1
|
A reliable method by utilizing thermo-responsive palladium nanocomposite for fabricating Nickel coating on nylon 6 fabrics. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.130160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
2
|
Petek ES, Katsumata R. Thickness Dependence of Contact Angles in Multilayered Ultrathin Polymer Films. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evon S. Petek
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Dr, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Reika Katsumata
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Dr, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chen M, Yang F, Chen X, Qin R, Pi H, Zhou G, Yang P. Crack Suppression in Conductive Film by Amyloid-Like Protein Aggregation toward Flexible Device. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2104187. [PMID: 34510560 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202104187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A fatal weakness in flexible electronics is the mechanical fracture that occurs during repetitive fatigue deformation; thus, controlling the crack development of the conductive layer is of prime importance and has remained a great challenge until now. Herein, this issue is tackled by utilizing an amyloid/polysaccharide molecular composite as an interfacial binder. Sodium alginate (SA) can take part in amyloid-like aggregation of the lysozyme, leading to the facile synthesis of a 2D protein/saccharide hybrid nanofilm over an ultralarge area (e.g., >400 cm2 ). The introduction of SA into amyloid-like aggregates significantly enhances the mechanical strength of the hybrid nanofilm, which, with the help of amyloid-mediated interfacial adhesion, effectively diminishes the microcracks in the hybrid nanofilm coating after repetitive bending or stretching. The microcrack-free hybrid nanofilm then shows high interfacial activity to induce electroless deposition of metal in a Kelvin model on a substrate, which noticeably suppresses the formation of microcracks and consequent conductivity loss during the bending and stretching of the metal-coated flexible substrates. This work underlines the significance of amyloid/polysaccharide nanocomposites in the design of interfacial binders for reliable flexible electronic devices and represents an important contribution to mimicking amyloid and polysaccharide-based adhesive cements created by organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Facui Yang
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Technological University, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Xi Chen
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Rongrong Qin
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Hemu Pi
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Guijiang Zhou
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Peng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Metallisation of Textiles and Protection of Conductive Layers: An Overview of Application Techniques. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21103508. [PMID: 34070032 PMCID: PMC8158149 DOI: 10.3390/s21103508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The rapid growth in wearable technology has recently stimulated the development of conductive textiles for broad application purposes, i.e., wearable electronics, heat generators, sensors, electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding, optoelectronic and photonics. Textile material, which was always considered just as the interface between the wearer and the environment, now plays a more active role in different sectors, such as sport, healthcare, security, entertainment, military, and technical sectors, etc. This expansion in applied development of e-textiles is governed by a vast amount of research work conducted by increasingly interdisciplinary teams and presented systematic review highlights and assesses, in a comprehensive manner, recent research in the field of conductive textiles and their potential application for wearable electronics (so called e-textiles), as well as development of advanced application techniques to obtain conductivity, with emphasis on metal-containing coatings. Furthermore, an overview of protective compounds was provided, which are suitable for the protection of metallized textile surfaces against corrosion, mechanical forces, abrasion, and other external factors, influencing negatively on the adhesion and durability of the conductive layers during textiles' lifetime (wear and care). The challenges, drawbacks and further opportunities in these fields are also discussed critically.
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhu C, Li R, Chen X, Chalmers E, Liu X, Wang Y, Xu BB, Liu X. Ultraelastic Yarns from Curcumin-Assisted ELD toward Wearable Human-Machine Interface Textiles. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:2002009. [PMID: 33304755 PMCID: PMC7709996 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202002009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Intelligent human-machine interfaces (HMIs) integrated wearable electronics are essential to promote the Internet of Things (IoT). Herein, a curcumin-assisted electroless deposition technology is developed for the first time to achieve stretchable strain sensing yarns (SSSYs) with high conductivity (0.2 Ω cm-1) and ultralight weight (1.5 mg cm-1). The isotropically deposited structural yarns can bear high uniaxial elongation (>>1100%) and still retain low resistivity after 5000 continuous stretching-releasing cycles under 50% strain. Apart from the high flexibility enabled by helical loaded structure, a precise strain sensing function can be facilitated under external forces with metal-coated conductive layers. Based on the mechanics analysis, the strain sensing responses are scaled with the dependences on structural variables and show good agreements with the experimental results. The application of interfacial enhanced yarns as wearable logic HMIs to remotely control the robotic hand and manipulate the color switching of light on the basis of gesture recognition is demonstrated. It is hoped that the SSSYs strategy can shed an extra light in future HMIs development and incoming IoT and artificial intelligence technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Zhu
- Department of Materials, School of Natural SciencesUniversity of ManchesterManchesterM13 9PLUK
| | - Ruohao Li
- School of Science, Technology, Engineering and MathematicsUniversity of WashingtonBothellWA98011USA
| | - Xue Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Construction EngineeringFaculty of Engineering and EnvironmentNorthumbria UniversityNewcastle upon TyneNE1 8STUK
| | - Evelyn Chalmers
- Department of Materials, School of Natural SciencesUniversity of ManchesterManchesterM13 9PLUK
| | - Xiaoteng Liu
- Department of Mechanical and Construction EngineeringFaculty of Engineering and EnvironmentNorthumbria UniversityNewcastle upon TyneNE1 8STUK
| | - Yuqi Wang
- Department of Materials, School of Natural SciencesUniversity of ManchesterManchesterM13 9PLUK
| | - Ben Bin Xu
- Department of Mechanical and Construction EngineeringFaculty of Engineering and EnvironmentNorthumbria UniversityNewcastle upon TyneNE1 8STUK
| | - Xuqing Liu
- Department of Materials, School of Natural SciencesUniversity of ManchesterManchesterM13 9PLUK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ojstršek A, Virant N, Fox D, Krishnan L, Cobley A. The Efficacy of Polymer Coatings for the Protection of Electroless Copper Plated Polyester Fabric. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12061277. [PMID: 32503147 PMCID: PMC7361983 DOI: 10.3390/polym12061277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The selective metallisation of textiles is becoming a very important process in the development of electronic or e-textiles. This study investigated the efficacy of polymer coatings for the protection of copper (Cu) conductive tracks electroless plated on polyester (PES) fabric against laundering and rubbing, without essentially affecting the physical-mechanical and optical properties of the base material. After the electroless deposition of a consistent layer of Cu onto PES, four polymers were applied individually by screen-printing or padding. The physical-mechanical characterisation of coated textiles revealed that polyurethane resin (PUR) and modified acrylate resin (AR) had little effect on the air permeability, tensile strength and breaking tenacity of the PES, as compared to silicone elastomer polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and epoxy resin (ER). On the other hand, PUR and PDMS had higher abrasion resistance and photo-stability under prolonged UV irradiation, as compared to AR and ER. In addition, freshly Cu plated samples were coated with polymers, washed up to 30 cycles and characterised by measuring their electrical resistivity, determination of colour changes and the examination of the surface morphology. Based on these results, PUR presented the most suitable protection of Cu tracks on PES, with the lowest impact on physical-mechanical properties. ER is not recommended to be used for protection of Cu tracks on fabrics, due to its rigidity, low photo-stability, washing and wear durability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alenka Ojstršek
- Institute of Engineering Materials and Design, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +386-2-220-7935
| | - Natalija Virant
- Institute of Engineering Materials and Design, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia;
| | - Daryl Fox
- The Functional Materials Research Group, Department of Engineering, Computing and the Environment, Coventry University, Priory Street, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK; (D.F.); (L.K.); (A.C.)
| | - Latha Krishnan
- The Functional Materials Research Group, Department of Engineering, Computing and the Environment, Coventry University, Priory Street, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK; (D.F.); (L.K.); (A.C.)
| | - Andrew Cobley
- The Functional Materials Research Group, Department of Engineering, Computing and the Environment, Coventry University, Priory Street, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK; (D.F.); (L.K.); (A.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Multifunctional Stretchable Conductive Woven Fabric Containing Metal Wire with Durable Structural Stability and Electromagnetic Shielding in the X-Band. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12020399. [PMID: 32050650 PMCID: PMC7077671 DOI: 10.3390/polym12020399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Elastomeric, conductive composite yarns have recently received attention around the opportunity for them to offer special protective fields. A straightforward approach for fabricating tri-component elastic-conductive composite yarns (t-ECCYs) containing stainless steel wire (SSW) was proposed previously. This work mainly focuses on the electromagnetic shielding effectiveness (EMSE) of weft-stretchable woven fabric containing t-ECCY over the X-band under different testing conditions, e.g., single step-by-step elongation, cyclic stretch and lamination events. Results showed that a woven cotton fabric with weft yarn of t-ECCY not only exhibited superior weft stretch-ability to a higher elongation (>40%) compared with a pure cotton control but also had an acceptable 15-cyclic stability with 80% shape recovery retention. The t-ECCY weft fabric was effective in shielding electromagnetic radiation, and its EMSE was also enhanced at elevated elongations during stretch at parallel polarization of EM waves. There was also no decay in EMSE before and after the t-ECCY fabric was subject to 15 stretch cycles at extension of 20%. In addition, a 90° by 90° cross lamination of t-ECCY fabric remarkably improved the EMSE compared to a 0°/90° one. The scalable fabrication strategy and excellent EMSE seen in t-ECCY-incorporated fabrics represent a significant step forward in protective fields.
Collapse
|
8
|
Liu A, Ni Z, Chen J, Huang Y. Highly Sensitive Graphene/Polydimethylsiloxane Composite Films near the Threshold Concentration with Biaxial Stretching. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12010071. [PMID: 31906508 PMCID: PMC7023675 DOI: 10.3390/polym12010071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Uniformly dispersed graphene effectively improves the strain-sensing capability of the composite film under a low graphene load in nanocomposites prepared with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and graphene (GNP) monolayer powder. The threshold concentration of graphene was determined by loading nanocomposites at different temperatures. For different concentrations, when using traditional uniaxial stretching, the rate of resistance change of films near the threshold concentration is five times higher than the rate of films with a high concentration. Compared with traditional uniaxial stretching, the biaxial stretching we introduced can effectively improve the sensitivity of the film by an order of magnitude. The change in the resistance of the film near the threshold concentration is due to the change of the tunnel length and the cross-section of the tunnel, whereas the high concentration of the film is due to the change of the conductive path inside the film. Biaxial stretching has different effects on films with different concentrations, but the final effect of increasing sensitivity is the same. This study provides guidance for improving the strain-sensing sensitivity of GNP/PDMS composite films and the application of biaxial tension in detecting human motions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anqi Liu
- School of Optical Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (A.L.); (Z.N.); (J.C.)
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Systems, Engineering Research Center of Optical Instruments and Systems, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Zhengji Ni
- School of Optical Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (A.L.); (Z.N.); (J.C.)
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Systems, Engineering Research Center of Optical Instruments and Systems, Shanghai 200093, China
- Shanghai Institute of Optical Instruments, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Juan Chen
- School of Optical Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (A.L.); (Z.N.); (J.C.)
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Systems, Engineering Research Center of Optical Instruments and Systems, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Yuanshen Huang
- School of Optical Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (A.L.); (Z.N.); (J.C.)
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Systems, Engineering Research Center of Optical Instruments and Systems, Shanghai 200093, China
- Shanghai Institute of Optical Instruments, Shanghai 200093, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-133-0190-9205
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Li P, Zhang Y, Zheng Z. Polymer-Assisted Metal Deposition (PAMD) for Flexible and Wearable Electronics: Principle, Materials, Printing, and Devices. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1902987. [PMID: 31304644 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201902987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The rapid development of flexible and wearable electronics favors low-cost, solution-processing, and high-throughput techniques for fabricating metal contacts, interconnects, and electrodes on flexible substrates of different natures. Conventional top-down printing strategies with metal-nanoparticle-formulated inks based on the thermal sintering mechanism often suffer from overheating, rough film surface, low adhesion, and poor metal quality, which are not desirable for most flexible electronic applications. In recent years, a bottom-up strategy termed as polymer-assisted metal deposition (PAMD) shows great promise in addressing the abovementioned challenges. Here, a detailed review of the development of PAMD in the past decade is provided, covering the fundamental chemical mechanism, the preparation of various soft and conductive metallic materials, the compatibility to different printing technologies, and the applications for a wide variety of flexible and wearable electronic devices. Finally, the attributes of PAMD in comparison with conventional nanoparticle strategies are summarized and future technological and application potentials are elaborated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, Research Centre for Smart Wearable Technology, Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, S. A. R., China
| | - Yaokang Zhang
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, Research Centre for Smart Wearable Technology, Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, S. A. R., China
| | - Zijian Zheng
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, Research Centre for Smart Wearable Technology, Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, S. A. R., China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhu C, Chalmers E, Chen L, Wang Y, Xu BB, Li Y, Liu X. A Nature-Inspired, Flexible Substrate Strategy for Future Wearable Electronics. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1902440. [PMID: 31215162 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201902440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Flexibility plays a vital role in wearable electronics. Repeated bending often leads to the dramatic decrease of conductivity because of the numerous microcracks formed in the metal coating layer, which is undesirable for flexible conductors. Herein, conductive textile-based tactile sensors and metal-coated polyurethane sponge-based bending sensors with superior flexibility for monitoring human touch and arm motions are proposed, respectively. Tannic acid, a traditional mordant, is introduced to attach to various flexible substrates, providing a perfect platform for catalyst absorbing and subsequent electroless deposition (ELD). By understanding the nucleation, growth, and structure of electroless metal deposits, the surface morphology of metal nanoparticles can be controlled in nanoscale with simple variation of the plating time. When the electroless plating time is 20 min, the normalized resistance (R/R0 ) of as-made conductive fibers is only 1.6, which is much lower than a 60 min ELD sample at the same conditions (R/R0 ≈ 5). This is because a large number of unfilled gaps between nanoparticles prevent metal films from cracking under bending. Importantly, the Kelvin problem is relevant to deposited conductive coatings because metallic cells have a honeycomb-like structure, which is a rationale to explain the relationships of conductivity and flexibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Zhu
- School of Materials, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Evelyn Chalmers
- School of Materials, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Liming Chen
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Yuqi Wang
- School of Materials, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Ben Bin Xu
- Department of Mechanical and Construction Engineering, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Yi Li
- School of Materials, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Xuqing Liu
- School of Materials, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Liu C, Liu J, Ning X, Chen S, Liu Z, Jiang S, Miao D. The Effect of Polydopamine on an Ag-Coated Polypropylene Nonwoven Fabric. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11040627. [PMID: 30960611 PMCID: PMC6524043 DOI: 10.3390/polym11040627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A practical method for preparing multifunctional polypropylene (PP) nonwoven fabrics with excellent stability and durability was explored. First, the PP nonwoven fabric was sputtered by a magnetron sputtering system to form an Ag film on the surface of the fabric. Subsequently, the coated fabric was treated with dopamine. The fabrics were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), an energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), electrical conductivity, electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness (EMI SE), antibacterial activity, stability, and laundering durability. The results of the study revealed that the fabric was coated with Ag, and after the treatment with dopamine, the surfaces of Ag-coated fibers were coated with polydopamine (PDA). The fabrics still had a sheet resistance below ~15 Ω/sq and exhibited excellent EMI SE above ~25 dB, though few differences existed from the single Ag-coated sample. After the treatment with dopamine, the antibacterial activity of the fabric was enhanced. Meanwhile, the treated samples exhibited excellent resistance against sodium sulfide corrosion, which could enhance the stability of the Ag-coated fabric. Moreover, the laundering durability of the treated fabric was improved in the same process, whose lowest sheet resistance was ~18 Ω/sq and the EMI SE was ~8 dB more than single Ag-coated PP nonwoven fabrics. In conclusion, this method was considered to be effective in fabricating multifunctional, stable, and durable fabrics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuanmei Liu
- Industrial Research Institute of Nonwovens and Technical Textiles, College of Textiles and Clothing, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China.
| | - Jie Liu
- Industrial Research Institute of Nonwovens and Technical Textiles, College of Textiles and Clothing, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China.
| | - Xin Ning
- Industrial Research Institute of Nonwovens and Technical Textiles, College of Textiles and Clothing, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China.
| | - Shaojuan Chen
- Industrial Research Institute of Nonwovens and Technical Textiles, College of Textiles and Clothing, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China.
| | - Zhengqin Liu
- Industrial Research Institute of Nonwovens and Technical Textiles, College of Textiles and Clothing, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China.
| | - Shouxiang Jiang
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Dagang Miao
- Industrial Research Institute of Nonwovens and Technical Textiles, College of Textiles and Clothing, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China.
| |
Collapse
|