1
|
Magoulick KM, Hull V, Liu J. Mammal recovery inside and outside terrestrial protected areas. Ambio 2024:10.1007/s13280-024-02014-7. [PMID: 38600245 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-024-02014-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Protected areas are a key component of global conservation, and the world is aiming to increase protected areas to cover 30% of land and water through the 30 × 30 Initiative under the Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework. However, factors affecting their success or failure in regard to promoting mammal population recovery are not well studied, particularly using quantitative approaches comparing across diverse taxa, biomes, and countries. To better understand how protected areas contribute to mammalian recovery, we conducted an analysis of 2706 mammal populations both inside and outside of protected areas worldwide. We calculated the annual percent change of mammal populations within and outside of terrestrial protected areas and examined the relationship between the percent change and a suite of human and natural characteristics including biome, region, International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) protected area category, IUCN Red List classification, and taxonomic order. Our results show that overall mammal populations inside and outside of protected areas are relatively stable. It appears that Threatened mammals are doing better inside of protected areas than outside, whereas the opposite is true for species of least concern and Near Threatened species. We also found significant population increases in protected areas classified as category III and significant population decreases in protected and unprotected areas throughout Oceania. Our results demonstrate that terrestrial protected areas can be an important approach for mammalian recovery and conservation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Magoulick
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Vanessa Hull
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jianguo Liu
- Center for Systems Integration and Sustainability, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bessell TJ, Stuart-Smith RD, Johnson OJ, Barrett NS, Lynch TP, Trotter AJ, Stuart-Smith J. Population parameters and conservation implications for one of the world's rarest marine fishes, the red handfish (Thymichthys politus). J Fish Biol 2024; 104:1122-1135. [PMID: 38193568 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Population estimates are required for effective conservation of many rare marine species, but can be difficult to obtain. The critically endangered red handfish (Thymichthys politus) is a coastal anglerfish known only from two fragmented populations in southeast Tasmania, Australia. It is at a high risk of extinction due to low numbers, loss of habitat, and the impacts of climate change. To aid conservation efforts, we provide the first empirical population size estimates of red handfish and investigate other important aspects of the species' life history, such as growth, habitat association, and movement. We surveyed both red handfish local populations via underwater visual census on scuba over 3 years and used photographic mark-recapture techniques to estimate biological parameters. In 2020, the local adult population size was estimated to be 94 (95% confidence interval [CI] 40-231) adults at one site, and 7 (95% CI 5-10) at the other site, suggesting an estimated global population of 101 adults. Movement of individuals was extremely limited at 48.5 m (± 77.7 S.D.) per year. We also found evidence of declining fish density, a declining proportion of juveniles, and increasing average fish size during the study. These results provide a serious warning that red handfish are likely sliding toward extinction, and highlight the urgent need to expand efforts for ex situ captive breeding to bolster numbers in the wild and maintain captive insurance populations, and to protect vital habitat to safeguard the species' ongoing survival in the wild.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tyson J Bessell
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Rick D Stuart-Smith
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Olivia J Johnson
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Neville S Barrett
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Tim P Lynch
- CSIRO, Ocean and Atmosphere, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Andrew J Trotter
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Jemina Stuart-Smith
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cardillo M, Skeels A, Dinnage R. Priorities for conserving the world's terrestrial mammals based on over-the-horizon extinction risk. Curr Biol 2023; 33:1381-1388.e6. [PMID: 37040697 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.02.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Three major axes of global change put the world's mammal biodiversity at risk: climate change, human population growth, and land-use change.1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12 In some parts of the world the full effects of these threats on species will only be felt in decades to come, yet conservation emphasizes species currently threatened with extinction, by threats that have already occurred. There have been calls for conservation to become more proactive by anticipating and protecting species that may not yet be threatened, but have a high chance of becoming threatened in the future.3,6,8,10,12,13,14 We refer to this as "over-the-horizon" extinction risk, and we identify such species among the world's nonmarine mammals by considering not only the severity of increase in threats faced by each species, but also the way each species' biology confers sensitivity or robustness to threats. We define four future risk factors based on species' biology and projected exposure to severe change in climate, human population, and land use. We regard species with two or more of these risk factors as especially vulnerable to future extinction risk.10,15,16,17,18,19 Our models predict that by 2100 up to 1,057 (20%) of nonmarine mammal species will have combinations of two or more future risk factors. These species will be particularly concentrated in two future risk hotspots in sub-Saharan Africa and southern/eastern Australia. Proactively targeting species with over-the-horizon extinction risk could help to future-proof global conservation planning and prevent a new wave of mammal species from becoming threatened with extinction by the end of this century.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Cardillo
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, 46 Sullivans Creek Rd, Acton, ACT 0200, Australia.
| | - Alexander Skeels
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, 46 Sullivans Creek Rd, Acton, ACT 0200, Australia; Landscape Ecology, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zürich, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Russell Dinnage
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, 46 Sullivans Creek Rd, Acton, ACT 0200, Australia; Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Khan R, Hill RS, Liu J, Biffin E. Diversity, Distribution, Systematics and Conservation Status of Podocarpaceae. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:1171. [PMID: 36904033 PMCID: PMC10005643 DOI: 10.3390/plants12051171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Among conifer families, Podocarpaceae is the second largest, with amazing diversity and functional traits, and it is the dominant Southern Hemisphere conifer family. However, comprehensive studies on diversity, distribution, systematic and ecophysiological aspects of the Podocarpaceae are sparse. We aim to outline and evaluate the current and past diversity, distribution, systematics, ecophysiological adaptations, endemism, and conservation status of podocarps. We analyzed data on the diversity and distribution of living and extinct macrofossil taxa and combined it with genetic data to reconstruct an updated phylogeny and understand historical biogeography. Podocarpaceae today contains 20 genera and approximately 219 taxa (201 species, 2 subspecies, 14 varieties and 2 hybrids) placed in three clades, plus a paraphyletic group/grade of four distinct genera. Macrofossil records show the presence of more than 100 podocarp taxa globally, dominantly from the Eocene-Miocene. Australasia (New Caledonia, Tasmania, New Zealand, and Malesia) is the hotspot of living podocarps diversity. Podocarps also show remarkable adaptations from broad to scale leaves, fleshy seed cones, animal dispersal, shrubs to large trees, from lowland to alpine regions and rheophyte to a parasite (including the only parasitic gymnosperm-Parasitaxus) and a complex pattern of seed and leaf functional trait evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raees Khan
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Robert S. Hill
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Jie Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Ed Biffin
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Carvajal-Quintero J, Comte L, Giam X, Olden JD, Brose U, Erős T, Filipe AF, Fortin MJ, Irving K, Jacquet C, Larsen S, Ruhi A, Sharma S, Villalobos F, Tedesco PA. Scale of population synchrony confirms macroecological estimates of minimum viable range size. Ecol Lett 2023; 26:291-301. [PMID: 36468276 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Global ecosystems are facing a deepening biodiversity crisis, necessitating robust approaches to quantifying species extinction risk. The lower limit of the macroecological relationship between species range and body size has long been hypothesized as an estimate of the relationship between the minimum viable range size (MVRS) needed for species persistence and the organismal traits that affect space and resource requirements. Here, we perform the first explicit test of this assumption by confronting the MVRS predicted by the range-body size relationship with an independent estimate based on the scale of synchrony in abundance among spatially separated populations of riverine fish. We provide clear evidence of a positive relationship between the scale of synchrony and species body size, and strong support for the MVRS set by the lower limit of the range-body size macroecological relationship. This MVRS may help prioritize first evaluations for unassessed or data-deficient taxa in global conservation assessments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carvajal-Quintero
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena- Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lise Comte
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois, USA
| | - Xingli Giam
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Julian D Olden
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ulrich Brose
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena- Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Tibor Erős
- Balaton Limnological Research Institute, ELKH, Tihany, Hungary
| | - Ana Filipa Filipe
- Forest Research Centre, School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.,Associate Laboratory TERRA, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Marie-Josée Fortin
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Katie Irving
- Department of Biology, Southern California Coastal Water Research Project, Costa Mesa, California, USA
| | - Claire Jacquet
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Larsen
- Fondazione Edmund Mach, Research and Innovation Centre, San Michele all'Adige, Italy.,Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Albert Ruhi
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Sapna Sharma
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fabricio Villalobos
- Laboratorio de Macroecología Evolutiva, Red de Biología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Pablo A Tedesco
- UMR EDB, IRD 253, CNRS 5174, UPS, Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
McDonald PJ, Brown RM, Kraus F, Bowles P, Arifin U, Eliades SJ, Fisher RN, Gaulke M, Grismer LL, Ineich I, Karin BR, Meneses CG, Richards SJ, Sanguila MB, Siler CD, Oliver PM. Cryptic extinction risk in a western Pacific lizard radiation. Biodivers Conserv 2022; 31:2045-2062. [PMID: 35633848 PMCID: PMC9130968 DOI: 10.1007/s10531-022-02412-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cryptic ecologies, the Wallacean Shortfall of undocumented species' geographical ranges and the Linnaean Shortfall of undescribed diversity, are all major barriers to conservation assessment. When these factors overlap with drivers of extinction risk, such as insular distributions, the number of threatened species in a region or clade may be underestimated, a situation we term 'cryptic extinction risk'. The genus Lepidodactylus is a diverse radiation of insular and arboreal geckos that occurs across the western Pacific. Previous work on Lepidodactylus showed evidence of evolutionary displacement around continental fringes, suggesting an inherent vulnerability to extinction from factors such as competition and predation. We sought to (1) comprehensively review status and threats, (2) estimate the number of undescribed species, and (3) estimate extinction risk in data deficient and candidate species, in Lepidodactylus. From our updated IUCN Red List assessment, 60% of the 58 recognized species are threatened (n = 15) or Data Deficient (n = 21), which is higher than reported for most other lizard groups. Species from the smaller and isolated Pacific islands are of greatest conservation concern, with most either threatened or Data Deficient, and all particularly vulnerable to invasive species. We estimated 32 undescribed candidate species and linear modelling predicted that an additional 18 species, among these and the data deficient species, are threatened with extinction. Focusing efforts to resolve the taxonomy and conservation status of key taxa, especially on small islands in the Pacific, is a high priority for conserving this remarkably diverse, yet poorly understood, lizard fauna. Our data highlight how cryptic ecologies and cryptic diversity combine and lead to significant underestimation of extinction risk. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10531-022-02412-x.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. McDonald
- Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme, PO Box 240, Apia, Samoa
- Flora and Fauna Division, Department of Environment, Parks, and Water Security, Northern Territory Government, Alice Springs, NT 0870 Australia
| | - Rafe M. Brown
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology & Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, 1345 Jayhawk Boulevard, Lawrence, KS 66044 USA
| | - Fred Kraus
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Philip Bowles
- Biodiversity Assessment Unit, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Conservation International, Washington, DC 20009 USA
| | - Umilaela Arifin
- Universität Hamburg, Edmund-Siemers-Allee 1, 20148 Hamburg, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for the Analyses of Biodiversity Change, Zoological Museum Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Samuel J. Eliades
- Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History and Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73072 USA
| | - Robert N. Fisher
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, 4165 Spruance Road, Suite 200, San Diego, CA 92101 USA
| | - Maren Gaulke
- GeoBio-Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Richard-Wagner-Str. 10, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - L. Lee Grismer
- Department of Biology, La Sierra University, 4500 Riverwalk Parkway, Riverside, CA 92505 USA
| | - Ivan Ineich
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB) - Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Université, École Pratique des Hautes Études, Université des Antilles, CNRS - CP 30, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Benjamin R. Karin
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Camila G. Meneses
- Biodiversity Institute and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA
| | - Stephen J. Richards
- Department of Herpetology, South Australian Museum, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000 Australia
| | - Marites B. Sanguila
- Biodiversity Informatics and Research Center and Natural Sciences and Mathematics Division, Arts and Sciences Program, Father Saturnino Urios University, Agusan del Norte, 8600 Butuan City, Philippines
| | - Cameron D. Siler
- Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History and Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73072 USA
| | - Paul M. Oliver
- Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Rd, Nathan, QLD 4111 Australia
- Biodiversity and Geosciences Program, Queensland Museum, South Brisbane, QLD 4101 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Silva SV, Andermann T, Zizka A, Kozlowski G, Silvestro D. Global Estimation and Mapping of the Conservation Status of Tree Species Using Artificial Intelligence. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:839792. [PMID: 35574125 PMCID: PMC9100559 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.839792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Trees are fundamental for Earth's biodiversity as primary producers and ecosystem engineers and are responsible for many of nature's contributions to people. Yet, many tree species at present are threatened with extinction by human activities. Accurate identification of threatened tree species is necessary to quantify the current biodiversity crisis and to prioritize conservation efforts. However, the most comprehensive dataset of tree species extinction risk-the Red List of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN RL)-lacks assessments for a substantial number of known tree species. The RL is based on a time-consuming expert-based assessment process, which hampers the inclusion of less-known species and the continued updating of extinction risk assessments. In this study, we used a computational pipeline to approximate RL extinction risk assessments for more than 21,000 tree species (leading to an overall assessment of 89% of all known tree species) using a supervised learning approach trained based on available IUCN RL assessments. We harvested the occurrence data for tree species worldwide from online databases, which we used with other publicly available data to design features characterizing the species' geographic range, biome and climatic affinities, and exposure to human footprint. We trained deep neural network models to predict their conservation status, based on these features. We estimated 43% of the assessed tree species to be threatened with extinction and found taxonomic and geographic heterogeneities in the distribution of threatened species. The results are consistent with the recent estimates by the Global Tree Assessment initiative, indicating that our approach provides robust and time-efficient approximations of species' IUCN RL extinction risk assessments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Valerio Silva
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Interfaculty Bioinformatics Unit, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Andermann
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Global Gothenburg Biodiversity Centre, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Sweden, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Alexander Zizka
- Department of Biology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Gregor Kozlowski
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Daniele Silvestro
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Global Gothenburg Biodiversity Centre, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Sweden, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Fribourg, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Dakhil MA, Halmy MWA, Hassan WA, El-Keblawy A, Pan K, Abdelaal M. Endemic Juniperus Montane Species Facing Extinction Risk under Climate Change in Southwest China: Integrative Approach for Conservation Assessment and Prioritization. Biology (Basel) 2021; 10:biology10010063. [PMID: 33477312 PMCID: PMC7830502 DOI: 10.3390/biology10010063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Climate change is one of the most significant drivers of habitat loss and species extinction, particularly montane endemic species such as Juniper trees, which are restricted to unique habitats. Therefore, assessing the impact of climate change on the extinction risk of species is a promising tool or guide for species conservation planning. The loss in species habitat due to global warming indicates the level of extinction or endangerment. Predictions of suitable habitats are outputs from assessment analysis. This will help conservationists discover new populations of endemic species and help raise the awareness of local people to save and rescue these endangered species. Abstract Climate change is an important driver of biodiversity loss and extinction of endemic montane species. In China, three endemic Juniperus spp. (Juniperuspingii var. pingii, J.tibetica, and J.komarovii) are threatened and subjected to the risk of extinction. This study aimed to predict the potential distribution of these three Juniperus species under climate change and dispersal scenarios, to identify critical drivers explaining their potential distributions, to assess the extinction risk by estimating the loss percentage in their area of occupancy (AOO), and to identify priority areas for their conservation in China. We used ensemble modeling to evaluate the impact of climate change and project AOO. Our results revealed that the projected AOOs followed a similar trend in the three Juniperus species, which predicted an entire loss of their suitable habitats under both climate and dispersal scenarios. Temperature annual range and isothermality were the most critical key variables explaining the potential distribution of these three Juniperus species; they contribute by 16–56.1% and 20.4–38.3%, respectively. Accounting for the use of different thresholds provides a balanced approach for species distribution models’ applications in conservation assessment when the goal is to assess potential climatic suitability in new geographical areas. Therefore, south Sichuan and north Yunnan could be considered important priority conservation areas for in situ conservation and search for unknown populations of these three Juniperus species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A. Dakhil
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo 11790, Egypt
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China;
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
- Correspondence: (M.A.D.); (M.W.A.H.)
| | - Marwa Waseem A. Halmy
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21511, Egypt
- Correspondence: (M.A.D.); (M.W.A.H.)
| | - Walaa A. Hassan
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh P. O. Box 84428, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ali El-Keblawy
- Department of Applied Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P. O. Box 27272, UAE;
| | - Kaiwen Pan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China;
| | - Mohamed Abdelaal
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt;
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bird JP, Martin R, Akçakaya HR, Gilroy J, Burfield IJ, Garnett ST, Symes A, Taylor J, Şekercioğlu ÇH, Butchart SHM. Generation lengths of the world's birds and their implications for extinction risk. Conserv Biol 2020; 34:1252-1261. [PMID: 32058610 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Birds have been comprehensively assessed on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List more times than any other taxonomic group. However, to date, generation lengths have not been systematically estimated to scale population trends when undertaking assessments, as required by the criteria of the IUCN Red List. We compiled information from major databases of published life-history and trait data for all birds and imputed missing life-history data as a function of species traits with generalized linear mixed models. Generation lengths were derived for all species, based on our modeled values of age at first breeding, maximum longevity, and annual adult survival. The resulting generation lengths varied from 1.42 to 27.87 years (median 2.99). Most species (61%) had generation lengths <3.33 years, meaning that the period of 3 generations-over which population declines are assessed under criterion A-was <10 years, which is the value used for IUCN Red List assessments of species with short generation times. For these species, our trait-informed estimates of generation length suggested that 10 years is a robust precautionary value for threat assessment. In other cases, however, for whole families, genera, or individual species, generation length had a substantial impact on their estimated extinction risk, resulting in higher extinction risk in long-lived species than in short-lived species. Although our approach effectively addressed data gaps, generation lengths for some species may have been underestimated due to a paucity of life-history data. Overall, our results will strengthen future extinction-risk assessments and augment key databases of avian life-history and trait data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy P Bird
- BirdLife International, David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3QZ, U.K
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Robert Martin
- BirdLife International, David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3QZ, U.K
| | - H Reşit Akçakaya
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, U.S.A
- IUCN Species Survival Commission, IUCN, Rue Mauverney 28, Gland, 1196, Switzerland
| | - James Gilroy
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, U.K
| | - Ian J Burfield
- BirdLife International, David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3QZ, U.K
| | - Stephen T Garnett
- Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina, Darwin, Northern Territory, 0909, Australia
| | - Andy Symes
- BirdLife International, David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3QZ, U.K
| | - Joseph Taylor
- BirdLife International, David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3QZ, U.K
| | - Çağan H Şekercioğlu
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, 257 S 1400 E, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, U.S.A
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
- KuzeyDoğa Derneği, Ortakapı Mah. Şehit Yusuf Bey Cad. No: 93 Kars, Turkey
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, U.K
| | - Stuart H M Butchart
- BirdLife International, David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3QZ, U.K
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bro-Jørgensen J, Franks DW, Meise K. Linking behaviour to dynamics of populations and communities: application of novel approaches in behavioural ecology to conservation. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 374:20190008. [PMID: 31352890 PMCID: PMC6710565 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of environmental change on the reproduction and survival of wildlife is often behaviourally mediated, placing behavioural ecology in a central position to quantify population- and community-level consequences of anthropogenic threats to biodiversity. This theme issue demonstrates how recent conceptual and methodological advances in the discipline are applied to inform conservation. The issue highlights how the focus in behavioural ecology on understanding variation in behaviour between individuals, rather than just measuring the population mean, is critical to explaining demographic stochasticity and thereby reducing fuzziness of population models. The contributions also show the importance of knowing the mechanisms by which behaviour is achieved, i.e. the role of learning, reasoning and instincts, in order to understand how behaviours change in human-modified environments, where their function is less likely to be adaptive. More recent work has thus abandoned the 'adaptationist' paradigm of early behavioural ecology and increasingly measures evolutionary processes directly by quantifying selection gradients and phenotypic plasticity. To support quantitative predictions at the population and community levels, a rich arsenal of modelling techniques has developed, and interdisciplinary approaches show promising prospects for predicting the effectiveness of alternative management options, with the social sciences, movement ecology and epidemiology particularly pertinent. The theme issue furthermore explores the relevance of behaviour for global threat assessment, and practical advice is given as to how behavioural ecologists can augment their conservation impact by carefully selecting and promoting their study systems, and increasing their engagement with local communities, natural resource managers and policy-makers. Its aim to uncover the nuts and bolts of how natural systems work positions behavioural ecology squarely in the heart of conservation biology, where its perspective offers an all-important complement to more descriptive 'big-picture' approaches to priority setting. This article is part of the theme issue 'Linking behaviour to dynamics of populations and communities: application of novel approaches in behavioural ecology to conservation'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Bro-Jørgensen
- Mammalian Behaviour and Evolution Group, Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behaviour, University of Liverpool, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Daniel W. Franks
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
- Department of Computer Science, University of York, York YO10 5GH, UK
| | - Kristine Meise
- Mammalian Behaviour and Evolution Group, Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behaviour, University of Liverpool, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lanes ÉC, Pope NS, Alves R, Carvalho Filho NM, Giannini TC, Giulietti AM, Imperatriz-Fonseca VL, Monteiro W, Oliveira G, Silva AR, Siqueira JO, Souza-Filho PW, Vasconcelos S, Jaffé R. Landscape Genomic Conservation Assessment of a Narrow-Endemic and a Widespread Morning Glory From Amazonian Savannas. Front Plant Sci 2018; 9:532. [PMID: 29868042 PMCID: PMC5949356 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Although genetic diversity ultimately determines the ability of organisms to adapt to environmental changes, conservation assessments like the widely used International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List Criteria do not explicitly consider genetic information. Including a genetic dimension into the IUCN Red List Criteria would greatly enhance conservation efforts, because the demographic parameters traditionally considered are poor predictors of the evolutionary resilience of natural populations to global change. Here we perform the first genomic assessment of genetic diversity, gene flow, and patterns of local adaptation in tropical plant species belonging to different IUCN Red List Categories. Employing RAD-sequencing we identified tens of thousands of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in an endangered narrow-endemic and a least concern widespread morning glory (Convolvulaceae) from Amazonian savannas, a highly threatened and under-protected tropical ecosystem. Our results reveal greater genetic diversity and less spatial genetic structure in the endangered species. Whereas terrain roughness affected gene flow in both species, forested and mining areas were found to hinder gene flow in the endangered plant. Finally we implemented environmental association tests and genome scans for selection, and identified a higher proportion of candidate adaptive loci in the widespread species. These mainly contained genes related to pathogen resistance and physiological adaptations to life in nutrient-limited environments. Our study emphasizes that IUCN Red List Criteria do not always prioritize species with low genetic diversity or whose genetic variation is being affected by habitat loss and fragmentation, and calls for the inclusion of genetic information into conservation assessments. More generally, our study exemplifies how landscape genomic tools can be employed to assess the status, threats and adaptive responses of imperiled biodiversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nathaniel S. Pope
- Biological Laboratories, Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin, TX, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Amanda R. Silva
- Instituto Tecnológico Vale, Belém, Brazil
- Ciências Biológicas-Botânica Tropical, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia/Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, Brazil
| | | | - Pedro W. Souza-Filho
- Instituto Tecnológico Vale, Belém, Brazil
- Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | | | - Rodolfo Jaffé
- Instituto Tecnológico Vale, Belém, Brazil
- Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Rodolfo Jaffé
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Shanee S, Shanee N, Monteferri B, Allgas N, Alarcon Pardo A, Horwich RH. Protected area coverage of threatened vertebrates and ecoregions in Peru: Comparison of communal, private and state reserves. J Environ Manage 2017; 202:12-20. [PMID: 28715677 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Protected areas (PAs) are a conservation mainstay and arguably the most effective conservation strategy for species protection. As a 'megadiverse' country, Peru is a priority for conservation actions. Peruvian legislation allows for the creation of state PAs and private/communal PAs. Using publicly available species distribution and protected area data sets we evaluated the coverage of Threatened terrestrial vertebrate species distributions and ecoregions provided by both kinds of PA in Peru. Peru's state PA system covers 217,879 km2 and private/communal PAs cover 16,588 km2. Of the 462 species of Threatened and Data Deficient species we evaluated, 75% had distributions that overlapped with at least one PA but only 53% had ≥10% of their distributions within PAs, with inclusion much reduced at higher coverage targets. Of the species we evaluated, 118 species are only found in national PAs and 29 species only found in private/communal PAs. Of the 17 terrestrial ecoregions found in Peru all are represented in PAs; the national PA system included coverage of 16 and private/communal PAs protect 13. One ecoregion is only protected in private/communal PAs, whereas four are only covered in national PAs. Our results show the important role private/communal PAs can play in the protection of ecological diversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sam Shanee
- Neotropical Primate Conservation, Manchester, UK; Asociación Neotropical Primate Conservation Perú, Lima, Peru; Nocturnal Primate Research Group, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK.
| | - Noga Shanee
- Neotropical Primate Conservation, Manchester, UK; Asociación Neotropical Primate Conservation Perú, Lima, Peru
| | - Bruno Monteferri
- Conservamos por Naturaleza, Sociedad Peruana de Derecho Ambiental, Lima, Peru
| | - Nestor Allgas
- Asociación Neotropical Primate Conservation Perú, Lima, Peru
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ducatez S, Giraudeau M, Thébaud C, Jacquin L. Colour polymorphism is associated with lower extinction risk in birds. Glob Chang Biol 2017; 23:3030-3039. [PMID: 28452164 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Colour polymorphisms have played a major role in enhancing current understanding of how selection and demography can impact phenotypes. Because different morphs often display alternative strategies and exploit alternative ecological niches, colour polymorphism can be expected to promote adaptability to environmental changes. However, whether and how it could influence populations' and species' response to global changes remains debated. To address this question, we built an up-to-date and complete database on avian colour polymorphism based on the examination of available data from all 10,394 extant bird species. We distinguished between true polymorphism (where different genetically determined morphs co-occur in sympatry within the same population) and geographic variation (parapatric or allopatric colour variation), because these two patterns of variation are expected to have different consequences on populations' persistence. Using the IUCN red list, we then showed that polymorphic bird species are at lesser risk of extinction than nonpolymorphic ones, after controlling for a range of factors such as geographic range size, habitat breadth, life history, and phylogeny. This appears consistent with the idea that high genetic diversity and/or the existence of alternative strategies in polymorphic species promotes the ability to adaptively respond to changing environmental conditions. In contrast, polymorphic species were not less vulnerable than nonpolymorphic ones to specific drivers of extinction such as habitat alteration, direct exploitation, climate change, and invasive species. Thus, our results suggest that colour polymorphism acts as a buffer against environmental changes, although further studies are now needed to understand the underlying mechanisms. Developing accurate quantitative indices of sensitivity to specific threats is likely a key step towards a better understanding of species response to environmental changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Ducatez
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Mathieu Giraudeau
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Centre for Ecology & Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
| | - Christophe Thébaud
- CNRS, ENFA, UMR 5174 EDB (Laboratoire Évolution & Diversité Biologique), Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
- CNRS, UMR 5174 EDB, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Lisa Jacquin
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- CNRS, ENFA, UMR 5174 EDB (Laboratoire Évolution & Diversité Biologique), Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
- CNRS, UMR 5174 EDB, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Baudouin M, Marengo M, Pere A, Culioli JM, Santoni MC, Marchand B, Durieux EDH. Comparison of otolith and scale readings for age and growth estimation of common dentex Dentex dentex. J Fish Biol 2016; 88:760-766. [PMID: 26563912 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Three methods of age estimation were compared for Dentex dentex. Based on sectioned otoliths, scales appeared to be relevant only up to 5 years and whole otoliths up to 12 years. The maximum estimated age was 36 years, which constitutes to date the oldest age reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Baudouin
- University of Corsica Pasquale Paoli, UMR 6134 CNRS-UCPP Sciences pour l'Environnement, 20250 Corte, France
- University of Corsica Pasquale Paoli, UMS 3514 CNRS-UCPP Plateforme marine Stella Mare, 20620 Biguglia, France
| | - M Marengo
- University of Corsica Pasquale Paoli, UMR 6134 CNRS-UCPP Sciences pour l'Environnement, 20250 Corte, France
- University of Corsica Pasquale Paoli, UMS 3514 CNRS-UCPP Plateforme marine Stella Mare, 20620 Biguglia, France
| | - A Pere
- Station de Recherches Sous-marines et Océanographiques (STARESO), 20260 Calvi, France
| | - J-M Culioli
- Réserve Naturelle des Bouches de Bonifacio, Office de l'Environnement de la Corse, 20169 Bonifacio, France
| | - M-C Santoni
- Réserve Naturelle des Bouches de Bonifacio, Office de l'Environnement de la Corse, 20169 Bonifacio, France
| | - B Marchand
- University of Corsica Pasquale Paoli, UMR 6134 CNRS-UCPP Sciences pour l'Environnement, 20250 Corte, France
- University of Corsica Pasquale Paoli, UMS 3514 CNRS-UCPP Plateforme marine Stella Mare, 20620 Biguglia, France
| | - E D H Durieux
- University of Corsica Pasquale Paoli, UMR 6134 CNRS-UCPP Sciences pour l'Environnement, 20250 Corte, France
- University of Corsica Pasquale Paoli, UMS 3514 CNRS-UCPP Plateforme marine Stella Mare, 20620 Biguglia, France
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lee TE, Black SA, Fellous A, Yamaguchi N, Angelici FM, Al Hikmani H, Reed JM, Elphick CS, Roberts DL. Assessing uncertainty in sighting records: an example of the Barbary lion. PeerJ 2015; 3:e1224. [PMID: 26357597 PMCID: PMC4562256 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
As species become rare and approach extinction, purported sightings can be controversial, especially when scarce management resources are at stake. We consider the probability that each individual sighting of a series is valid. Obtaining these probabilities requires a strict framework to ensure that they are as accurately representative as possible. We used a process, which has proven to provide accurate estimates from a group of experts, to obtain probabilities for the validation of 32 sightings of the Barbary lion. We consider the scenario where experts are simply asked whether a sighting was valid, as well as asking them to score the sighting based on distinguishablity, observer competence, and verifiability. We find that asking experts to provide scores for these three aspects resulted in each sighting being considered more individually, meaning that this new questioning method provides very different estimated probabilities that a sighting is valid, which greatly affects the outcome from an extinction model. We consider linear opinion pooling and logarithm opinion pooling to combine the three scores, and also to combine opinions on each sighting. We find the two methods produce similar outcomes, allowing the user to focus on chosen features of each method, such as satisfying the marginalisation property or being externally Bayesian.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Simon A. Black
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, UK
| | - Amina Fellous
- Agence Nationale pour la Conservation de la Nature, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Nobuyuki Yamaguchi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Hadi Al Hikmani
- Office for Conservation of the Environment, Diwan of Royal Court, Sultanate of Oman
| | | | - Chris S. Elphick
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Center for Conservation and Biodiversity, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - David L. Roberts
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, UK
| |
Collapse
|