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El Mahdi O, Ouakil A, Lachkar M. Non-volatile constituents from Monimiaceae, Siparunaceae and Atherospermataceae plant species and their bioactivities: An up-date covering 2000-2021. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2022; 202:113291. [PMID: 35787353 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The Monimiaceae, Siparunaceae, and Atherospermataceae, formerly included in the broad ''old'' Monimiaceae family, have long been known for their uses in traditional medicine and have proven to be rich sources of chemically diverse specialized metabolites with numerous potent biological and therapeutical properties. The progress made recently has expanded their phytochemistry and pharmacology albeit to different extents. This review focuses on the non-volatile constituents isolated from the three plant families during the last two decades and their emerging therapeutic potential. Based on the data collected from multiple databases without statistical analysis, approximately 93 components, of which 35 undescribed compounds including γ-lactones, alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, and homogentisic acid derivatives, have been reported. Moreover, diverse biological activities of pure isolated compounds such as anticancer, antioxidant, antiparasitic, antiviral, and antibacterial activities have been evidenced. Besides offering new important perspectives for different diseases' management, the chemical and biological diversities among the isolated compounds, open promising avenues of research and contribute to renewed interest in these families needing further studies. This review provides an updated overview of their potential as sources of leads for drug discovery, while also highlighting ongoing challenges and future research opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ouafâa El Mahdi
- Laboratory of Natural Ressources and Environment, Polydisciplinary Faculty of Taza, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, B.P. 1223, Taza Gare, Morocco.
| | - Abdelmoughite Ouakil
- Faculty of Sciences Dhar Lmehraz, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, 30000, Fez, Morocco
| | - Mohammed Lachkar
- Faculty of Sciences Dhar Lmehraz, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, 30000, Fez, Morocco
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Cagliero C, Bicchi C, Marengo A, Rubiolo P, Sgorbini B. Gas chromatography of essential oil: State-of-the-art, recent advances, and perspectives. J Sep Sci 2021; 45:94-112. [PMID: 34897986 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
This review is an overview of the recent advances of gas chromatography in essential oil analysis; in particular, it focuses on both the new stationary phases and the advanced analytical methods and instrumentations. A paragraph is dedicated to ionic liquids as gas chromatography stationary phases, showing that, thanks to their peculiar selectivity, they can offer a complementary contribution to conventional stationary phases for the analysis of complex essential oils and the separation of critical pairs of components. Strategies to speed-up the analysis time, thus answering to the ever increasing request for routine essential oils quality control, are also discussed. Last but not least, a paragraph is dedicated to recent developments in column miniaturization in particular that based on microelectromechanical-system technology in a perspective of developing micro-gas chromatographic systems to optimize the energy consumption as well as the instrumentation dimensions. A number of applications in the essential oil field is also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Cagliero
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Carlo Bicchi
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Arianna Marengo
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Patrizia Rubiolo
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Barbara Sgorbini
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
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Armijos C, Ramírez J, Salinas M, Vidari G, Suárez AI. Pharmacology and Phytochemistry of Ecuadorian Medicinal Plants: An Update and Perspectives. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14111145. [PMID: 34832927 PMCID: PMC8624270 DOI: 10.3390/ph14111145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of plants as therapeutic agents is part of the traditional medicine that is practiced by many indigenous communities in Ecuador. The aim of this study was to update a review published in 2016 by including the studies that were carried out in the period 2016–July 2021 on about 120 Ecuadorian medicinal plants. Relevant data on raw extracts and isolated secondary metabolites were retrieved from different databases, resulting in 104 references. They included phytochemical and pharmacological studies on several non-volatile compounds, as well as the chemical composition of essential oils (EOs). The tested biological activities are also reported. The potential of Ecuadorian plants as sources of products for practical applications in different fields, as well the perspectives of future investigations, are discussed in the last part of the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chabaco Armijos
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja 1101608, Ecuador; (J.R.); (M.S.); (A.I.S.)
- Correspondence: (C.A.); (G.V.)
| | - Jorge Ramírez
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja 1101608, Ecuador; (J.R.); (M.S.); (A.I.S.)
| | - Melissa Salinas
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja 1101608, Ecuador; (J.R.); (M.S.); (A.I.S.)
| | - Giovanni Vidari
- Medical Analysis Department, Faculty of Science, Tishk International University, Erbil 44001, Iraq
- Correspondence: (C.A.); (G.V.)
| | - Alírica I. Suárez
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja 1101608, Ecuador; (J.R.); (M.S.); (A.I.S.)
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas 1040, Venezuela
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Gilardoni G, Montalván M, Vélez M, Malagón O. Chemical and Enantioselective Analysis of the Essential Oils from Different Morphological Structures of Ocotea quixos (Lam.) Kosterm. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:2171. [PMID: 34685981 PMCID: PMC8540073 DOI: 10.3390/plants10102171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The traditional Ecuadorian spice Ishpingo, characterized by a strong cinnamon-like aroma, is constituted by the dry cupules of Amazonian species Ocotea quixos. Nevertheless, bark and leaves also present aromatic properties and are sometimes used as substitutes. In the present study, the essential oils, distilled from these morphological structures, are comparatively analyzed for their chemical and enantiomeric compositions. A total of 88 components were identified with 2 orthogonal GC columns, whereas 79, corresponding to more than 94%, were also quantified with at least 1 column. Major compounds were (E)-methyl cinnamate in cupules (35.9-34.2%), (E)-cinnamaldehyde in bark (44.7-47.0%), and (E)-cinnamyl acetate (46.0-50.4%) in leaves. For what concerns the enantioselective analysis, 10 chiral terpenes and terpenoids were detected, of which 6 were present as enantiomeric pairs in at least 1 essential oil, the others being enantiomerically pure. Both quantitative and enantioselective analyses were submitted to Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA), where their results confirmed significative difference among the three products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Omar Malagón
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja (UTPL), Calle Marcelino Champagnat s/n, Loja 110107, Ecuador or (G.G.); (M.M.); (M.V.)
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Morocho V, Valarezo LP, Tapia DA, Cartuche L, Cumbicus N, Gilardoni G. A Rare Dirhamnosyl Flavonoid and Other Radical-Scavenging Metabolites from Cynophalla mollis (Kunth) J. Presl and Colicodendron scabridum (Kunt) Seem. (Capparaceae) of Ecuador. Chem Biodivers 2021; 18:e2100260. [PMID: 34139055 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202100260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The phytochemistry of Cynophalla mollis (Kunth) J. Presl and Colicodendron scabridum (Kunth), both belonging to the family Capparaceae, were investigated in this study for the first time. Lupeol, betulin, lutein, stachydrine and quercetin-3,4'-di-O-rhamnoside were isolated from C. mollis, whereas C. scabridum afforded lupeol, lutein, stachydrine, β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, betonicine and narcissoside. All these compounds were purified by preparative liquid chromatography, in both open column and instrumental (MPLC) separation systems. Preparative TLC was also applied. They were all identified by 1 H- and 13 C-NMR experiments. The complete structure of the very rare flavonoid quercetin-3,4'-di-O-rhamnoside was fully elucidated through DEPT-135, COSY, HMQC and HMBC experiments, together with UV/VIS and FT-IR spectrophotometry. Complete NMR data for quercetin-3,4'-di-O-rhamnoside in deuterated methanol were presented here for the first time. All the extracts did not exert antioxidant activity at the maximum tested dose of 1 mg/mL. Three out of the nine isolated compounds exerted a good spectrum of antioxidant capacity, being narcissoside the most active against ABTS radicals, with SC50 =12.43 μM. It was followed by lutein and quercetin-3,4'-di-O-rhamnoside, with 40.92 μM and 46.10 μM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Morocho
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja, 1101608, Ecuador
| | - Leslye Paola Valarezo
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja, 1101608, Ecuador
| | - David Andrés Tapia
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja, 1101608, Ecuador
| | - Luis Cartuche
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja, 1101608, Ecuador
| | - Nixon Cumbicus
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuaria, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja, 1101608, Ecuador
| | - Gianluca Gilardoni
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja, 1101608, Ecuador
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Ramírez J, Andrade MD, Vidari G, Gilardoni G. Essential Oil and Major Non-Volatile Secondary Metabolites from the Leaves of Amazonian Piper subscutatum. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:1168. [PMID: 34207495 PMCID: PMC8228786 DOI: 10.3390/plants10061168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The essential oil and the major non-volatile secondary metabolites from the leaves of Piper subscutatum (Miq.) C. DC. (Family Piperaceae), collected in the Ecuadorian Amazon, were analyzed for the first time in the present study. The essential oil was submitted to chemical and enantioselective analyses by GC-MS and GC-FID. (E)-β-caryophyllene (25.3-25.2%), β-chamigrene (10.3-7.8%), (E)-nerolidol (8.1-7.7%), β-selinene (7.2-7.7%), δ-cadinene (2.7-3.9%), bicyclogermacrene (3.7-2.4%), and β-pinene (2.6-3.4%) were the major components. The enantioselective analysis, carried out on a β-cyclodextrin-based column, showed four scalemic mixtures in which (1R,5R)-(+)-α-pinene, (1S,5S)-(-)-β-pinene, (S)-(-)-limonene, and (1R,2S,6S,7S,8S)-(-)-α-copaene were the major enantiomers, with enantiomeric excesses of 28.8%, 77.8%, 18.4%, and 6.0%, respectively. The study was complemented with the chemical analysis of the organic fraction dissolved in the hydrolate, whose major components were 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one (63.7-64.4%) and linalool (6.5-6.0%). Concerning the non-volatile fraction, five lignans were the major components. (-)-Beilshminol B, (-)-grandisin, (-)-3',4'-methylenedioxy-3,4,5-trimethoxy-7,7'-epoxylignan, (-)-3',4'-methylenedioxy-3,4,5,5'-tetramethoxy-7,7'-epoxylignan, and (-)-3,4,3',4'-dimethylenedioxy-5,5'-dimethoxy-7,7'-epoxylignan were identified by means of NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and X-ray crystallography. The absolute configuration 7S,8S,7'S,8'S was tentatively assigned to all of them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Ramírez
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Calle M. Champagnat s/n, Loja 1101608, Ecuador; (J.R.); (M.D.A.)
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Via Taramelli 10, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - María Daniela Andrade
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Calle M. Champagnat s/n, Loja 1101608, Ecuador; (J.R.); (M.D.A.)
| | - Giovanni Vidari
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Via Taramelli 10, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
- Medical Analysis Department, Faculty of Science, Tishk International University, Erbil 44001, Iraq
| | - Gianluca Gilardoni
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Calle M. Champagnat s/n, Loja 1101608, Ecuador; (J.R.); (M.D.A.)
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Soil and Leaf Nutrients Drivers on the Chemical Composition of the Essential Oil of Siparuna muricata (Ruiz & Pav.) A. DC. from Ecuador. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26102949. [PMID: 34063513 PMCID: PMC8155955 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26102949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical compositions of plants are affected by the initial nutrient contents in the soil and climatic conditions; thus, we analyzed for the first time the effects of soil and leaf nutrients on the compositions of the essential oils (EOs) of Siparuna muricata in four different localities in Ecuador. EOs were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and a gas chromatography/flame ionization detector (GC/FID). Enantiomeric distribution by GC/MS was determined, modifying the enantiomeric separation of β-pinene, limonene, δ-elemene, β-bourbonene, cis-cadina-1 (6), 4-diene and atractylone. A total of 44 compounds were identified. The most representative for L1 were guaiol, atractylone and 4-diene; for L2, cis-cadina-1(6),4-diene and myrcene; for L3, atractylone, myrcene and germacrene B; and finally, L4 germacrene B, myrcene and cis-cadina-1(6),4-diene. Correlations between soil- leaf chemical elements such as Al, Ca, Fe, Mg, Mn, N and Si in the different localities were significant with chemical composition of the essential oil of Siparuna muricata; however, correlations between soil and leaf K, P, and Na were not significant. Cluster and NMDS analysis showed high dissimilarity values of secondary metabolites between four localities related with changes in soil- leaf nutrients. Thus, the SIMPER routine revealed that not all secondary metabolites contribute equally to establishing the differences in the four localities, and the largest contributions are due to differences in guaiol, cis-cadina-1(6),4-diene, atractylone and germacrene. Our investigation showed for the first time the influences of altitude and soil- leaf chemical elements in the chemical composition of the EOs of S. muricata.
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Espinosa S, Bec N, Larroque C, Ramírez J, Sgorbini B, Bicchi C, Cumbicus N, Gilardoni G. A Novel Chemical Profile of a Selective In Vitro Cholinergic Essential Oil from Clinopodium taxifolium (Kunth) Govaerts (Lamiaceae), a Native Andean Species of Ecuador. Molecules 2020; 26:E45. [PMID: 33374888 PMCID: PMC7795002 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel chemical profile essential oil, distilled from the aerial parts of Clinopodium taxifolium (Kunth) Govaerts (Lamiaceae), was analysed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS, qualitative analysis) and Gas Chromatography with Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID, quantitative analysis), with both polar and non-polar stationary phase columns. The chemical composition mostly consisted of sesquiterpenes and sesquiterpenoids (>70%), the main ones being (E)-β-caryophyllene (17.8%), α-copaene (10.5%), β-bourbonene (9.9%), δ-cadinene (6.6%), cis-cadina-1(6),4-diene (6.4%) and germacrene D (4.9%), with the non-polar column. The essential oil was then submitted to enantioselective GC analysis, with a diethyl-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-β-cyclodextrin diluted in PS-086 chiral selector, resulting in the following enantiomeric excesses for the chiral components: (1R,5S)-(-)-α-thujene (67.8%), (1R,5R)-(+)-α-pinene (85.5%), (1S,5S)-(-)-β-pinene (90.0%), (1S,5S)-(-)-sabinene (12.3%), (S)-(-)-limonene (88.1%), (S)-(+)-linalool (32.7%), (R)-(-)-terpinen-4-ol (9.3%), (S)-(-)-α-terpineol (71.2%) and (S)-(-)-germacrene D (89.0%). The inhibition activity against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) of C. taxifolium essential oil was then tested, resulting in selective activity against BChE with an IC50 value of 31.3 ± 3.0 μg/mL (positive control: donepezil, IC50 = 3.6 μg/mL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Espinosa
- Departamento de Química y Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja 1101608, Ecuador; (S.E.); (C.L.); (J.R.)
| | - Nicole Bec
- IRMB, Université de Montpellier, INSERM, 34298 Montpellier, France;
| | - Christian Larroque
- Departamento de Química y Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja 1101608, Ecuador; (S.E.); (C.L.); (J.R.)
- Supportive Care Unit, Institut du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM), 34298 Montpellier, France
| | - Jorge Ramírez
- Departamento de Química y Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja 1101608, Ecuador; (S.E.); (C.L.); (J.R.)
| | - Barbara Sgorbini
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy; (B.S.); (C.B.)
| | - Carlo Bicchi
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy; (B.S.); (C.B.)
| | - Nixon Cumbicus
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja (UTPL), Loja 1101608, Ecuador;
| | - Gianluca Gilardoni
- Departamento de Química y Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja 1101608, Ecuador; (S.E.); (C.L.); (J.R.)
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Gilardoni G, Montalván M, Ortiz M, Vinueza D, Montesinos JV. The Flower Essential Oil of Dalea mutisii Kunth (Fabaceae) from Ecuador: Chemical, Enantioselective, and Olfactometric Analyses. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E1403. [PMID: 33096831 PMCID: PMC7589571 DOI: 10.3390/plants9101403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
An essential oil was distilled with 0.25% yield from fresh flowers of Dalea mutisii Kunth, a native species mainly growing in the Andean region of Ecuador. A total of 50 compounds were identified, and most of them were quantified. The chemical composition was characterized by the prevalence of monoterpene hydrocarbons (>90%). Major components were α-pinene (42.9%), β-pinene (15.1%), β-phellandrene (12.6%), myrcene (6.7%), and (Z)-β-ocimene (5.4%). The essential oil was then submitted to enantioselective analysis, with a 2,3-diethyl-6-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-β-cyclodextrin-based capillary column. An enantiomeric excess was measured for (1R,5R)-(+)-α-pinene (91.6%), (1R,5R)-(+)-β-pinene (15.2%), (R)-(-)-α-phellandrene (4.8%), and (R)-(-)-β-phellandrene (88.8%), whereas (R)-(+)-limonene was enantiomerically pure. A gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O) analysis was additionally carried out on this pleasantly fragrant essential oil, following an aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA) approach. Main odorants were α-pinene, β-pinene, α-phellandrene, and (Z)-β-ocimene, with dilution factors (FD) of 8, 4, 2, and 2, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Gilardoni
- Departamento de Química y Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja 1101608, Ecuador; (M.M.), (M.O.), (J.V.M.)
| | - Mayra Montalván
- Departamento de Química y Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja 1101608, Ecuador; (M.M.), (M.O.), (J.V.M.)
| | - Mariana Ortiz
- Departamento de Química y Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja 1101608, Ecuador; (M.M.), (M.O.), (J.V.M.)
| | - Diego Vinueza
- Facultad de Ciencias, Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo, Lope de Armendariz, Riobamba 060106, Ecuador;
| | - José Vinicio Montesinos
- Departamento de Química y Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja 1101608, Ecuador; (M.M.), (M.O.), (J.V.M.)
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Gilardoni G, Matute Y, Ramírez J. Chemical and Enantioselective Analysis of the Leaf Essential Oil from Piper coruscans Kunth (Piperaceae), a Costal and Amazonian Native Species of Ecuador. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E791. [PMID: 32599869 PMCID: PMC7356746 DOI: 10.3390/plants9060791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, an essential oil was distilled from the leaves of Piper coruscans Kunth, a native Amazonian species belonging to the family Piperaceae and quite common in Ecuador. The chemical analysis was performed by GC-MS (qualitative) and GC-FID (quantitative), on polar and non-polar columns, detecting a total of 58 compounds of which 52 were identified. All the identified compounds were quantified. The essential oil was mainly constituted of sesquiterpenes (54.1-55.0%) and oxygenated sesquiterpenoids (32.5-33.6%), the major constituents being: (E)-β-caryophyllene (24.1-25.0%), α-humulene (11.6-12.0%), caryophyllene oxide (9.3-10.9%), linalool (4.5-5.2%), humulene epoxide II (3.6-4.1%), (E)-nerolidol (3.7-4.0%), α-copaene (3.7-3.9%), α-muurolol (3.4-3.7%), α-selinene (3.4-3.5%), β-selinene (3.1-3.3%), and one undetermined oxygenated sesquiterpenoid (3.1-3.3%). The aqueous phase (hydrolate) of the distillation process was also submitted to chemical analysis, showing linalool as the main organic compound in solution, with a concentration of 12.3-15.7 mg/100 mL. The essential oil was than analyzed for the enantiomeric distribution of its monoterpene constituents, affording the following enantiomeric excesses in two β-cyclodextrin-based enantioselective columns: (1S,5S)-(-)-α-pinene (60.0-69.6%), (1S,5S)-(-)-β-pinene (5.2-7.2%), (R)-(-)-α-phellandrene (72.5-78.2%), (R)-(+)-limonene (28.6%) and (R)-(-)-linalool (1.8-3.1%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Gilardoni
- Departamento de Química y Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Calle M. Champagnat s/n, Loja 1101608, Ecuador
| | - Yadira Matute
- Departamento de Química y Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Calle M. Champagnat s/n, Loja 1101608, Ecuador
| | - Jorge Ramírez
- Departamento de Química y Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Calle M. Champagnat s/n, Loja 1101608, Ecuador
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