immunology
- Leishmania major/pathogenicity
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/parasitology
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/pathology
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/transmission
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Lymph Nodes/metabolism
- Lymph Nodes/parasitology
- Lymph Nodes/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, SCID
- Skin/immunology
- Skin/parasitology
- Time Factors
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Belkaid
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Lira R, Sundar S, Makharia A, Kenney R, Gam A, Saraiva E, Sacks D. Evidence that the high incidence of treatment failures in Indian kala-azar is due to the emergence of antimony-resistant strains of Leishmania donovani. J Infect Dis 1999; 180:564-7. [PMID: 10395884 DOI: 10.1086/314896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The possibility that the high frequency of treatment failures in Indian kala-azar might be due to infection with antimony-resistant strains of Leishmania donovani has not been experimentally addressed. L. donovani isolates were obtained from splenic aspiration smears of 24 patients in Bihar, India, who either did not respond (15) or did respond (9) to 1 or more full courses of treatment with sodium antimony gluconate (SAG). A strong correlation (P<.001) between clinical response and SAG sensitivity in vitro was observed only when strains were assayed as intracellular amastigotes: responsive isolates ED50=2.4+/-2.6, ED90=6.4+/-7.8 microgram SAG/mL; unresponsive isolates ED50=7.4+/-3.7 microgram SAG/mL, ED90=29.1+/-11.1 SAG/mL. No correlation with clinical response was found by use of extracellular promastigotes (ED50=48+/-22 vs. 52+/-29 microgram/mL). The emergence of antimony-resistant L. donovani strains appears to be a cause of treatment failures in India.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Lira
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Lira R, Méndez S, Carrera L, Jaffe C, Neva F, Sacks D. Leishmania tropica: the identification and purification of metacyclic promastigotes and use in establishing mouse and hamster models of cutaneous and visceral disease. Exp Parasitol 1998; 89:331-42. [PMID: 9676711 DOI: 10.1006/expr.1998.4283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Few experimental studies on Leishmania tropica have been undertaken despite the importance of this parasite as the cause of cutaneous leishmaniasis, and now visceral disease, in the Old World. In part, this is due to the absence of convenient animals models, especially mice, for L. tropica infections. An anti-lipophosphoglycan (LPG) monoclonal antibody XCIV 1H2-A8 (T11), specific for L. tropica, was found to distinguish between culture-derived procyclic and metacyclic promastigotes. The antibody was used to negatively select for nonagglutinated metacyclic forms in stationary cultures, and the exceptional virulence of the purified metacyclics was verified by their infectivity for mouse macrophages in vitro and by their ability to produce cutaneous lesions in footpads of BALB/c mice. The lesions produced by three cutaneous isolates of L. tropica were nonulcerative and nonprogressive. Nonetheless, the lesions failed to heal, and high numbers of parasites could be recovered from footpads and draining lymph nodes up to 9 months after infection. Infections using L. tropica metacyclics purified from cutaneous, visceral and viscerotropic (Desert Storm) isolates of L. tropica were compared in both mouse and hamster models. Differences in disease progression were found that may reflect the parasite tissue tropism and virulence displayed by these strains in their human hosts. These findings suggest a role for parasite-related determinants in the clinical spectrum of disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Lira
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
During leishmania infection, parasites are inoculated to the human host through the bite of a sandfly vector into the dermis, where they first interact with tissue components, cells and extracellular matrix molecules. Since collagen is the most abundant component of the skin matrix, we investigated whether there is a specific interaction of Leishmania mexicana promastigotes with this host component. Promastigotes were able to attach to collagen fibrils and move through the matrix of mouse skin sections and to penetrate easily into a type I collagen gel. Denatured type I collagen coated beads (Cytodex 3) readily bound to the parasite surface. The interaction of promastigotes with type I collagen was dose dependent and saturable and was competitively and specifically inhibited with increasing concentrations of gelatin. Biotin-labeled parasite surface molecules were able to associate with both denatured collagen from microcarriers and native type I collagen from bovine kidney. It is suggested that the presence of parasite cell membrane receptors to collagen may confer a specific tropism for the skin, where collagen is the most abundant component of the matrix.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Lira
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies, National Polytechnical Institute, Mexico, DF
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Rieber M, Rieber MS, Urbina C, Lira R. Differential response of adherent and unanchored melanoma cells to bromodeoxyuridine evidenced by specific lectin-binding protein changes. Int J Cancer 1989; 43:841-4. [PMID: 2714888 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910430517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The possible differential response of adherent and nonadherent cells of the same tumor type to pyrimidine analogues has been investigated. We show that bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR) increases interactions of attached cells with their substrate without markedly affecting the cell adhesion properties of the same cells when these are not anchored. However, evidence for an adhesion-independent response of both cell types to BUdR has been obtained with lectin binding assays using 125I-labelled Lens culinaris agglutinin (LCA). This revealed a greatly increased binding of LCA to a large glycoconjugate in all cultures exposed to the halogenated pyrimidine. Attachment-dependent effects of BUdR were manifested in flattened cells by a greater LCA-binding to a 240-kDa protein and by increased interaction of 125I-labelled wheat-germ agglutinin (WGA) with a 200-kDa protein and a large glycoconjugate sharply defined in electrophoresis. Although both tumor cell aggregates and anchored cells exhibit detectable responses to pyrimidine analogues such as BUdR, the corresponding effects are thus manifested unequally in cells with different adhesion properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Rieber
- Centre of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Rieber M, Rieber MS, Urbina C, Lira R. 120 and 80 kd detergent-insoluble glycoproteins as markers of differentiation and adhesion in B16 melanoma. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1986; 140:638-43. [PMID: 3778473 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(86)90779-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Surface glycoproteins correlating with cell adhesion and differentiation have now been studied in pigmented and amelanotic B16 melanoma cell monolayers and aggregates, labelled with 3H-glucosamine. Solubilization with the non-ionic detergent octyl glucoside revealed mostly adhesion-related changes, which involved a decrease in 140 and 110 kd glycoproteins in both pigmented and amelanotic cell aggregates. Nevertheless, differentiation-regulated changes were preferentially evident in the remaining detergent-insoluble glycoproteins. Pigmented cell monolayers showed a preferential increase in glycoprotein species of about 120 kd and 80 kd, which were not detected in amelanotic monolayers or in pigmented or amelanotic cell aggregates. Our findings suggest the relevance of these cytoskeleton associated glycoproteins as markers of differentiation and adhesion in melanoma cells.
Collapse
|
45
|
Rieber M, Rieber MS, Urbina C, Lira R. Relationship of a novel extracellular matrix glycoprotein to cell detachment in highly metastatic B16 melanoma: modulating effect of bromodeoxyuridine. Int J Cancer 1984; 34:427-32. [PMID: 6480159 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910340322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Growth of highly invasive B16 melanoma BL6 cells with bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR) decreases in vitro cell detachment and modulates extrapulmonary growth in vivo. We now show: (1) The presence of an 80 kd glycoprotein in the Triton-insoluble matrix of control BL6 cells but not in the corresponding fractions from BUdR-treated BL6 cells and poorly metastatic F1r cells. (2) The matrix fractions from the two last mentioned cells reveal Triton-insoluble glycoproteins of about 55-58 kd. (3) Mild trypsin treatment of intact cells before matrix preparation leads to the preferential disappearance of the 80 kd component from control BL6 matrix, suggesting its extracellular localization. (4) Prevention of Triton-mediated BL6 matrix detachment by zinc chloride pretreatment, and analysis of different BL6 clones with significant metastatic behavior, also revealed the presence of 80-90 kd matrix-associated glycoproteins in control but not in corresponding BUdR-grown cultures. Since BUdR decreases cell detachment, extrapulmonary metastasis and the levels of the 80-90 kd Triton-insoluble glycoprotein species in metastatic B16 melanoma, and this matrix component is also decreased in poorly metastatic F1r cells, we propose an involvement of this glycoconjugate in tumor cell detachment and metastatic behavior.
Collapse
|
46
|
Cordasco EM, Lira R, Demeter S, Wagner W. Industrial technology includes hazardous inhalants. Occup Health Saf 1980; 49:42-44. [PMID: 7360467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
|