1
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Soo XYD, Muiruri JK, Wu WY, Yeo JCC, Wang S, Tomczak N, Thitsartarn W, Tan BH, Wang P, Wei F, Suwardi A, Xu J, Loh XJ, Yan Q, Zhu Q. Bio-Polyethylene and Polyethylene Biocomposites: An Alternative toward a Sustainable Future. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024; 45:e2400064. [PMID: 38594967 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202400064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Polyethylene (PE), a highly prevalent non-biodegradable polymer in the field of plastics, presents a waste management issue. To alleviate this issue, bio-based PE (bio-PE), derived from renewable resources like corn and sugarcane, offers an environmentally friendly alternative. This review discusses various production methods of bio-PE, including fermentation, gasification, and catalytic conversion of biomass. Interestingly, the bio-PE production volumes and market are expanding due to the growing environmental concerns and regulatory pressures. Additionally, the production of PE and bio-PE biocomposites using agricultural waste as filler materials, highlights the growing demand for sustainable alternatives to conventional plastics. According to previous studies, addition of ≈50% defibrillated corn and abaca fibers into bio-PE matrix and a compatibilizer, results in the highest Young's modulus of 4.61 and 5.81 GPa, respectively. These biocomposites have potential applications in automotive, building construction, and furniture industries. Moreover, the advancement made in abiotic and biotic degradation of PE and PE biocomposites is elucidated to address their environmental impacts. Finally, the paper concludes with insights into the opportunities, challenges, and future perspectives in the sustainable production and utilization of PE and bio-PE biocomposites. In summary, production of PE and bio-PE biocomposites can contribute to a cleaner and sustainable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Yun Debbie Soo
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Joseph Kinyanjui Muiruri
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, 627833, Singapore
| | - Wen-Ya Wu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Jayven Chee Chuan Yeo
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Suxi Wang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Nikodem Tomczak
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Warintorn Thitsartarn
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Beng Hoon Tan
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Pei Wang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Fengxia Wei
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Ady Suwardi
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Jianwei Xu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, 627833, Singapore
| | - Xian Jun Loh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, 627833, Singapore
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, #03-09 EA, Singapore, 117575, Singapore
| | - Qingyu Yan
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Qiang Zhu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, 627833, Singapore
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
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2
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Patti A. Challenges to Improve Extrusion-Based Additive Manufacturing Process of Thermoplastics toward Sustainable Development. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024:e2400249. [PMID: 38818529 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202400249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
This review aims to present the different approaches to lessen the environmental impact of the extrusion-based additive manufacturing (MEX) process of thermoplastic-based resins and protect the ecosystem. The benefits and drawbacks of each alternative, including the use of biomaterials or recycled materials as feedstock, energy efficiency, and polluting emissions reduction, have been examined. First, the technological option of using a pellet-fed printer was compared to a filament-fed printer. Then, common biopolymers utilized in MEX applications are discussed, along with methods for improving the mechanical properties of associated printed products. The introduction of natural fillers in thermoplastic resins and the use of biocomposite filaments have been proposed to improve the specific performance of printed items, highlighting the numerous challenges related to their extrusion. Various polymers and fillers derived from recycling are presented as feeding raw materials for printers to reduce waste accumulation, showing the inferior qualities of the resulting goods when compared to printed products made from virgin materials. Finally, the energy consumption and emissions released into the atmosphere during the printing process are discussed, with the potential for both aspects to be controlled through material selection and operating conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Patti
- Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture (DICAr), University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, Catania, CT, 95125, Italy
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3
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Seok W, Jeon E, Kim Y. Effects of Annealing for Strength Enhancement of FDM 3D-Printed ABS Reinforced with Recycled Carbon Fiber. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3110. [PMID: 37514499 PMCID: PMC10384234 DOI: 10.3390/polym15143110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the effect of annealing on the mechanical properties of fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D-printed recycled carbon fiber (rCF)-reinforced composites. In this study, filaments for FDM 3D printers are self-fabricated from pure acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and ABS reinforced with fiber content of 10 wt% and 20 wt% rCF. This study explores the tensile and flexural properties as a function of the annealing temperature and time for the three different fiber content values. In addition, dimensional measurements of the shape changes are performed to determine the suitability of applying annealing in practical manufacturing processes. The results show that annealing improves the mechanical properties by narrowing the voids between the beads, which occur during the FDM process, and by reducing the gaps between the fibers and polymer. Following annealing, the largest tensile and flexural strength improvements are 12.64% and 42.33%, respectively, for the 20 wt% rCF content samples. Moreover, compared with the pure ABS samples, the annealing effect improves the mechanical properties of the rCF-reinforced samples more effectively, and they have higher dimensional stability, indicating their suitability for annealing. These results are expected to expand the application fields of rCF and greatly increase the potential use of FDM-printed parts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonseok Seok
- Department of Future Convergence Engineering, Kongju National University, Cheonan 31080, Republic of Korea
| | - Euysik Jeon
- Department of Future Convergence Engineering, Kongju National University, Cheonan 31080, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngshin Kim
- Graduate Program for Eco-Friendly Future Automotive Technology, Kongju National University, Cheonan 31080, Republic of Korea
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4
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Ramezani Dana H, Ebrahimi F. Synthesis, properties, and applications of polylactic
acid‐based
polymers. POLYM ENG SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.26193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Ramezani Dana
- Mechanics, Surfaces and Materials Processing (MSMP) – EA 7350 Arts et Metiers Institute of Technology Aix‐en‐Provence France
- Texas A&M Engineering Experiment Station (TEES) Texas A&M University College Station Texas USA
| | - Farnoosh Ebrahimi
- PRISM Polymer, Recycling, Industrial, Sustainability and Manufacturing Technological University of the Shannon (TUS) Athlone Ireland
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5
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Koffi A, Toubal L, Jin M, Koffi D, Döpper F, Schmidt H, Neuber C. Extrusion‐based
3D
printing with high‐density polyethylene Birch‐fiber composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Agbelenko Koffi
- Institut d'Innovations en Écomatériaux, Écoproduits et Écoénergies (I2E3) Université du Québec à Trois‐Rivières Trois‐Rivières Quebec Canada
| | - Lotfi Toubal
- Institut d'Innovations en Écomatériaux, Écoproduits et Écoénergies (I2E3) Université du Québec à Trois‐Rivières Trois‐Rivières Quebec Canada
| | - Minde Jin
- Macromolecular Chemistry I University of Bayreuth Bayreuth Germany
- Bavaria Polymer Institute (BPI) University of Bayreuth Bayreuth Germany
| | - Demagna Koffi
- Institut d'Innovations en Écomatériaux, Écoproduits et Écoénergies (I2E3) Université du Québec à Trois‐Rivières Trois‐Rivières Quebec Canada
| | - Frank Döpper
- Chair Manufacturing and Remanufacturing Technology, Faculty of Engineering Science University of Bayreuth Bayreuth Germany
| | - Hans‐Werner Schmidt
- Macromolecular Chemistry I University of Bayreuth Bayreuth Germany
- Bavaria Polymer Institute (BPI) University of Bayreuth Bayreuth Germany
| | - Christian Neuber
- Macromolecular Chemistry I University of Bayreuth Bayreuth Germany
- Bavaria Polymer Institute (BPI) University of Bayreuth Bayreuth Germany
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6
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Characterization of CaCO 3 Filled Poly(lactic) Acid and Bio Polyethylene Materials for Building Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13193323. [PMID: 34641140 PMCID: PMC8512734 DOI: 10.3390/polym13193323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Noise pollution has been identified as a cause of a broad spectrum of diseases, motivating researchers to identify building materials capable of attenuating this pollution. The most common solution is the use of gypsum boards, which show a good response for low frequencies but have a poorer response for high frequencies. In addition, due to environmental concerns associated with buildings, the use of materials that minimize environmental impacts must be favored. In this research, two biopolymers, a poly(lactic) acid and a bio-polyethylene, were filled with two typologies of calcium carbonate, and their soundproofing properties were tested using impedance tubes. In addition, the morphology of the fillers was characterized, and here we discuss its impact on the mechanical properties of the composites. The results showed that the incorporation of calcium carbonate into bio-based thermoplastic materials can represent a strong alternative to gypsum, because their mechanical properties and sound barrier performance are superior. In addition, the inclusion of mineral fillers in thermoplastic materials has a positive impact on production costs, in addition to preserving the advantages of thermoplastics in terms of processing and recycling. Although the use of carbonate calcium decreases the mechanical properties of the materials, it enables the production of materials with insulation that is four-fold higher than that of gypsum. This demonstrates the potential of these materials as building lightweight solutions.
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7
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Zhang K, Li W, Zheng Y, Yao W, Zhao C. Compressive Properties and Constitutive Model of Semicrystalline Polyethylene. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2895. [PMID: 34502934 PMCID: PMC8433784 DOI: 10.3390/polym13172895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanical properties of polyethylene (PE) materials are greatly influenced by their molecular structures, environmental temperature, and strain rate. In this study, static and dynamic compression tests were performed on two semicrystalline PE materials-ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE). The stress-strain curves of HDPE and UHMWPE under uniaxial compression at temperatures of -40-120 °C and strain rates of 0.001-5500 s-1 were obtained. The research findings suggest that both the UHMWPE and HDPE showed significant strain rate-strengthening effect and temperature-softening effect. In particular, HDPE exhibited better compression resistance and high-temperature resistance. The relationships between the yield stress and temperature and between the yield stress and strain rate for both materials were fitted, and the Cowper-Symonds constitutive model was built while considering the temperature effect. The parameters of the constitutive model were obtained and input into LS-DYNA software to simulate the dynamic compression process of HDPE. The simulation result was consistent with the test result, validating the accuracy of the constitutive parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kebin Zhang
- ZNDY of Ministerial Key Laboratory, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China; (K.Z.); (Y.Z.); (W.Y.)
| | - Wenbin Li
- ZNDY of Ministerial Key Laboratory, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China; (K.Z.); (Y.Z.); (W.Y.)
| | - Yu Zheng
- ZNDY of Ministerial Key Laboratory, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China; (K.Z.); (Y.Z.); (W.Y.)
| | - Wenjin Yao
- ZNDY of Ministerial Key Laboratory, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China; (K.Z.); (Y.Z.); (W.Y.)
| | - Changfang Zhao
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China;
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8
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Schiavone N, Verney V, Askanian H. High-Density Bio-PE and Pozzolan Based Composites: Formulation and Prototype Design for Control of Low Water Flow. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1908. [PMID: 34201232 PMCID: PMC8229793 DOI: 10.3390/polym13121908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An eco-friendly solution to produce new material for the material extrusion process is to use quarry waste as filler for biopolymer composites. A quarry waste that is still studied little as a filler for polymer composites is pozzolan. In this study, the optimization of the formulations and processing parameters of composites produced with pozzolan and bio-based polyethylene for 3D printing technology was performed. Furthermore, a precision irrigation system in the form of a drip watering cup was designed, printed, and characterized. The results showed that the presence of the pozzolan acted as a reinforcement for the composite material and improved the cohesion between the layers of the 3D printed objects. Furthermore, the optimization of the process conditions made it possible to print pieces of complex geometry and permeable parts for the control of the water flow rates with an order of magnitude in the range from mL/h to mL/day.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Haroutioun Askanian
- CNRS, Clermont Auvergne INP, ICCF, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (N.S.); (V.V.)
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9
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Morales MA, Atencio Martinez CL, Maranon A, Hernandez C, Michaud V, Porras A. Development and Characterization of Rice Husk and Recycled Polypropylene Composite Filaments for 3D Printing. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1067. [PMID: 33800605 PMCID: PMC8037629 DOI: 10.3390/polym13071067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays the use of natural fiber composites has gained significant interest due to their low density, high availability, and low cost. The present study explores the development of sustainable 3D printing filaments based on rice husk (RH), an agricultural residue, and recycled polypropylene (rPP) and the influence of fiber weight ratio on physical, thermal, mechanical, and morphological properties of 3D printing parts. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed that the composite's degradation process started earlier than for the neat rPP due to the lignocellulosic fiber components. Mechanical tests showed that tensile strength increased when using a raster angle of 0° than specimens printed at 90°, due to the weaker inter-layer bonding compared to in-layer. Furthermore, inter layer bonding tensile strength was similar for all tested materials. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images revealed the limited interaction between the untreated fiber and matrix, which led to reduced tensile properties. However, during the printing process, composites presented lower warping than printed neat rPP. Thus, 3D printable ecofriendly natural fiber composite filaments with low density and low cost can be developed and used for 3D printing applications, contributing to reduce the impact of plastic and agricultural waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A. Morales
- Grupo de Diseño de Productos y Procesos (GDPP), Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, CR 1 18a 12, Bogotá 111711, Colombia; (M.A.M.); (C.L.A.M.)
| | - Cindy L. Atencio Martinez
- Grupo de Diseño de Productos y Procesos (GDPP), Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, CR 1 18a 12, Bogotá 111711, Colombia; (M.A.M.); (C.L.A.M.)
| | - Alejandro Maranon
- Structural Integrity Research Group, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, CR 1 18a 12, Bogotá 111711, Colombia;
| | - Camilo Hernandez
- Sustainable Design in Mechanical Engineering Research Group (DSIM), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Escuela Colombiana de Ingenieria Julio Graravito, Autopista Norte AK 45 205 59, Bogotá 111166, Colombia;
| | - Veronique Michaud
- Laboratory for Processing for Advanced Composited (LPAC), Institute of Materials, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), EPFL-STI-IMX-LPAC, Station 12, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - Alicia Porras
- Grupo de Diseño de Productos y Procesos (GDPP), Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, CR 1 18a 12, Bogotá 111711, Colombia; (M.A.M.); (C.L.A.M.)
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10
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Progress in MgCl2 supported Ziegler-Natta catalyzed polyolefin products and applications. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-021-02412-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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11
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Picard M, Mohanty AK, Misra M. Recent advances in additive manufacturing of engineering thermoplastics: challenges and opportunities. RSC Adv 2020; 10:36058-36089. [PMID: 35517121 PMCID: PMC9057068 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra04857g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There are many limitations within three-dimensional (3D) printing that hinder its adaptation into industries such as biomedical, cosmetic, processing, automotive, aerospace, and electronics. The disadvantages of 3D printing include the inability of parts to function in weight-bearing applications, reduced mechanical performance from anisotropic properties of printed products, and limited intrinsic material performances such as flame retardancy, thermal stability, and/or electrical conductivity. Many of these shortcomings have prevented the adaptation of 3D printing into product development, especially with few novel researched materials being sold commercially. In many cases, high-performance engineering thermoplastics (ET) provide a basis for increased thermal and mechanical performances to address the shortcomings or limitations of both selective laser sintering and extrusion 3D printing. The first strategy to combat these limitations is to fabricate blends or composites. Novel printing materials have been implemented to reduce anisotropic properties and losses in strength. Additives such as flame retardants generate robust materials with V0 flame retardancy ratings, and compatibilizers can improve thermal or dimensional stability. To serve the electronic industry better, the addition of carbon black at only 4 wt%, to an ET matrix has been found to improve the electrical conductivity by five times the magnitude. Surface modifications such as photopolymerization have improved the usability of ET in automotive applications, whereas the dynamic chemical processes increased the biocompatibility of ET for medical device materials. Thermal resistant foam from polyamide 12 and fly ash spheres were researched and fabricated as possible insulation materials for automotive industries. These works and others have not only generated great potential for additive manufacturing technologies, but also provided solutions to critical challenges of 3D printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maisyn Picard
- School of Engineering, University of Guelph Thornbrough Building Guelph N1G 2W1 ON Canada
- Bioproducts Discovery and Development Centre, Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph Crop Science Building Guelph N1G 2W1 ON Canada
| | - Amar K Mohanty
- School of Engineering, University of Guelph Thornbrough Building Guelph N1G 2W1 ON Canada
- Bioproducts Discovery and Development Centre, Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph Crop Science Building Guelph N1G 2W1 ON Canada
| | - Manjusri Misra
- School of Engineering, University of Guelph Thornbrough Building Guelph N1G 2W1 ON Canada
- Bioproducts Discovery and Development Centre, Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph Crop Science Building Guelph N1G 2W1 ON Canada
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12
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Ita-Nagy D, Vázquez-Rowe I, Kahhat R, Quispe I, Chinga-Carrasco G, Clauser NM, Area MC. Life cycle assessment of bagasse fiber reinforced biocomposites. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 720:137586. [PMID: 32325583 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the life cycle environmental implications of producing fiber-reinforced biocomposite pellets, compared with sugarcane- and petroleum-based polyethylene (PE) pellets. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology is used to evaluate the production of four types of pellets. LCA allows the evaluation of the benefits of improving the production of biobased materials by replacing part of the sugarcane bioPE with bagasse fibers. The functional unit selected was the production of 1 kg of plastic pellets. Primary data were collected from laboratory tests designed to obtain pulp fibers from bagasse and mix them with sugarcane bioPE. Two processes were studied to obtain fibers from bagasse: soda fractionation and hot water-soda fractionation. The results from the LCA show environmental improvements when reducing the amount of bioPE by replacing it with bagasse fibers in the categories of global warming, ozone formation, terrestrial acidification and fossil resource scarcity, when comparing to 100% sugarcane bioPE, and a reduction in global warming and fossil resource scarcity when compared to fossil-based PE. In contrast, results also indicate that there could be higher impacts in terms of ozone formation, freshwater eutrophication, and terrestrial acidification. Even though biocomposites result as a preferred option to bioPE, several challenges need to be overcome before a final recommendation is placed. The sensitivity analysis showed the importance of the energy source on the impacts of the processing of fibers. Thus, using clean energy to produce biobased materials may reduce the impacts related to the production stage. These results are intended to increase the attention of the revalorization of these residues and their application to generate more advanced materials. Further outlook should also consider a deeper evaluation of the impacts during the production of a plastic object and possible effects of the biobased materials during final disposal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Ita-Nagy
- Peruvian LCA and Industrial Ecology Network (PELCAN), Department of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú (PUCP), 1801 Avenida Universitaria, San Miguel, Lima 15088, Peru
| | - Ian Vázquez-Rowe
- Peruvian LCA and Industrial Ecology Network (PELCAN), Department of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú (PUCP), 1801 Avenida Universitaria, San Miguel, Lima 15088, Peru
| | - Ramzy Kahhat
- Peruvian LCA and Industrial Ecology Network (PELCAN), Department of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú (PUCP), 1801 Avenida Universitaria, San Miguel, Lima 15088, Peru
| | - Isabel Quispe
- Peruvian LCA and Industrial Ecology Network (PELCAN), Department of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú (PUCP), 1801 Avenida Universitaria, San Miguel, Lima 15088, Peru.
| | | | - Nicolás M Clauser
- Pulp and Paper Program (PROCYP), Institute of Materials of Misiones (IMAM), National University of Misiones (UNaM), National Council of Technological and Technical Research (CONICET), Félix de Azara 1552, Postal Box: 3300 Posadas, Misiones, Argentina
| | - María Cristina Area
- Pulp and Paper Program (PROCYP), Institute of Materials of Misiones (IMAM), National University of Misiones (UNaM), National Council of Technological and Technical Research (CONICET), Félix de Azara 1552, Postal Box: 3300 Posadas, Misiones, Argentina
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13
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Ehman NV, Ita-Nagy D, Felissia FE, Vallejos ME, Quispe I, Area MC, Chinga-Carrasco G. Biocomposites of Bio-Polyethylene Reinforced with a Hydrothermal-Alkaline Sugarcane Bagasse Pulp and Coupled with a Bio-Based Compatibilizer. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25092158. [PMID: 32380693 PMCID: PMC7249044 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25092158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Bio-polyethylene (BioPE, derived from sugarcane), sugarcane bagasse pulp, and two compatibilizers (fossil and bio-based), were used to manufacture biocomposite filaments for 3D printing. Biocomposite filaments were manufactured and characterized in detail, including measurement of water absorption, mechanical properties, thermal stability and decomposition temperature (thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA)). Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was performed to measure the glass transition temperature (Tg). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was applied to assess the fracture area of the filaments after mechanical testing. Increases of up to 10% in water absorption were measured for the samples with 40 wt% fibers and the fossil compatibilizer. The mechanical properties were improved by increasing the fraction of bagasse fibers from 0% to 20% and 40%. The suitability of the biocomposite filaments was tested for 3D printing, and some shapes were printed as demonstrators. Importantly, in a cradle-to-gate life cycle analysis of the biocomposites, we demonstrated that replacing fossil compatibilizer with a bio-based compatibilizer contributes to a reduction in CO2-eq emissions, and an increase in CO2 capture, achieving a CO2-eq storage of 2.12 kg CO2 eq/kg for the biocomposite containing 40% bagasse fibers and 6% bio-based compatibilizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanci Vanesa Ehman
- IMAM, UNaM, CONICET, FCEQYN, Programa de Celulosa y Papel (PROCYP), Misiones, Félix de Azara 1552, Posadas, Argentina; (F.E.F.); (M.E.V.); (M.C.A.)
- Correspondence: (N.V.E.); (G.C.-C.); Tel.: +47-908-36-045 (G.C.-C.)
| | - Diana Ita-Nagy
- Peruvian LCA and Industrial Ecology Network (PELCAN), Department of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú (PUCP), 1801 Avenida Universitaria, San Miguel, Lima 15088, Peru; (D.I.-N.); (I.Q.)
| | - Fernando Esteban Felissia
- IMAM, UNaM, CONICET, FCEQYN, Programa de Celulosa y Papel (PROCYP), Misiones, Félix de Azara 1552, Posadas, Argentina; (F.E.F.); (M.E.V.); (M.C.A.)
| | - María Evangelina Vallejos
- IMAM, UNaM, CONICET, FCEQYN, Programa de Celulosa y Papel (PROCYP), Misiones, Félix de Azara 1552, Posadas, Argentina; (F.E.F.); (M.E.V.); (M.C.A.)
| | - Isabel Quispe
- Peruvian LCA and Industrial Ecology Network (PELCAN), Department of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú (PUCP), 1801 Avenida Universitaria, San Miguel, Lima 15088, Peru; (D.I.-N.); (I.Q.)
| | - María Cristina Area
- IMAM, UNaM, CONICET, FCEQYN, Programa de Celulosa y Papel (PROCYP), Misiones, Félix de Azara 1552, Posadas, Argentina; (F.E.F.); (M.E.V.); (M.C.A.)
| | - Gary Chinga-Carrasco
- RISE PFI, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
- Correspondence: (N.V.E.); (G.C.-C.); Tel.: +47-908-36-045 (G.C.-C.)
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Zhao X, Tekinalp H, Meng X, Ker D, Benson B, Pu Y, Ragauskas AJ, Wang Y, Li K, Webb E, Gardner DJ, Anderson J, Ozcan S. Poplar as Biofiber Reinforcement in Composites for Large-Scale 3D Printing. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2019; 2:4557-4570. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.9b00675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xianhui Zhao
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Halil Tekinalp
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, Biomedical Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Xianzhi Meng
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Darby Ker
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Bowie Benson
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Yunqiao Pu
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Arthur J. Ragauskas
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Yu Wang
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Kai Li
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Erin Webb
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Douglas J. Gardner
- Advanced Structures and Composites Center, University of Maine, 35 Flagstaff Road, Orono, Maine 04469, United States
| | - James Anderson
- Advanced Structures and Composites Center, University of Maine, 35 Flagstaff Road, Orono, Maine 04469, United States
| | - Soydan Ozcan
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, Biomedical Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
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15
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Functionalization of Partially Bio-Based Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate) by Blending with Fully Bio-Based Poly(Amide) 10,10 and a Glycidyl Methacrylate-Based Compatibilizer. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11081331. [PMID: 31405161 PMCID: PMC6723675 DOI: 10.3390/polym11081331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This work shows the potential of binary blends composed of partially bio-based poly(ethyelene terephthalate) (bioPET) and fully bio-based poly(amide) 10,10 (bioPA1010). These blends are manufactured by extrusion and subsequent injection moulding and characterized in terms of mechanical, thermal and thermomechanical properties. To overcome or minimize the immiscibility, a glycidyl methacrylate copolymer, namely poly(styrene-ran-glycidyl methacrylate) (PS-GMA; Xibond™ 920) was used. The addition of 30 wt % bioPA provides increased renewable content up to 50 wt %, but the most interesting aspect is that bioPA contributes to improved toughness and other ductile properties such as elongation at yield. The morphology study revealed a typical immiscible droplet-like structure and the effectiveness of the PS-GMA copolymer was assessed by field emission scanning electron microcopy (FESEM) with a clear decrease in the droplet size due to compatibilization. It is possible to conclude that bioPA1010 can positively contribute to reduce the intrinsic stiffness of bioPET and, in addition, it increases the renewable content of the developed materials.
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Montava-Jorda S, Chacon V, Lascano D, Sanchez-Nacher L, Montanes N. Manufacturing and Characterization of Functionalized Aliphatic Polyester from Poly(lactic acid) with Halloysite Nanotubes. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1314. [PMID: 31390814 PMCID: PMC6722548 DOI: 10.3390/polym11081314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This work reports the potential of poly(lactic acid)-PLA composites with different halloysite nanotube (HNTs) loading (3, 6 and 9 wt%) for further uses in advanced applications as HNTs could be used as carriers for active compounds for medicine, packaging and other sectors. This work focuses on the effect of HNTs on mechanical, thermal, thermomechanical and degradation of PLA composites with HNTs. These composites can be manufactured by conventional extrusion-compounding followed by injection molding. The obtained results indicate a slight decrease in tensile and flexural strength as well as in elongation at break, both properties related to material cohesion. On the contrary, the stiffness increases with the HNTs content. The tensile strength and modulus change from 64.6 MPa/2.1 GPa (neat PLA) to 57.7/2.3 GPa MPa for the composite with 9 wt% HNTs. The elongation at break decreases from 6.1% (neat PLA) down to a half for composites with 9 wt% HNTs. Regarding flexural properties, the flexural strength and modulus change from 116.1 MPa and 3.6 GPa respectively for neat PLA to values of 107.6 MPa and 3.9 GPa for the composite with 9 wt% HNTs. HNTs do not affect the glass transition temperature with invariable values of about 64 °C, or the melt peak temperature, while they move the cold crystallization process towards lower values, from 112.4 °C for neat PLA down to 105.4 °C for the composite containing 9 wt% HNTs. The water uptake has been assessed to study the influence of HNTs on the water saturation. HNTs contribute to increased hydrophilicity with a change in the asymptotic water uptake from 0.95% (neat PLA) up to 1.67% (PLA with 9 wt % HNTs) and the effect of HNTs on disintegration in controlled compost soil has been carried out to see the influence of HNTs on this process, which is a slight delay on it. These PLA-HNT composites show good balanced properties and could represent an interesting solution to develop active materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Montava-Jorda
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain
| | - Victor Chacon
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain
| | - Diego Lascano
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain.
- Escuela Politécnica Nacional, 17-01-2759 Quito, Ecuador.
| | - Lourdes Sanchez-Nacher
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain
| | - Nestor Montanes
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain
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17
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Mazzanti V, Malagutti L, Mollica F. FDM 3D Printing of Polymers Containing Natural Fillers: A Review of their Mechanical Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11071094. [PMID: 31261607 PMCID: PMC6680682 DOI: 10.3390/polym11071094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As biodegradable thermoplastics are more and more penetrating the market of filaments for fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing, fillers in the form of natural fibers are convenient: They have the clear advantage of reducing cost, yet retaining the filament biodegradability characteristics. In plastics that are processed through standard techniques (e.g., extrusion or injection molding), natural fibers have a mild reinforcing function, improving stiffness and strength, it is thus interesting to evaluate whether the same holds true also in the case of FDM produced components. The results analyzed in this review show that the mechanical properties of the most common materials, i.e., acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) and PLA, do not benefit from biofillers, while other less widely used polymers, such as the polyolefins, are found to become more performant. Much research has been devoted to studying the effect of additive formulation and processing parameters on the mechanical properties of biofilled 3D printed specimens. The results look promising due to the relevant number of articles published in this field in the last few years. This notwithstanding, not all aspects have been explored and more could potentially be obtained through modifications of the usual FDM techniques and the devices that have been used so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Mazzanti
- Department of Engineering, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, via Saragat 1, Ferrara 44122, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Malagutti
- Department of Engineering, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, via Saragat 1, Ferrara 44122, Italy
| | - Francesco Mollica
- Department of Engineering, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, via Saragat 1, Ferrara 44122, Italy.
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18
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Papageorgiou GZ. Thinking Green: Sustainable Polymers from Renewable Resources. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E952. [PMID: 30960877 PMCID: PMC6403878 DOI: 10.3390/polym10090952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- George Z Papageorgiou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, P.O. Box 1186, 45110 Ioannina, Greece.
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