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Zhang W, Cao Y, Li H, Rasmey AHM, Zhang K, Shi L, Ge B. Membrane protein Bcsdr2 mediates biofilm integrity, hyphal growth and virulence of Botrytis cinerea. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:398. [PMID: 38940906 PMCID: PMC11213811 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13238-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Grey mould caused by Botrytis cinerea is a devastating disease responsible for large losses to agricultural production, and B. cinerea is a necrotrophic model fungal plant pathogen. Membrane proteins are important targets of fungicides and hotspots in the research and development of fungicide products. Wuyiencin affects the permeability and pathogenicity of B. cinerea, parallel reaction monitoring revealed the association of membrane protein Bcsdr2, and the bacteriostatic mechanism of wuyiencin was elucidated. In the present work, we generated and characterised ΔBcsdr2 deletion and complemented mutant B. cinerea strains. The ΔBcsdr2 deletion mutants exhibited biofilm loss and dissolution, and their functional activity was illustrated by reduced necrotic colonisation on strawberry and grape fruits. Targeted deletion of Bcsdr2 also blocked several phenotypic defects in aspects of mycelial growth, conidiation and virulence. All phenotypic defects were restored by targeted gene complementation. The roles of Bcsdr2 in biofilms and pathogenicity were also supported by quantitative real-time RT-PCR results showing that phosphatidylserine decarboxylase synthesis gene Bcpsd and chitin synthase gene BcCHSV II were downregulated in the early stages of infection for the ΔBcsdr2 strain. The results suggest that Bcsdr2 plays important roles in regulating various cellular processes in B. cinerea. KEY POINTS: • The mechanism of wuyiencin inhibits B. cinerea is closely associated with membrane proteins. • Wuyiencin can downregulate the expression of the membrane protein Bcsdr2 in B. cinerea. • Bcsdr2 is involved in regulating B. cinerea virulence, growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China
- Qian Xinan Branch of Guizhou Provincial Tobacco Company, 60 Ruijin Southern Road, Xingyi, 562499, China
| | - Yi Cao
- Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, 29 Longtanba Road, Guiyang, 550081, China
| | - Hua Li
- School of Light Industry Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, 11 & 33 Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Abdel-Hamied M Rasmey
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez University, Elsalam 1, Cairo-Suez Road, Suez, 43221, Egypt
| | - Kecheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Liming Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Beibei Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Zhang W, Ge BB, Lv ZY, Park KS, Shi LM, Zhang KC. Membrane Protein Bcest Is Involved in Hyphal Growth, Virulence and Stress Tolerance of Botrytis cinerea. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1225. [PMID: 37317199 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11051225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea is a necrotrophic model fungal plant pathogen that causes grey mould, a devastating disease responsible for large losses in the agriculture sector. As important targets of fungicides, membrane proteins are hot spots in the research and development of fungicide products. We previously found that membrane protein Bcest may be closely related to the pathogenicity of Botrytis cinerea. Herein, we further explored its function. We generated and characterised ΔBcest deletion mutants of B. cinerea and constructed complemented strains. The ΔBcest deletion mutants exhibited reduced conidia germination and germ tube elongation. The functional activity of ΔBcest deletion mutants was investigated by reduced necrotic colonisation of B. cinerea on grapevine fruits and leaves. Targeted deletion of Bcest also blocked several phenotypic defects in aspects of mycelial growth, conidiation and virulence. All phenotypic defects were restored by targeted-gene complementation. The role of Bcest in pathogenicity was also supported by reverse-transcriptase real-time quantitative PCR results indicating that melanin synthesis gene Bcpks13 and virulence factor Bccdc14 were significantly downregulated in the early infection stage of the ΔBcest strain. Taken together, these results suggest that Bcest plays important roles in the regulation of various cellular processes in B. cinerea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Bei-Bei Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhao-Yang Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Kyung Seok Park
- International Agricultural Technology Information Institute, Hankyong National University, 327 Jungang Road, Anseong 17579, Republic of Korea
| | - Li-Ming Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ke-Cheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
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Mendonça M, Barroca M, Collins T. Endo-1,4-β-xylanase-containing glycoside hydrolase families: Characteristics, singularities and similarities. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 65:108148. [PMID: 37030552 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
Endo-1,4-β-xylanases (EC 3.2.1.8) are O-glycoside hydrolases that cleave the internal β-1,4-D-xylosidic linkages of the complex plant polysaccharide xylan. They are produced by a vast array of organisms where they play critical roles in xylan saccharification and plant cell wall hydrolysis. They are also important industrial biocatalysts with widespread application. A large and ever growing number of xylanases with wildly different properties and functionalites are known and a better understanding of these would enable a more effective use in various applications. The Carbohydrate-Active enZYmes database (CAZy), which classifies evolutionarily related proteins into a glycoside hydrolase family-subfamily organisational scheme has proven powerful in understanding these enzymes. Nevertheless, ambiguity currently exists as to the number of glycoside hydrolase families and subfamilies harbouring catalytic domains with true endoxylanase activity and as to the specific characteristics of each of these families/subfamilies. This review seeks to clarify this, identifying 9 glycoside hydrolase families containing enzymes with endo-1,4-β-xylanase activity and discussing their properties, similarities, differences and biotechnological perspectives. In particular, substrate specificities and hydrolysis patterns and the structural determinants of these are detailed, with taxonomic aspects of source organisms being also presented. Shortcomings in current knowledge and research areas that require further clarification are highlighted and suggestions for future directions provided. This review seeks to motivate further research on these enzymes and especially of the lesser known endo-1,4-β-xylanase containing families. A better understanding of these enzymes will serve as a foundation for the knowledge-based development of process-fitted endo-1,4-β-xylanases and will accelerate their development for use with even the most recalcitrant of substrates in the biobased industries of the future.
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Yan J, Chen J, Lin Y, Yuan X, Somta P, Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Zhang X, Chen X. Mapping of quantitative trait locus reveals PsXI gene encoding xylanase inhibitor as the candidate gene for bruchid ( Callosobruchus spp.) resistance in pea ( Pisum sativum L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1057577. [PMID: 36794223 PMCID: PMC9923024 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1057577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Pea (Pisum sativum L.) is an important legume crop for both food and feed. Bruchids (Callosobruchus spp.) are destructive insect pests of pea in the field and during storage. In this study, we identified a major quantitative trait locus (QTL) controlling seed resistance to C. chinensis (L.) and C. maculatus (Fab.) in field pea using F2 populations derived from a cross between PWY19 (resistant) and PHM22 (susceptible). QTL analysis in the two F2 populations grown in different environments consistently identified a single major QTL, qPsBr2.1, controlling the resistance to both bruchid species. qPsBr2.1 was mapped onto linkage group 2 between DNA markers 18339 and PSSR202109 and explained 50.91% to 70.94% of the variation in resistance, depending on the environment and bruchid species. Fine mapping narrowed down qPsBr2.1 to a genomic region of 1.07 Mb on chromosome 2 (chr2LG1). Seven annotated genes were found in this region, including Psat2g026280 (designated as PsXI), which encodes a xylanase inhibitor and was considered as a candidate gene for bruchid resistance. PCR amplification and sequence analysis of PsXI suggested the presence of an insertion of unknown length in an intron of PWY19, which causes variation in the open reading frame (ORF) of PsXI. Moreover, the subcellular localization of PsXI differed between PWY19 and PHM22. These results together suggested that PsXI encoding xylanase inhibitor is responsible for the bruchid resistance of the field pea PWY19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Yan
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Shanxi, China
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Shanxi, China
| | - Jingbin Chen
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yun Lin
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Xingxing Yuan
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Prakit Somta
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Yaowen Zhang
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Shanxi, China
| | - Zeyan Zhang
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Shanxi, China
| | - Xianhong Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Shanxi, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
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Tundo S, Mandalà G, Sella L, Favaron F, Bedre R, Kalunke RM. Xylanase Inhibitors: Defense Players in Plant Immunity with Implications in Agro-Industrial Processing. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314994. [PMID: 36499321 PMCID: PMC9739030 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Xylanase inhibitors (XIs) are plant cell wall proteins largely distributed in monocots that inhibit the hemicellulose degrading activity of microbial xylanases. XIs have been classified into three classes with different structures and inhibition specificities, namely Triticum aestivum xylanase inhibitors (TAXI), xylanase inhibitor proteins (XIP), and thaumatin-like xylanase inhibitors (TLXI). Their involvement in plant defense has been established by several reports. Additionally, these inhibitors have considerable economic relevance because they interfere with the activity of xylanases applied in several agro-industrial processes. Previous reviews highlighted the structural and biochemical properties of XIs and hypothesized their role in plant defense. Here, we aimed to update the information on the genomic organization of XI encoding genes, the inhibition properties of XIs against microbial xylanases, and the structural properties of xylanase-XI interaction. We also deepened the knowledge of XI regulation mechanisms in planta and their involvement in plant defense. Finally, we reported the recently studied strategies to reduce the negative impact of XIs in agro-industrial processes and mentioned their allergenicity potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Tundo
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture, and Forestry (TESAF), University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Giulia Mandalà
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Luca Sella
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture, and Forestry (TESAF), University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Francesco Favaron
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture, and Forestry (TESAF), University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Renesh Bedre
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Texas A&M University System, Weslaco, TX 78596, USA
| | - Raviraj M. Kalunke
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, 975 N Warson Rd, 7 Olivette, St. Louis, MO 63132, USA
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Bradley EL, Ökmen B, Doehlemann G, Henrissat B, Bradshaw RE, Mesarich CH. Secreted Glycoside Hydrolase Proteins as Effectors and Invasion Patterns of Plant-Associated Fungi and Oomycetes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:853106. [PMID: 35360318 PMCID: PMC8960721 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.853106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
During host colonization, plant-associated microbes, including fungi and oomycetes, deliver a collection of glycoside hydrolases (GHs) to their cell surfaces and surrounding extracellular environments. The number and type of GHs secreted by each organism is typically associated with their lifestyle or mode of nutrient acquisition. Secreted GHs of plant-associated fungi and oomycetes serve a number of different functions, with many of them acting as virulence factors (effectors) to promote microbial host colonization. Specific functions involve, for example, nutrient acquisition, the detoxification of antimicrobial compounds, the manipulation of plant microbiota, and the suppression or prevention of plant immune responses. In contrast, secreted GHs of plant-associated fungi and oomycetes can also activate the plant immune system, either by acting as microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), or through the release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) as a consequence of their enzymatic activity. In this review, we highlight the critical roles that secreted GHs from plant-associated fungi and oomycetes play in plant-microbe interactions, provide an overview of existing knowledge gaps and summarize future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellie L. Bradley
- Bioprotection Aotearoa, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Bilal Ökmen
- Institute for Plant Sciences and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Microbial Interactions, IMIT/ZMBP, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gunther Doehlemann
- Institute for Plant Sciences and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Bernard Henrissat
- DTU Bioengineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques (AFMB), UMR 7257 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France
- Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rosie E. Bradshaw
- Bioprotection Aotearoa, School of Natural Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Carl H. Mesarich
- Bioprotection Aotearoa, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- *Correspondence: Carl H. Mesarich,
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Wang Y, Liu M, Li J, Wei H, Zhang K. Experimental and in silico studies of competitive inhibition of family GH10 Aspergillus fumigatus xylanase A by Oryza sativa xylanase inhibitor protein. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 193:1391-1399. [PMID: 34742846 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.10.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The family GH10 Aspergillus fumigatus xylanase A (AfXylA10) gene, afxyla10 was cloned and recombinantly expressed in Pichia pastoris X33. The optimum temperature and pH of reAfXylA10 was 53 °C and 7.0, and Mn2+ remarkably activated the catalytic activity. The recombinant Oryza sativa xylanase inhibitor protein, rePOsXIP significantly inhibited reAfXylA10 with inhibition constant (Ki) of 177.94 nM via competitive inhibition and decreased the concentration of hydrolysate from beechwood xylan. Optimal inhibition of rePOsXIP on reAfXylA10 occurred at 45 °C for 40 min. The fluorescence of reAfXylA10 was statically quenched by rePOsXIP, indicating the formation of reAfXylA10-rePOsXIP complex during their interaction. Furthermore, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed to obtain the detailed information on enzyme-inhibitor interaction. The binding free energy (ΔG) of AfXylA10-OsXIP complex was -30 ± 9 kcal/mol by MM-PBSA calculation, and the α-7 helix of OsXIP anchored in the catalytic cleft of AfXylA10 by competition with the xylan substrate. K239OsXIP stably interacted with the catalytic site E140AfXylA10 through hydrogen bond and vdW interaction. Intermolecular hydrogen bonds T104AfXylA10/V99AfXylA10-Q5OsXIP, R256AfXylA10-E235OsXIP, D155AfXylA10-Y243OsXIP and D145AfXylA10-R194OsXIP on the upper of the TIM barrel were essential for strengthening the stability of complex. Therefore, these non-covalent interactions (NCI) played key role in the interaction between AfXylA10 and OsXIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Food Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Mingqi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Food Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Jiayi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Huiwen Wei
- Key Laboratory of Marine Food Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Keer Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Food Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
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Tundo S, Paccanaro MC, Bigini V, Savatin DV, Faoro F, Favaron F, Sella L. The Fusarium graminearum FGSG_03624 Xylanase Enhances Plant Immunity and Increases Resistance against Bacterial and Fungal Pathogens. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10811. [PMID: 34639149 PMCID: PMC8509205 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal enzymes degrading the plant cell wall, such as xylanases, can activate plant immune responses. The Fusarium graminearum FGSG_03624 xylanase, previously shown to elicit necrosis and hydrogen peroxide accumulation in wheat, was investigated for its ability to induce disease resistance. To this aim, we transiently and constitutively expressed an enzymatically inactive form of FGSG_03624 in tobacco and Arabidopsis, respectively. The plants were challenged with Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci or pv. maculicola and Botrytis cinerea. Symptom reduction by the bacterium was evident, while no reduction was observed after B. cinerea inoculation. Compared to the control, the presence of the xylanase gene in transgenic Arabidopsis plants did not alter the basal expression of a set of defense-related genes, and, after the P. syringae inoculation, a prolonged PR1 expression was detected. F. graminearum inoculation experiments of durum wheat spikes exogenously treated with the FGSG_03624 xylanase highlighted a reduction of symptoms in the early phases of infection and a lower fungal biomass accumulation than in the control. Besides, callose deposition was detected in infected spikes previously treated with the xylanase and not in infected control plants. In conclusion, our results highlight the ability of FGSG_03624 to enhance plant immunity, thus decreasing disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Tundo
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry (TESAF), University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy; (S.T.); (M.C.P.); (F.F.)
| | - Maria Chiara Paccanaro
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry (TESAF), University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy; (S.T.); (M.C.P.); (F.F.)
| | - Valentina Bigini
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis snc, 01100 Viterbo, VT, Italy; (V.B.); (D.V.S.)
| | - Daniel V. Savatin
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis snc, 01100 Viterbo, VT, Italy; (V.B.); (D.V.S.)
| | - Franco Faoro
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, MI, Italy;
| | - Francesco Favaron
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry (TESAF), University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy; (S.T.); (M.C.P.); (F.F.)
| | - Luca Sella
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry (TESAF), University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy; (S.T.); (M.C.P.); (F.F.)
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Effect of Bran Pre-Treatment with Endoxylanase on the Characteristics of Intermediate Wheatgrass ( Thinopyrum intermedium) Bread. Foods 2021; 10:foods10071464. [PMID: 34202754 PMCID: PMC8303953 DOI: 10.3390/foods10071464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous work indicated that bran removal promotes network formation in breads prepared from intermediate wheatgrass (IWG) flour. However, refinement reduces yields as well as contents of nutritionally beneficial compounds such as fiber. This study evaluated xylanase pretreatment of IWG bran as a processing option to enhance the properties of bread made with half of the original bran content. Xylanase pretreatment did not affect stickiness but significantly reduced hardness and increased specific loaf volumes compared to negative (without xylanase) and positive controls (with xylanase but without pretreatment). However, the surface of breads with pretreated bran was uneven due to structural collapse during baking. Fewer but larger gas cells were present due to pretreatment. Addition of ascorbic acid modulated these effects, but did not prevent uneven surfaces. Accessible thiol concentrations were slightly but significantly increased by xylanase pretreatment, possibly due to a less compact crumb structure. Endogenous xylanases (apparent activity 0.46 and 5.81 XU/g in flour and bran, respectively) may have been activated during the pretreatment. Moreover, Triticum aestivum xylanase inhibitor activity was also detected (193 and 410 InU/g in flour and bran). Overall, xylanase pretreatment facilitates incorporation of IWG bran into breads, but more research is needed to improve bread appearance.
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Host Cell Wall Damage during Pathogen Infection: Mechanisms of Perception and Role in Plant-Pathogen Interactions. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10020399. [PMID: 33669710 PMCID: PMC7921929 DOI: 10.3390/plants10020399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The plant cell wall (CW) is a complex structure that acts as a mechanical barrier, restricting the access to most microbes. Phytopathogenic microorganisms can deploy an arsenal of CW-degrading enzymes (CWDEs) that are required for virulence. In turn, plants have evolved proteins able to inhibit the activity of specific microbial CWDEs, reducing CW damage and favoring the accumulation of CW-derived fragments that act as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and trigger an immune response in the host. CW-derived DAMPs might be a component of the complex system of surveillance of CW integrity (CWI), that plants have evolved to detect changes in CW properties. Microbial CWDEs can activate the plant CWI maintenance system and induce compensatory responses to reinforce CWs during infection. Recent evidence indicates that the CWI surveillance system interacts in a complex way with the innate immune system to fine-tune downstream responses and strike a balance between defense and growth.
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