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Torre J, Cimavilla-Román P, Cuadra-Rodríguez D, Rodríguez-Pérez MÁ, Guttmann P, Werner S, Pinto J, Barroso-Solares S. Unveiling the Inner Structure of Micrometric Hollow Polymeric Fibers Using Synchrotron X-Ray Nanotomography. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2024; 30:14-26. [PMID: 38214892 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
In this study, a novel application of synchrotron X-ray nanotomography based on high-resolution full-field transmission X-ray microscopy for characterizing the structure and morphology of micrometric hollow polymeric fibers is presented. By employing postimage analysis using an open-source software such as Tomviz and ImageJ, various key parameters in fiber morphology, including diameter, wall thickness, wall thickness distribution, pore size, porosity, and surface roughness, were assessed. Electrospun polycaprolactone fibers with micrometric diameters and submicrometric features with induced porosity via gas dissolution foaming were used to this aim. The acquired synchrotron X-ray nanotomography data were analyzed using two approaches: 3D tomographic reconstruction and 2D radiographic projection-based analysis. The results of the combination of both approaches demonstrate unique capabilities of this technique, not achievable by other available techniques, allowing for a full characterization of the internal and external morphology and structure of the fibers as well as to obtain valuable qualitative insights into the overall fiber structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Torre
- Cellular Materials Laboratory (CellMat), Condensed Matter Physics, Crystallography, and Mineralogy Department, Faculty of Science, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, 47011, P.º de Belén, 7, Spain
- BioEcoUVA Research Institute on Bioeconomy, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Calle Dr. Mergelina, 47011, Spain
- Study, Preservation, and Recovery of Archaeological, Historical and Environmental Heritage (AHMAT) Research Group, Condensed Matter Physics, Crystallography, and Mineralogy Department, Faculty of Science, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, 47011, P.º de Belén, 7, Spain
| | - Paula Cimavilla-Román
- Cellular Materials Laboratory (CellMat), Condensed Matter Physics, Crystallography, and Mineralogy Department, Faculty of Science, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, 47011, P.º de Belén, 7, Spain
| | - Daniel Cuadra-Rodríguez
- Cellular Materials Laboratory (CellMat), Condensed Matter Physics, Crystallography, and Mineralogy Department, Faculty of Science, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, 47011, P.º de Belén, 7, Spain
- Study, Preservation, and Recovery of Archaeological, Historical and Environmental Heritage (AHMAT) Research Group, Condensed Matter Physics, Crystallography, and Mineralogy Department, Faculty of Science, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, 47011, P.º de Belén, 7, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Rodríguez-Pérez
- Cellular Materials Laboratory (CellMat), Condensed Matter Physics, Crystallography, and Mineralogy Department, Faculty of Science, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, 47011, P.º de Belén, 7, Spain
- BioEcoUVA Research Institute on Bioeconomy, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Calle Dr. Mergelina, 47011, Spain
| | - Peter Guttmann
- Department of X-Ray Microscopy, Electron Storage Ring at BESSY II, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Straße, 12489, 15, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan Werner
- Department of X-Ray Microscopy, Electron Storage Ring at BESSY II, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Straße, 12489, 15, Berlin, Germany
| | - Javier Pinto
- Cellular Materials Laboratory (CellMat), Condensed Matter Physics, Crystallography, and Mineralogy Department, Faculty of Science, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, 47011, P.º de Belén, 7, Spain
- BioEcoUVA Research Institute on Bioeconomy, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Calle Dr. Mergelina, 47011, Spain
- Study, Preservation, and Recovery of Archaeological, Historical and Environmental Heritage (AHMAT) Research Group, Condensed Matter Physics, Crystallography, and Mineralogy Department, Faculty of Science, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, 47011, P.º de Belén, 7, Spain
| | - Suset Barroso-Solares
- Cellular Materials Laboratory (CellMat), Condensed Matter Physics, Crystallography, and Mineralogy Department, Faculty of Science, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, 47011, P.º de Belén, 7, Spain
- BioEcoUVA Research Institute on Bioeconomy, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Calle Dr. Mergelina, 47011, Spain
- Study, Preservation, and Recovery of Archaeological, Historical and Environmental Heritage (AHMAT) Research Group, Condensed Matter Physics, Crystallography, and Mineralogy Department, Faculty of Science, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, 47011, P.º de Belén, 7, Spain
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2
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Standau T, Nofar M, Dörr D, Ruckdäschel H, Altstädt V. A Review on Multifunctional Epoxy-Based Joncryl® ADR Chain Extended Thermoplastics. POLYM REV 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2021.1918710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Standau
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Mohammadreza Nofar
- Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Department Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
- Polymer Science and Technology Program, Institute of Science and Technology, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Dominik Dörr
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Holger Ruckdäschel
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Volker Altstädt
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
- Bavarian Polymer Institute and Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular Research, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
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Mort R, Vorst K, Curtzwiler G, Jiang S. Biobased foams for thermal insulation: material selection, processing, modelling, and performance. RSC Adv 2021; 11:4375-4394. [PMID: 35424381 PMCID: PMC8694562 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra09287h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
With the urgent need for the development of sustainable materials and a circular economy, a surge of research regarding biobased materials and associated processing methods has resulted in many experimental biobased foams. Although several biobased foams are already shown to have thermal and mechanical properties competitive with expanded polystyrene, there remains a fundamental knowledge gap leading to limited understanding of the principles that determine performance. This review outlines the progress in this burgeoning field, introducing materials selection and processing, comparing performance, examining efforts in modelling physical properties, and discusses challenges in applying models to real biobased systems. The focus is on low thermal conductivity, which is a critical property for temperature-controlled applications such as packaging for refrigerated/frozen foods, medications, and vaccines as well as building materials. Currently, the trend in the field is moving towards fully biobased and compostable foams, though partially biobased polyurethane foams remain the most consistent performers. To illustrate the foam structure–property relationship, thermal conductivity, cell size, and density data were compiled. Given the complexity of biobased foams, heat transfer models aid in identifying crucial variables. However, data relevant to the insulation capability of biobased foams is not fully reported in many references. To address this issue, we employed a dimensional analysis to fill the gaps, revealing a power law correlation between thermal conductivity and relative density. Our approach is not intended as a robust prediction technique, but rather a simple demonstration of how biobased foams data could be utilized to predict the most promising materials and methods. This review outlines the progress in biobased foams with a focus on low thermal conductivity. It introduces materials selection and processing, compares performance, examines modelling of physical properties, and discusses challenges in applying models to real systems.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Mort
- Materials Science and Engineering, Iowa State University Ames Iowa 50011 USA .,Polymer and Food Protection Consortium, Iowa State University Ames Iowa 50011 USA
| | - Keith Vorst
- Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University Ames Iowa 50011 USA.,Polymer and Food Protection Consortium, Iowa State University Ames Iowa 50011 USA
| | - Greg Curtzwiler
- Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University Ames Iowa 50011 USA.,Polymer and Food Protection Consortium, Iowa State University Ames Iowa 50011 USA
| | - Shan Jiang
- Materials Science and Engineering, Iowa State University Ames Iowa 50011 USA .,Polymer and Food Protection Consortium, Iowa State University Ames Iowa 50011 USA
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Biocomposite foams based on polyhydroxyalkanoate and nanocellulose: Morphological and thermo-mechanical characterization. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 164:1867-1878. [PMID: 32758612 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The application of bio-based and biodegradable poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) is restricted by its high cost and brittleness. In the present work, these deficiencies were overcome by the manufacture of PHBV foams using thermally expandable microspheres (TES). Nanocellulose (Nc) and a crosslinking agent were added to PHBV-TES to control the foam structure and to improve the mechanical properties. Foams with almost perfect pores, well embedded in the polymer matrix, were obtained by a simple melt molding process. The closed-cell foams have a density 2.5-2.7 times lower than that of PHBV. The addition of Nc increased the expansion ratio, cell density and porosity and also led to a more uniform cell size distribution. The incorporation of the crosslinking agent, together with Nc and TES, increased the glass transition temperature with about 7 °C and strengthened the PHBV-Nc interactions. PHBV foams showed a 1.7-3 times higher deformation compared to PHBV and absorbed up to 15 times more energy. The fully biodegradable PHBV-Nc foams obtained in this work exhibit an advantageous porosity, good specific mechanical properties and high energy absorption, being promising alternatives for insulation, packaging or biomedical application.
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Baji A, Agarwal K, Oopath SV. Emerging Developments in the Use of Electrospun Fibers and Membranes for Protective Clothing Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12020492. [PMID: 32102318 PMCID: PMC7077639 DOI: 10.3390/polym12020492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been increased interest to develop protective fabrics and clothing for protecting the wearer from hazards such as chemical, biological, heat, UV, pollutants etc. Protective fabrics have been conventionally developed using a wide variety of techniques. However, these conventional protective fabrics lack breathability. For example, conventional protective fabrics offer good protection against water but have limited ability in removing the water vapor and moisture. Fibers and membranes fabricated using electrospinning have demonstrated tremendous potential to develop protective fabrics and clothing. These fabrics based on electrospun fibers and membranes have the potential to provide thermal comfort to the wearer and protect the wearer from wide variety of environmental hazards. This review highlights the emerging applications of electrospinning for developing such breathable and protective fabrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Baji
- Department of Engineering, School of Engineering and Mathematical Sciences (SEMS), La Trobe University, Bundoora 3086, Victoria, Australia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Komal Agarwal
- Engineering Product Development (EPD) Pillar, Singapore University of Technology and Design (SUTD), 20 Dover Drive, Singapore 138682, Singapore;
| | - Sruthi Venugopal Oopath
- Department of Engineering, School of Engineering and Mathematical Sciences (SEMS), La Trobe University, Bundoora 3086, Victoria, Australia;
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Motloung MP, Ojijo V, Bandyopadhyay J, Ray SS. Cellulose Nanostructure-Based Biodegradable Nanocomposite Foams: A Brief Overview on the Recent Advancements and Perspectives. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1270. [PMID: 31370292 PMCID: PMC6723299 DOI: 10.3390/polym11081270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The interest in designing new environmentally friendly materials has led to the development of biodegradable foams as a potential substitute to most currently used fossil fuel-derived polymer foams. Despite the possibility of developing biodegradable and environmentally friendly polymer foams, the challenge of foaming biopolymers still persists as they have very low melt strength and viscosity as well as low crystallisation kinetics. Studies have shown that the incorporation of cellulose nanostructure (CN) particles into biopolymers can enhance the foamability of these materials. In addition, the final properties and performance of the foamed products can be improved with the addition of these nanoparticles. They not only aid in foamability but also act as nucleating agents by controlling the morphological properties of the foamed material. Here, we provide a critical and accessible overview of the influence of CN particles on the properties of biodegradable foams; in particular, their rheological, thermal, mechanical, and flammability and thermal insulating properties and biodegradability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mpho Phillip Motloung
- DST-CSIR National Centre for Nanostructured Materials, Council for Scientific and, Industrial Research, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
| | - Vincent Ojijo
- DST-CSIR National Centre for Nanostructured Materials, Council for Scientific and, Industrial Research, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Jayita Bandyopadhyay
- DST-CSIR National Centre for Nanostructured Materials, Council for Scientific and, Industrial Research, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Suprakas Sinha Ray
- DST-CSIR National Centre for Nanostructured Materials, Council for Scientific and, Industrial Research, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa.
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Abbasi H, Antunes M, Velasco JI. Polyetherimide Foams Filled with Low Content of Graphene Nanoplatelets Prepared by scCO₂ Dissolution. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E328. [PMID: 30960311 PMCID: PMC6419172 DOI: 10.3390/polym11020328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyetherimide (PEI) foams with graphene nanoplatelets (GnP) were prepared by supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO₂) dissolution. Foam precursors were prepared by melt-mixing PEI with variable amounts of ultrasonicated GnP (0.1⁻2.0 wt %) and foamed by one-step scCO₂ foaming. While the addition of GnP did not significantly modify the cellular structure of the foams, melt-mixing and foaming induced a better dispersion of GnP throughout the foams. There were minor changes in the degradation behaviour of the foams with adding GnP. Although the residue resulting from burning increased with augmenting the amount of GnP, foams showed a slight acceleration in their primary stages of degradation with increasing GnP content. A clear increasing trend was observed for the normalized storage modulus of the foams with incrementing density. The electrical conductivity of the foams significantly improved by approximately six orders of magnitude with only adding 1.5 wt % of GnP, related to an improved dispersion of GnP through a combination of ultrasonication, melt-mixing and one-step foaming, leading to the formation of a more effective GnP conductive network. As a result of their final combined properties, PEI-GnP foams could find use in applications such as electrostatic discharge (ESD) or electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hooman Abbasi
- Centre Català del Plàstic, Departament de Ciència dels Materials i Enginyeria Metal lúrgica, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC Barcelona Tech), C/Colom 114, E-08222 Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Marcelo Antunes
- Centre Català del Plàstic, Departament de Ciència dels Materials i Enginyeria Metal lúrgica, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC Barcelona Tech), C/Colom 114, E-08222 Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - José Ignacio Velasco
- Centre Català del Plàstic, Departament de Ciència dels Materials i Enginyeria Metal lúrgica, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC Barcelona Tech), C/Colom 114, E-08222 Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain.
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8
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Yang C, Zhao Q, Xing Z, Zhang W, Zhang M, Tan H, Wang J, Wu G. Improving the Supercritical CO₂ Foaming of Polypropylene by the Addition of Fluoroelastomer as a Nucleation Agent. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E226. [PMID: 30960210 PMCID: PMC6419069 DOI: 10.3390/polym11020226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a small amount of fluoroelastomer (FKM) was used as a nucleating agent to prepare well-defined microporous PP foam by supercritical CO₂. It was observed that solid FKM was present as the nanoscale independent phase in PP matrix and the FKM could induce a mass of CO₂ aggregation, which significantly enhanced the diffusion rate of CO₂ in PP. The resultant PP/FKM foams exhibited much smaller cell size (~24 μm), and more than 16 times cell density (3.2 × 10⁸ cells/cm³) as well as a much more uniform cell size distribution. PP/FKM foams possessed major concurrent enhancement in their tensile stress and compressive stress compared to neat PP foam. We believe that the added FKM played a key role in enhancing the heterogeneous nucleation, combined with the change of local strain in the multiple-phase system, which was responsible for the considerably improved cell morphology of PP foaming. This work provides a deep understanding of the scCO₂ foaming behavior of PP in the presence of FKM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenguang Yang
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jialuo Road 2019, Jiading, Shanghai 201800, China.
- University of China Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Haike Road 100, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Quan Zhao
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jialuo Road 2019, Jiading, Shanghai 201800, China.
| | - Zhe Xing
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jialuo Road 2019, Jiading, Shanghai 201800, China.
| | - Wenli Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jialuo Road 2019, Jiading, Shanghai 201800, China.
- University of China Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Maojiang Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jialuo Road 2019, Jiading, Shanghai 201800, China.
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Haike Road 100, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Hairong Tan
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jialuo Road 2019, Jiading, Shanghai 201800, China.
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Haike Road 100, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Jixiang Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jialuo Road 2019, Jiading, Shanghai 201800, China.
| | - Guozhong Wu
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jialuo Road 2019, Jiading, Shanghai 201800, China.
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Haike Road 100, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, China.
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9
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Gong W, Fu H, Zhang C, Ban D, Yin X, He Y, He L, Pei X. Study on Foaming Quality and Impact Property of Foamed Polypropylene Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E1375. [PMID: 30961300 PMCID: PMC6401948 DOI: 10.3390/polym10121375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present work, foamed polypropylene (PP) composites were prepared by chemical foaming technology, and the foaming quality and impact property of the foamed PP composites were studied. The results showed that the foaming quality was significantly improved after the introduction of thermoplastic rubber (TPR) and polyolefin elastomer (POE). Meanwhile, it was found that the impact property depended on the intrinsic toughness and contribution of foams (cells) to the PP composites. Furthermore, the data regarding impact property in low temperature showed that when the temperature was between -80 and -20 °C, the impact properties of the foamed PP composites were higher than that of the unfoamed sample, which was due to the impact property being completely contributed by cells under this condition. Meanwhile, when the temperature ranged from -20 to 20 °C, the impact property of the unfoamed sample was higher, which was due to the PP matrix contributing more to the impact property under this temperature. This work significantly improved the foaming quality of foamed PP composites and provided reliable evidence for the improvement of impact property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Gong
- College of Materials and Architectural Engineering, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China.
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymeric Materials, Guiyang 550014, China.
| | - Hai Fu
- College of Materials and Architectural Engineering, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Chun Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymeric Materials, Guiyang 550014, China.
| | - Daming Ban
- College of Materials and Architectural Engineering, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Xiaogang Yin
- College of Materials and Architectural Engineering, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Yue He
- College of Materials and Architectural Engineering, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Li He
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymeric Materials, Guiyang 550014, China.
| | - Xianglin Pei
- College of Materials and Architectural Engineering, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China.
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Papageorgiou GZ. Thinking Green: Sustainable Polymers from Renewable Resources. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E952. [PMID: 30960877 PMCID: PMC6403878 DOI: 10.3390/polym10090952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- George Z Papageorgiou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, P.O. Box 1186, 45110 Ioannina, Greece.
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