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Perišić S, Kalevski K, Grujić A, Nedeljković D, Stajić-Trošić J, Radojević V. Effect of Moisture on the Mechanical Properties of Wood-Plastic Composites Hybridized with Metal Grid Layers. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4705. [PMID: 38139957 PMCID: PMC10748366 DOI: 10.3390/polym15244705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Wood-plastic composites (WPCs) are some of the most common modern composite materials for interior and exterior design that combine natural waste wood properties and the molding possibility of a thermoplastic polymer binder. The addition of reinforcing elements, binding agents, pigments, and coatings, as well as changes to the microstructure and composition, can all affect the quality of WPCs for particular purposes. To improve the properties, hybrid composite panels of WPCs with 30 wt. % and 40 wt. % of wood content and reinforced with one or three metal grid layers were prepared sequentially by extrusion and hot pressure molding. The results show an average 20% higher moisture absorption for composites with higher wood content. A high impact test (HIT) revealed that the absorbed energy of deformation increased with the number of metal grid layers, regardless of the wood content, around two times for all samples before water immersion and around ten times after water absorption. Also, absorbed energy increases with raised wood content, which is most pronounced in three-metal-grid samples, from 21 J to 26 J (before swelling) and from 15 J to 24 J (after swelling). Flexural tests follow the trends observed by HIT, indicating around 65% higher strength for samples with three metal grid layers vs. samples without a metal grid before water immersion and around 80% higher strength for samples with three metal grid layers vs. samples without a grid after water absorption. The synthesis route, double reinforcing (wood and metal), applied methods of characterization, and optimization according to the obtained results provide a WPC with improved mechanical properties ready for an outdoor purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srdjan Perišić
- Innovation Center of Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Katarina Kalevski
- Faculty of Stomatology Pancevo, University Business Academy, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia;
| | - Aleksandar Grujić
- Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Njegoseva 12, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (D.N.); (J.S.-T.)
| | - Dragutin Nedeljković
- Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Njegoseva 12, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (D.N.); (J.S.-T.)
| | - Jasna Stajić-Trošić
- Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Njegoseva 12, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (D.N.); (J.S.-T.)
| | - Vesna Radojević
- Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
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Teo SH, Chee CY, Fahmi MZ, Wibawa Sakti SC, Lee HV. Review of Functional Aspects of Nanocellulose-Based Pickering Emulsifier for Non-Toxic Application and Its Colloid Stabilization Mechanism. Molecules 2022; 27:7170. [PMID: 36363998 PMCID: PMC9657650 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past few years, the research on particle-stabilized emulsion (Pickering emulsion) has mainly focused on the usage of inorganic particles with well-defined shapes, narrow size distributions, and chemical tunability of the surfaces such as silica, alumina, and clay. However, the presence of incompatibility of some inorganic particles that are non-safe to humans and the ecosystem and their poor sustainability has led to a shift towards the development of materials of biological origin. For this reason, nano-dimensional cellulose (nanocellulose) derived from natural plants is suitable for use as a Pickering material for liquid interface stabilization for various non-toxic product formulations (e.g., the food and beverage, cosmetic, personal care, hygiene, pharmaceutical, and biomedical fields). However, the current understanding of nanocellulose-stabilized Pickering emulsion still lacks consistency in terms of the structural, self-assembly, and physio-chemical properties of nanocellulose towards the stabilization between liquid and oil interfaces. Thus, this review aims to provide a comprehensive study of the behavior of nanocellulose-based particles and their ability as a Pickering functionality to stabilize emulsion droplets. Extensive discussion on the characteristics of nanocelluloses, morphology, and preparation methods that can potentially be applied as Pickering emulsifiers in a different range of emulsions is provided. Nanocellulose's surface modification for the purpose of altering its characteristics and provoking multifunctional roles for high-grade non-toxic applications is discussed. Subsequently, the water-oil stabilization mechanism and the criteria for effective emulsion stabilization are summarized in this review. Lastly, we discuss the toxicity profile and risk assessment guidelines for the whole life cycle of nanocellulose from the fresh feedstock to the end-life of the product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao Hui Teo
- Nanotechnology & Catalysis Research Center (NANOCAT), Institute for Advanced Studies, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Ching Yern Chee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Mochamad Zakki Fahmi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Campus C, Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Satya Candra Wibawa Sakti
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Campus C, Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Hwei Voon Lee
- Nanotechnology & Catalysis Research Center (NANOCAT), Institute for Advanced Studies, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Campus C, Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
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A Review on Flexural Properties of Wood-Plastic Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14193942. [PMID: 36235890 PMCID: PMC9573396 DOI: 10.3390/polym14193942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Wood–plastic composite (WPC) is a kind of composite material that is made of plastic and wood fiber or wood powder. Because it is mothproof, is resistant to corrosion, and has plasticity, among other advantages, it has been researched and used increasingly in building materials. The flexural property of WPC is an important subject in evaluating its mechanical properties. In this paper, wood–plastic raw materials and processing technology are introduced; the internal and external factors of WPC which affect the flexural properties are analyzed; the different ways of enhancing the bending capacity, including the surface pretreatment, addition of different modifiers (compatibility agent and coupling agent) etc. are summarized; and the methods of operation and strengthening effect are analyzed. This work provides a reference for further research in related fields.
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Fire Behavior and Failure Model of Multilayered Wood Flour/HDPE/Polycarbonate Composites with a Sandwich Structure. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14142833. [PMID: 35890609 PMCID: PMC9323810 DOI: 10.3390/polym14142833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The flame retardancy of wood–polymer composites significantly affects their potential applications. Thus, multilayered wood flour/high-density polyethylene (HDPE)/polycarbonate (PC) composites were prepared via thermocompression to improve the fire retardancy of wood–polymer composites in this paper. Thermal degradation behavior, flame retardancy, and flexural strengths of the resulting composites were investigated using a thermogravimetric analysis, cone calorimetry, and mechanical testing machine, respectively. Results revealed that the boric acid treatment reduced the heat release rate and total heat release of the wood flour/HDPE composites and increased their mass of residues. However, boric acid reduced the flexural strength of the resulting composites. The combustion test indicated that PC cap layers suppressed the combustion of the resulting composites via the formation of carbon layers. Adding PC layers reduced heat release and increased the flexural strength of the resulting composites. Finally, the failure mode of the multilayered wood flour/HDPE/PC composites in the three-point flexural test was simulated by finite element analysis.
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Kumar A, Jindal M, Rawat S, Kumar J, Sripadi P, Yang B, Thallada B. Upgradation of sugarcane bagasse lignin: Fractionation to cyclic alcohols production. Catal Today 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2022.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Isolation of Cellulose Nanofibre and Enhancement Properties in Biopolymer Composites. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26175276. [PMID: 34500709 PMCID: PMC8433886 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26175276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The physical properties, such as the fibre dimension and crystallinity, of cellulose nanofibre (CNF) are significant to its functional reinforcement ability in composites. This study used supercritical carbon dioxide as a fibre bundle defibrillation pretreatment for the isolation of CNF from bamboo, in order to enhance its physical properties. The isolated CNF was characterised through zeta potential, TEM, XRD, and FT-IR analysis. Commercial CNF was used as a reference to evaluate the effectiveness of the method. The physical, mechanical, thermal, and wettability properties of the bamboo and commercial CNF-reinforced PLA/chitin were also analysed. The TEM and FT-IR results showed the successful isolation of CNF from bamboo using this method, with good colloidal stability shown by the zeta potential results. The properties of the isolated bamboo CNF were similar to the commercial type. However, the fibre diameter distribution and the crystallinity index significantly differed between the bamboo and the commercial CNF. The bamboo CNF had a smaller fibre size and a higher crystallinity index than the commercial CNF. The results from the CNF-reinforced biocomposite showed that the physical, mechanical, thermal, and wettability properties were significantly different due to the variations in their fibre sizes and crystallinity indices. The properties of bamboo CNF biocomposites were significantly better than those of commercial CNF biocomposites. This indicates that the physical properties (fibre size and crystallinity) of an isolated CNF significantly affect its reinforcement ability in biocomposites. The physical properties of isolated CNFs are partly dependent on their source and production method, among other factors. These composites can be used for various industrial applications, including packaging.
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Influence of Torrefaction Temperature and Climatic Chamber Operation Time on Hydrophobic Properties of Agri-Food Biomass Investigated Using the EMC Method. ENERGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/en14175299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Due to the tendency for excessive moisture adsorption by raw, unprocessed biomass, various methods of biomass valorization are in use, allowing for the improvement of physical–chemical biomass properties, including hydrophobicity. One of the methods is torrefaction, which changes the hydrophilic properties of the biomass to hydrophobic. Therefore, in this study, the influence of the torrefaction temperature and the exposure time to moisture adsorption conditions on the hydrophobic properties of waste biomass from the agri-food industry (lemon peel, mandarin peel, grapefruit peel, and butternut-squash peel) were analyzed. The torrefaction was carried out at the following temperatures: 200, 220, 240, 260, 280, 300, and 320 °C. The hydrophobic properties were determined by using the EMC (Equilibrium Moisture Content) method, conducting an experiment in the climatic chamber at atmospheric pressure, a temperature of 25 °C, and relative humidity of 80%. The total residence time of the material in the climate chamber was 24 h. It was shown that the torrefaction process significantly improves the hydrophobic properties of waste biomass. Concerning dried raw (unprocessed) material, the EMC (24 h) coefficient was 0.202 ± 0.004 for lemon peels, 0.223 ± 0.001 for grapefruit peels, 0.237 ± 0.004 for mandarin peels, and 0.232 ± 0.004 for butternut squash, respectively. After the torrefaction process, the EMC value decreased by 24.14–56.96% in relation to the dried raw material, depending on the type of organic waste. However, no correlation between the improvement of hydrophobic properties and increasing the torrefaction temperature was observed. The lowest values of the EMC coefficient were determined for the temperatures of 260 °C (for lemon peel, EMC = 0.108 ± 0.001; for mandarin peel, EMC = 0.102 ± 0.001), 240 °C (for butternut-squash peel, EMC = 0.176 ± 0.002), and 220 °C (for grapefruit peel, EMC = 0.114 ± 0.008). The experiment also showed a significant logarithmic trend in the dependence of the EMC coefficient on the operating time of the climatic chamber. It suggests that there is a limit of water adsorption by the material and that a further increase of the exposure time does not change this balance.
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Sayyed M, Taki MM, Abdalsalam AH, Mhareb M, Alajerami Y, Şakar E, Aygün B, KaKy KM. Fabrication, characterization of neutron and proton shielding investigation of tungsten oxide dispersed-ultra high Mw polyethylene. Chem Phys 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2021.111227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Zhang J, Koubaa A, Xing D, Godard F, Li P, Tao Y, Wang XM, Wang H. Fire Retardancy, Water Absorption, and Viscoelasticity of Borated Wood-Polycarbonate Biocomposites. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13142234. [PMID: 34300991 PMCID: PMC8309212 DOI: 10.3390/polym13142234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Demand for high-performance biocomposites is increasing due to their ease of processing, low environmental impact, and in-service performance. This study investigated the effect of boric acid modification of wood flour on polycarbonate (PC) wood composites’ thermal stability, fire retardancy, water absorption, and creep behavior. The composites’ fire retardancy increased with increasing wood flour content, and their char residue increased by 102.3% compared to that of pure PC. However, the water absorption of the resulting composites increased due to the hydroxyl groups of the wood flour. Wood flour also improved the composites’ anti-creep properties. The excellent fire retardancy and anti-creep properties of wood–PC composites expand their use in the construction sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingfa Zhang
- Laboratoire de Biomatériaux, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Rouyn-Noranda, QC J9X 5E4, Canada; (J.Z.); (F.G.)
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China; (P.L.); (Y.T.)
| | - Ahmed Koubaa
- Laboratoire de Biomatériaux, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Rouyn-Noranda, QC J9X 5E4, Canada; (J.Z.); (F.G.)
- Correspondence: (A.K.); (D.X.)
| | - Dan Xing
- Laboratoire de Biomatériaux, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Rouyn-Noranda, QC J9X 5E4, Canada; (J.Z.); (F.G.)
- Correspondence: (A.K.); (D.X.)
| | - François Godard
- Laboratoire de Biomatériaux, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Rouyn-Noranda, QC J9X 5E4, Canada; (J.Z.); (F.G.)
| | - Peng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China; (P.L.); (Y.T.)
| | - Yubo Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China; (P.L.); (Y.T.)
| | - Xiang-Ming Wang
- New Construction Materials Group, FPInnovations, Québec, QC G1V 4C7, Canada;
| | - Haigang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Materials Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China;
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Nanni A, Cancelli U, Montevecchi G, Masino F, Messori M, Antonelli A. Functionalization and use of grape stalks as poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) reinforcing fillers. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 126:538-548. [PMID: 33848726 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2021.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Grape stalks are a lignocellulosic biomass, which is a very complex material, whose easy and profitable fractionation to obtain its basic components is still not available. Therefore, alternative ways to try and make use of grape stalks are currently being explored. In the present study, the possible use of dried and milled grape stalks as filler in bio-composites was assessed using polybutylene succinate as a basic polymer. The tensile specimens produced using 10% grape stalk powder as it is and functionalized through pre-extrusion acetylation and silylation, and silylation in situ were characterized for their structural, mechanical, thermal, morphological, and color properties. The bio-composites showed to be stiffer than the control polymer, with an increase of Young's modulus from 616 MPa to 732 MPa in the specimens obtained with acetylated grape stalk powder. This led to a potentially new method to valorize by-products of the wine industry such as grape stalks in order to recover raw materials which could prove useful in the biomaterials and bio-composites sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Nanni
- Department of Engineering Enzo Ferrari, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Pietro Vivarelli 10, Modena, Emilia-Romagna 41125, Italy
| | - Umberto Cancelli
- Department of Life Sciences (Agri-Food Science Area), BIOGEST - SITEIA Interdepartmental Centre, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Piazzale Europa 1, Reggio Emilia, Emilia-Romagna 42124, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Montevecchi
- Department of Life Sciences (Agri-Food Science Area), BIOGEST - SITEIA Interdepartmental Centre, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Piazzale Europa 1, Reggio Emilia, Emilia-Romagna 42124, Italy.
| | - Francesca Masino
- Department of Life Sciences (Agri-Food Science Area), BIOGEST - SITEIA Interdepartmental Centre, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Piazzale Europa 1, Reggio Emilia, Emilia-Romagna 42124, Italy
| | - Massimo Messori
- Department of Engineering Enzo Ferrari, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Pietro Vivarelli 10, Modena, Emilia-Romagna 41125, Italy
| | - Andrea Antonelli
- Department of Life Sciences (Agri-Food Science Area), BIOGEST - SITEIA Interdepartmental Centre, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Piazzale Europa 1, Reggio Emilia, Emilia-Romagna 42124, Italy
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Coelho GO, Batista MJ, Ávila AF, Franca AS, Oliveira LS. Development and characterization of biopolymeric films of galactomannans recovered from spent coffee grounds. J FOOD ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2020.110083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Process Optimization of Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene/Cellulose Nanofiber Bionanocomposites in Triple Screw Kneading Extruder by Response Surface Methodology. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25194498. [PMID: 33008017 PMCID: PMC7582604 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25194498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Incorporation of nanocellulose could improve wear resistance of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) for an artificial joint application. Yet, the extremely high melt viscosity of the polymer may constrict the mixing, leading to fillers agglomeration and poor mechanical properties. This study optimized the processing condition of UHMWPE/cellulose nanofiber (CNF) bionanocomposite fabrication in triple screw kneading extruder by using response surface methodology (RSM). The effect of the process parameters-temperature (150-190 °C), rotational speed (30-60 rpm), and mixing time (30-45 min)-on mechanical properties of the bionanocomposites was investigated. Homogenous filler distribution, as confirmed by scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) analysis, was obtained through the optimal processing condition of 150 °C, 60 rpm, and 45 min. The UHMWPE/CNF bionanocomposites exhibited improved mechanical properties in terms of Young's and flexural modulus by 11% and 19%, respectively, as compared to neat UHMWPE. An insignificant effect was observed when maleic anhydride-grafted-polyethylene (MAPE) was added as compatibilizer. The obtained results proved that homogenous compounding of high melt viscosity UHMWPE with CNF was feasible by optimizing the melt blending processing condition in triple screw kneading extruder, which resulted in improved stiffness, a contributing factor for wear resistance.
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Properties and Characterization of New Approach Organic Nanoparticle-Based Biocomposite Board. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12102236. [PMID: 32998404 PMCID: PMC7600339 DOI: 10.3390/polym12102236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventionally, panel boards are produced with material flex or microparticle with P.U. or U.F. as adhesives. However, in this study, nanoparticle with epoxy resin as an adhesive was used to produce nanoboard. Coconut shell nanoparticle composite with epoxy resin as an adhesive was prepared using a compression molding technique. The coconut shell particles were originally 200 mesh size and then milled mechanically with a ball mill for the duration of 10, 20, 30, and 40 h (milling times) to produce nanoparticles. The composition ratio of the composite is 85 vol.% of coconut shell and 15 vol.% of epoxy resin. The formation of nanoparticles was observed with transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The mechanical, physical, and microstructure properties of the composite were examined with X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and universal testing machine. The results established that the properties of the composite (microstructures, mechanical, and physical) are influenced by the duration of milling of coconut shell particles. The modulus and flexural strength of the composite improved with an increase in the milling time. The density, thickness swelling, and porosity of the composite were also influenced by the milling times. The result suggested that the composite properties were influenced by the particle size of the coconut shell. The coconut shell nanoparticle composite can be used in the manufacturing of hybrid panels and board.
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Nordin NA, Rahman NMMA, Hassan A. Conditioning effect on the mechanical and thermal properties of heat-treated oil palm empty fruit bunch/high-density polyethylene composite. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008319893418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) is one of the potential natural fibre that can be used as an alternative to synthetic fibre. EFB was heat-treated at 180°C using vacuum oven for 1 h, extrusion compounded with high-density polyethylene at 10%, 20% and 30% weight fraction. The composites were injection moulded into dumb-bell (ASTM D-638) and bar-shaped specimens (ASTM E-23). The composites were exposed to different environments which are soil burial and indoor environment for 3 months. The effects of conditioning on mechanical and thermal properties were studied relative to the dry as moulded samples as a standard. It was found that the mechanical and thermal properties of composites under soil burial conditions were reduced. Tensile modulus of 30% untreated fibre loading reduced from 1.56 GPa for dry to 1.03 GPa for soil burial conditions, respectively. The same reduction was also found in the flexural modulus. However, the value of treated fibre composites was found slightly higher compared to untreated fibre composites. The treated fibre composites showed more resistance towards the environment condition. Composites made from heat-treated EFB show improved thermal stability, expected due to better compatibility between fibres and matrices, thus lowering the moisture intake, despite the conditions of the samples. However, indoor exposure has no significant effect on the thermal and mechanical properties of composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Afifah Nordin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Aziz Hassan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Wang D, Bai T, Cheng W, Xu C, Wang G, Cheng H, Han G. Surface Modification of Bamboo Fibers to Enhance the Interfacial Adhesion of Epoxy Resin-Based Composites Prepared by Resin Transfer Molding. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11122107. [PMID: 31847504 PMCID: PMC6960662 DOI: 10.3390/polym11122107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bamboo fibers (BFs)-reinforced epoxy resin (EP) composites are prepared by resin transfer molding (RTM). The influence of BFs surface modification (NaOH solution or coupling agents, i.e., KH550 and KH560) on interfacial properties of BFs/EP composites is systematically investigated. The synergistic effect of hydrolysis, peeling reaction of BFs, and the condensation reaction of hydrolyzed coupling agents are confirmed by FTIR. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) reveal that the interfacial compatibility of NaOH- and silane-modified BFs/EP composites was significantly improved. KH550-modified BFs/EP composite renders optimal tensile, flexural, and impact strength values of 68 MPa, 86 MPa, and 226 J/m. The impact resistance mechanism at the interface of BFs/EP composites was proposed. Moreover, the dynamic mechanical properties, creep behavior, and differential scanning calorimetry of BFs/EP composites have also been carried out to understand thermal stabilities. Overall, the surface-modified BFs-reinforced EP composites exhibited superior interfacial bonding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (D.W.); (T.B.)
| | - Tian Bai
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (D.W.); (T.B.)
| | - Wanli Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (D.W.); (T.B.)
| | - Can Xu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (D.W.); (T.B.)
| | - Ge Wang
- International Centre for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Haitao Cheng
- International Centre for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Guangping Han
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (D.W.); (T.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-451-821-91938
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Wang H, Lin F, Qiu P, Liu T. Effects of Extractives on Dimensional Stability, Dynamic Mechanical Properties, Creep, and Stress Relaxation of Rice Straw/High-Density Polyethylene Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E1176. [PMID: 30961101 PMCID: PMC6403664 DOI: 10.3390/polym10101176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The removal of rice straw extractives increases the interphase adhesion between rice straw and the high-density polyethylene (HDPE) matrix, while eradicating the inner defects of rice straw/HDPE composites. This study investigated the effect of rice straw extractives removal on the dimensional stability (water uptake and thermal expansion), dynamic mechanical properties, creep, and stress relaxation of rice straw/HDPE composites. Cold water (CW), hot water (HW), and 1% alkaline solution (AL) extraction methods were utilized to remove rice straw extractives. Extracted and unextracted rice straws were mixed with HDPE, maleated polyethylene (MAPE), and Polyethylene wax to prepare composites via extrusion. Removal of rice straw extractives significantly improved the dimensional stability, dynamic mechanical properties, and creep and stress relaxation of rice straw/HDPE composites, with the exception of the thickness swelling of the AL/HDPE and the thermal expansion of the rice straw/HDPE composites. HW/HDPE exhibited the best comprehensive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanbo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Material Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Fazhi Lin
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Material Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Pingping Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Material Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Tian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Material Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin 150040, China.
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Liu Z, Li Z, Zhao X, Zhang L, Li Q. Highly Efficient Flame Retardant Hybrid Composites Based on Calcium Alginate/Nano-Calcium Borate. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E625. [PMID: 30966659 PMCID: PMC6403745 DOI: 10.3390/polym10060625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hybrid composites with low flammability based on renewable calcium alginate and nano-calcium borate were fabricated using an in situ method through a simple, eco-friendly vacuum drying process. The composites were characterized by X-ray diffractometry (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The combustion behavior and flammability of the composites were assessed by using the limiting oxygen index (LOI) and cone calorimetry (CONE) tests. The composites showed excellent thermal stability and achieved nonflammability with an LOI higher than 60. Pyrolysis was investigated using pyrolysis⁻gas chromatography⁻mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS) and the results showed that fewer sorts of cracking products were produced from the hybrid composites compared with the calcium alginate. A possible thermal degradation mechanism of composites was proposed based on the experimental data. The combined results indicate that the calcium borate had a nano-effect, accumulating more freely in the hybrid composites and contributing significantly to both the solid phase and gas phase, resulting in an efficient improvement in the flame retardancy of the composites. Our study provides a novel material with promising potentiality for flame retardant applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhui Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Zichao Li
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China;.
| | - Xihui Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Lei Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Qun Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
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