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Zhou YR, Li Y, Yang LH, Kozlowski G, Yi LT, Liu MH, Zheng SS, Song YG. The adaptive evolution of Quercus section Ilex using the chloroplast genomes of two threatened species. Sci Rep 2024; 14:20577. [PMID: 39232239 PMCID: PMC11375091 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-71838-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Chloroplast (cp) genome sequences have been extensively used for phylogenetic and evolutionary analyses, as many have been sequenced in recent years. Identification of Quercus is challenging because many species overlap phenotypically owing to interspecific hybridization, introgression, and incomplete lineage sorting. Therefore, we wanted to gain a better understanding of this genus at the level of the maternally inherited chloroplast genome. Here, we sequenced, assembled, and annotated the cp genomes of the threatened Quercus marlipoensis (160,995 bp) and Q. kingiana (161,167 bp), and mined these genomes for repeat sequences and codon usage bias. Comparative genomic analyses, phylogenomics, and selection pressure analysis were also performed in these two threatened species along with other species of Quercus. We found that the guanine and cytosine content of the two cp genomes were similar. All 131 annotated genes, including 86 protein-coding genes, 37 transfer RNA genes, and 8 ribosomal RNA genes, had the same order in the two species. A strong A/T bias was detected in the base composition of simple sequence repeats. Among the 59 synonymous codons, the codon usage pattern of the cp genomes in these two species was more inclined toward the A/U ending. Comparative genomic analyses indicated that the cp genomes of Quercus section Ilex are highly conserved. We detected eight highly variable regions that could be used as molecular markers for species identification. The cp genome structure was consistent and different within and among the sections of Quercus. The phylogenetic analysis showed that section Ilex was not monophyletic and was divided into two groups, which were respectively nested with section Cerris and section Cyclobalanopsis. The two threatened species sequenced in this study were grouped into the section Cyclobalanopsis. In conclusion, the analyses of cp genomes of Q. marlipoensis and Q. kingiana promote further study of the taxonomy, phylogeny and evolution of these two threatened species and Quercus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ren Zhou
- College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, 311300, Hangzhou, China
- Eastern China Conservation Centre for Wild Endangered Plant Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, 201602, China
| | - Yu Li
- Eastern China Conservation Centre for Wild Endangered Plant Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, 201602, China
| | - Liang-Hai Yang
- Eastern China Conservation Centre for Wild Endangered Plant Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, 201602, China
| | - Gregor Kozlowski
- Eastern China Conservation Centre for Wild Endangered Plant Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, 201602, China
- Department of Biology and Botanic Garden, University of Fribourg, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Natural History Museum Fribourg, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Li-Ta Yi
- College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, 311300, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mei-Hua Liu
- College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, 311300, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Si-Si Zheng
- Eastern China Conservation Centre for Wild Endangered Plant Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, 201602, China.
| | - Yi-Gang Song
- College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, 311300, Hangzhou, China
- Eastern China Conservation Centre for Wild Endangered Plant Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, 201602, China
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Wang TR, Meng HH, Wang N, Zheng SS, Jiang Y, Lin DQ, Song YG, Kozlowski G. Adaptive divergence and genetic vulnerability of relict species under climate change: a case study of Pterocarya macroptera. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 132:241-254. [PMID: 37409981 PMCID: PMC10583204 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Understanding adaptive genetic variation and whether it can keep pace with predicted future climate change is critical in assessing the genetic vulnerability of species and developing conservation management strategies. The lack of information on adaptive genetic variation in relict species carrying abundant genetic resources hinders the assessment of genetic vulnerability. Using a landscape genomics approach, this study aimed to determine how adaptive genetic variation shapes population divergence and to predict the adaptive potential of Pterocarya macroptera (a vulnerable relict species in China) under future climate scenarios. METHODS We applied restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq) to obtain 8244 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from 160 individuals across 28 populations. We examined the pattern of genetic diversity and divergence, and then identified outliers by genetic differentiation (FST) and genotype-environment association (GEA) methods. We further dissected the effect of geographical/environmental gradients on genetic variation. Finally, we predicted genetic vulnerability and adaptive risk under future climate scenarios. KEY RESULTS We identified three genetic lineages within P. macroptera: the Qinling-Daba-Tianmu Mountains (QDT), Western Sichuan (WS) and Northwest Yunnan (NWY) lineages, which showed significant signals of isolation by distance (IBD) and isolation by environment (IBE). IBD and IBE explained 3.7-5.7 and 8.6-12.8 % of the genetic structure, respectively. The identified GEA SNP-related genes were involved in chemical defence and gene regulation and may exhibit higher genetic variation to adapt to the environment. Gradient forest analysis revealed that the genetic variation was mainly shaped by temperature-related variables, indicating its adaptation to local thermal environments. A limited adaptive potential was suggested by the high levels of genetic vulnerability in marginal populations. CONCLUSIONS Environmental gradient mainly shaped the population differentiation of P. macroptera. Marginal populations may be at high risk of extinction, and thus proactive management measures, such as assisted gene flow, are required to ensure the survival of these populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Rui Wang
- Eastern China Conservation Centre for Wild Endangered Plant Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, 201602, China
| | - Hong-Hu Meng
- Plant Phylogenetics and Conservation Group, Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
| | - Nian Wang
- State Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Silviculture in Downstream Areas of the Yellow River, College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, 271018, China
| | - Si-Si Zheng
- Eastern China Conservation Centre for Wild Endangered Plant Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, 201602, China
| | - Yun Jiang
- Eastern China Conservation Centre for Wild Endangered Plant Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, 201602, China
| | - Duo-Qing Lin
- Eastern China Conservation Centre for Wild Endangered Plant Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, 201602, China
| | - Yi-Gang Song
- Eastern China Conservation Centre for Wild Endangered Plant Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, 201602, China
- Department of Biology and Botanic Garden, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, CH-1700, Switzerland
| | - Gregor Kozlowski
- Eastern China Conservation Centre for Wild Endangered Plant Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, 201602, China
- Department of Biology and Botanic Garden, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, CH-1700, Switzerland
- Natural History Museum Fribourg, Fribourg, CH-1700, Switzerland
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Gao Y, Liu K, Li E, Wang Y, Xu C, Zhao L, Dong W. Dynamic evolution of the plastome in the Elm family (Ulmaceae). PLANTA 2022; 257:14. [PMID: 36526857 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-04045-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This study compared the plastomes of Ulmaceae allowing analyses of the dynamic evolution, including genome structure, codon usage bias, repeat sequences, molecular mutation rates, and phylogenetic inferences. Ulmaceae is a small family in the order Rosales. This family consists of seven genera, including Ulmus, Zelkova, Planera, Hemiptelea, Phyllostylon, Ampelocera, and Holoptelea. Ulmaceae is an interesting lineage from plant biogeographic, systematic, evolutionary, and paleobotanic perspectives. It is also a good model to investigate the evolution of the plastomes in woody plants. In this study, we sequenced and assembled the complete plastomes of the six Ulmaceae genera to compare genomic structures and reveal the molecular evolutionary patterns. The size of the quadripartite plastomes ranged from 158,290 bp to 161,886 bp. The genomes contained 131 genes, including 87 coding genes, 36 tRNA, and 8 rRNA. The gene number, gene content, and genomic structure were highly consistent among the Ulmaceae genera. Nine variable regions including ndhA intron, ndhF-rpl32, ycf1, psbK-trnS, rps16-trnQ, trnT-trnL, trnT-psbD, trnS-trnG, and rpl32-trnL, were identified in Ulmaceae plastomes according to the nucleotide diversity values. Condon usage was biased among the genes and showed consistent trends in the seven genera. Molecular evolution analyses revealed that most of the genes and all gene groups were under widespread purifying selection. Twelve genes (ccsA, matK, psbH, psbK, rbcL, rpl22, rpl32, rpoA, rps12, rps15, rps16, and ycf2) were under positive selection. Phylogenetic analyses supported that Ulmaceae should be divided into two main clades, such as the temperate clade, including Ulmus, Zelkova, Planera, and Hemiptelea and the tropical clade, including Phyllostylon, Ampelocera and Holoptelea. This study reports the structure and evolutionary characteristics of the Elm family. These new genomic data will benefit assessments of genomic evolution and provide information to elucidate the phylogenetic relationships among Ulmaceae species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongwei Gao
- Laboratory of Systematic Evolution and Biogeography of Woody Plants, School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Kangjia Liu
- Laboratory of Systematic Evolution and Biogeography of Woody Plants, School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Enzhe Li
- Laboratory of Systematic Evolution and Biogeography of Woody Plants, School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yushuang Wang
- Laboratory of Systematic Evolution and Biogeography of Woody Plants, School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Chao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Liangcheng Zhao
- Laboratory of Systematic Evolution and Biogeography of Woody Plants, School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Wenpan Dong
- Laboratory of Systematic Evolution and Biogeography of Woody Plants, School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
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Tan YC, Kumar AU, Wong YP, Ling APK. Bioinformatics approaches and applications in plant biotechnology. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2022; 20:106. [PMID: 35838847 PMCID: PMC9287518 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-022-00394-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, major advance in molecular biology and genomic technologies have led to an exponential growth in biological information. As the deluge of genomic information, there is a parallel growth in the demands of tools in the storage and management of data, and the development of software for analysis, visualization, modelling, and prediction of large data set. MAIN BODY Particularly in plant biotechnology, the amount of information has multiplied exponentially with a large number of databases available from many individual plant species. Efficient bioinformatics tools and methodologies are also developed to allow rapid genome sequence and the study of plant genome in the 'omics' approach. This review focuses on the various bioinformatic applications in plant biotechnology, and their advantages in improving the outcome in agriculture. The challenges or limitations faced in plant biotechnology in the aspect of bioinformatics approach that explained the low progression in plant genomics than in animal genomics are also reviewed and assessed. CONCLUSION There is a critical need for effective bioinformatic tools, which are able to provide longer reads with unbiased coverage in order to overcome the complexity of the plant's genome. The advancement in bioinformatics is not only beneficial to the field of plant biotechnology and agriculture sectors, but will also contribute enormously to the future of humanity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung Cheng Tan
- Division of Applied Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, International Medical University, 126 Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Asqwin Uthaya Kumar
- Division of Applied Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, International Medical University, 126 Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Ying Pei Wong
- Division of Applied Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, International Medical University, 126 Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Anna Pick Kiong Ling
- Division of Applied Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, International Medical University, 126 Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Li Y, Wang TR, Kozlowski G, Liu MH, Yi LT, Song YG. Complete Chloroplast Genome of an Endangered Species Quercus litseoides, and Its Comparative, Evolutionary, and Phylogenetic Study with Other Quercus Section Cyclobalanopsis Species. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13071184. [PMID: 35885967 PMCID: PMC9316884 DOI: 10.3390/genes13071184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Quercus litseoides, an endangered montane cloud forest species, is endemic to southern China. To understand the genomic features, phylogenetic relationships, and molecular evolution of Q. litseoides, the complete chloroplast (cp) genome was analyzed and compared in Quercus section Cyclobalanopsis. The cp genome of Q. litseoides was 160,782 bp in length, with an overall guanine and cytosine (GC) content of 36.9%. It contained 131 genes, including 86 protein-coding genes, eight ribosomal RNA genes, and 37 transfer RNA genes. A total of 165 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and 48 long sequence repeats with A/T bias were identified in the Q. litseoides cp genome, which were mainly distributed in the large single copy region (LSC) and intergenic spacer regions. The Q. litseoides cp genome was similar in size, gene composition, and linearity of the structural region to those of Quercus species. The non-coding regions were more divergent than the coding regions, and the LSC region and small single copy region (SSC) were more divergent than the inverted repeat regions (IRs). Among the 13 divergent regions, 11 were in the LSC region, and only two were in the SSC region. Moreover, the coding sequence (CDS) of the six protein-coding genes (rps12, matK, atpF, rpoC2, rpoC1, and ndhK) were subjected to positive selection pressure when pairwise comparison of 16 species of Quercus section Cyclobalanopsis. A close relationship between Q. litseoides and Quercus edithiae was found in the phylogenetic analysis of cp genomes. Our study provided highly effective molecular markers for subsequent phylogenetic analysis, species identification, and biogeographic analysis of Quercus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Li
- College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an, Hangzhou 311300, China; (Y.L.); (M.-H.L.)
- Eastern China Conservation Centre for Wild Endangered Plant Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai 201602, China; (T.-R.W.); (G.K.)
| | - Tian-Rui Wang
- Eastern China Conservation Centre for Wild Endangered Plant Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai 201602, China; (T.-R.W.); (G.K.)
| | - Gregor Kozlowski
- Eastern China Conservation Centre for Wild Endangered Plant Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai 201602, China; (T.-R.W.); (G.K.)
- Department of Biology and Botanic Garden, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
- Natural History Museum Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 6, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Mei-Hua Liu
- College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an, Hangzhou 311300, China; (Y.L.); (M.-H.L.)
| | - Li-Ta Yi
- College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an, Hangzhou 311300, China; (Y.L.); (M.-H.L.)
- Correspondence: (L.-T.Y.); (Y.-G.S.)
| | - Yi-Gang Song
- College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an, Hangzhou 311300, China; (Y.L.); (M.-H.L.)
- Eastern China Conservation Centre for Wild Endangered Plant Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai 201602, China; (T.-R.W.); (G.K.)
- Correspondence: (L.-T.Y.); (Y.-G.S.)
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Silva SV, Andermann T, Zizka A, Kozlowski G, Silvestro D. Global Estimation and Mapping of the Conservation Status of Tree Species Using Artificial Intelligence. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:839792. [PMID: 35574125 PMCID: PMC9100559 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.839792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Trees are fundamental for Earth's biodiversity as primary producers and ecosystem engineers and are responsible for many of nature's contributions to people. Yet, many tree species at present are threatened with extinction by human activities. Accurate identification of threatened tree species is necessary to quantify the current biodiversity crisis and to prioritize conservation efforts. However, the most comprehensive dataset of tree species extinction risk-the Red List of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN RL)-lacks assessments for a substantial number of known tree species. The RL is based on a time-consuming expert-based assessment process, which hampers the inclusion of less-known species and the continued updating of extinction risk assessments. In this study, we used a computational pipeline to approximate RL extinction risk assessments for more than 21,000 tree species (leading to an overall assessment of 89% of all known tree species) using a supervised learning approach trained based on available IUCN RL assessments. We harvested the occurrence data for tree species worldwide from online databases, which we used with other publicly available data to design features characterizing the species' geographic range, biome and climatic affinities, and exposure to human footprint. We trained deep neural network models to predict their conservation status, based on these features. We estimated 43% of the assessed tree species to be threatened with extinction and found taxonomic and geographic heterogeneities in the distribution of threatened species. The results are consistent with the recent estimates by the Global Tree Assessment initiative, indicating that our approach provides robust and time-efficient approximations of species' IUCN RL extinction risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Valerio Silva
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Interfaculty Bioinformatics Unit, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Andermann
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Global Gothenburg Biodiversity Centre, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Sweden, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Alexander Zizka
- Department of Biology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Gregor Kozlowski
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Daniele Silvestro
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Global Gothenburg Biodiversity Centre, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Sweden, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Fribourg, Switzerland
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Fragnière Y, Song YG, Fazan L, Manchester SR, Garfì G, Kozlowski G. Biogeographic Overview of Ulmaceae: Diversity, Distribution, Ecological Preferences, and Conservation Status. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10061111. [PMID: 34072896 PMCID: PMC8227750 DOI: 10.3390/plants10061111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The elm family (Ulmaceae) is a woody plant group with important scientific, societal, and economic value. We aim to present the first biogeographic synthesis investigating the global diversity, distribution, ecological preferences, and the conservation status of Ulmaceae. A literature review was performed to explore the available data for all extant species. Our study made it possible to map the actual global distribution of Ulmaceae with high precision, and to elucidate the centers of diversity, located mainly in China and in the southeastern USA. A detailed comparative analysis of the macroclimatic niche for each species was produced, which shows the general biogeographic pattern of the family and pinpoints the outlier species. The results corroborate recent molecular analyses and support the division of Ulmaceae into two taxonomically, biogeographically, and ecologically well-differentiated groups: the so-called temperate clade with 4 genera and 43 species and the tropical clade with 3 genera and 13 species. The elm family is often described as a typical temperate plant group, however the diversity peak of all Ulmaceae is located in the subtropical zone, and a non-negligible part of the family is exclusively distributed in the tropics. We also noticed that a high proportion of Ulmaceae is linked to humid macro- or microhabitats. Finally, we highlighted that nearly 25% of all Ulmaceae are threatened. Fieldwork, conservation efforts, and research activities are still necessary for this family, particularly for the tropical members and the most endangered species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Fragnière
- Department of Biology and Botanic Garden, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; (Y.F.); (L.F.)
| | - Yi-Gang Song
- Eastern China Conservation Centre for Wild Endangered Plant Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, 3888 Chenhua Road, Songjiang, Shanghai 201602, China;
| | - Laurence Fazan
- Department of Biology and Botanic Garden, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; (Y.F.); (L.F.)
| | - Steven R. Manchester
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, 1659 Museum Rd, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;
| | - Giuseppe Garfì
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources—National Research Council, Corso Calatafimi 414, 90129 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Gregor Kozlowski
- Department of Biology and Botanic Garden, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; (Y.F.); (L.F.)
- Eastern China Conservation Centre for Wild Endangered Plant Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, 3888 Chenhua Road, Songjiang, Shanghai 201602, China;
- Natural History Museum Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 6, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-26-300-88-42
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