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Skvortsov IY, Kuzin MS, Gerasimenko PS, Mironova MV, Golubev YV, Kulichikhin VG. Non-Coagulant Spinning of High-Strength Fibers from Homopolymer Polyacrylonitrile Synthesized via Anionic Polymerisation. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1185. [PMID: 38732654 PMCID: PMC11085752 DOI: 10.3390/polym16091185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The rheological properties, spinnability, and thermal-oxidative stabilization of high-molecular-weight linear polyacrylonitrile (PAN) homopolymers (molecular weights Mη = 90-500 kg/mol), synthesized via a novel metal-free anionic polymerization method, were investigated to reduce coagulant use, enable solvent recycling, and increase the carbon yield of the resulting carbon fibers. This approach enabled the application of the mechanotropic (non-coagulating) spinning method for homopolymer PAN solutions in a wide range of molecular weights and demonstrated the possibility of achieving a high degree of fiber orientation and reasonable mechanical properties. Rheological analysis revealed a significant increase in solution elasticity (G') with increasing molecular weight, facilitating the choice of optimal deformation rates for effective chain stretching prior to strain-induced phase separation during the eco-friendly spinning of concentrated solutions without using coagulation baths. The possibility of collecting ~80 wt% of the solvent at the first stage of spinning from the as-spun fibers was shown. Transparent, defect-free fibers with a tensile strength of up to 800 MPa and elongation at break of about 20% were spun. Thermal treatment up to 1500 °C yielded carbon fibers with a carbon residue of ~50 wt%, in contrast to ~35 wt% for industrial radically polymerized PAN carbonized under the same conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Yu. Skvortsov
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (M.S.K.); (P.S.G.); (M.V.M.); (Y.V.G.); (V.G.K.)
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Varfolomeeva LA, Skvortsov IY, Levin IS, Shandryuk GA, Patsaev TD, Kulichikhin VG. Polyacrylonitrile Fibers with a Gradient Silica Distribution as Precursors of Carbon-Silicon-Carbide Fibers. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15112579. [PMID: 37299378 DOI: 10.3390/polym15112579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This study presents preparing and characterization of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibers containing various content of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) incorporated via mutual spinning solution or emulsion using wet and mechanotropic spinning methods. It was shown that the presence of TEOS in dopes does not affect their rheological properties. The coagulation kinetics of complex PAN solution was investigated by optical methods on the solution drop. It was shown that during the interdiffusion process phase separation occurs and TEOS droplets form and move in the middle of the dope's drop. Mechanotropic spinning induces the TEOS droplets to move to the fiber periphery. The morphology and structure of the fibers obtained were investigated by scanning and transmission electron microscopy, as well as X-ray diffraction methods. It was shown that during fiber spinning stages the transformation of the TEOS drops into solid silica particles takes place as a result of hydrolytic polycondensation. This process can be characterized as the sol-gel synthesis. The formation of nano-sized (3-30 nm) silica particles proceeds without particles aggregation, but in a mode of the distribution gradient along the fiber cross-section leading to the accumulation of the silica particles either in the fiber center (wet spinning) or in the fiber periphery (mechanotropic spinning). The prepared composite fibers were carbonized and according to XRD analysis of carbon fibers, the clear peaks corresponding to SiC were observed. These findings indicate the useful role of TEOS as a precursor agent for both, silica in PAN fibers and silicon carbide in carbon fibers that has potential applications in some advanced materials with high thermal properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia A Varfolomeeva
- A. V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis of Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Av. 29, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ivan Yu Skvortsov
- A. V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis of Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Av. 29, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ivan S Levin
- A. V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis of Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Av. 29, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Georgiy A Shandryuk
- A. V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis of Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Av. 29, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Timofey D Patsaev
- National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", 1, Akademika Kurchatova pl., 123182 Moscow, Russia
| | - Valery G Kulichikhin
- A. V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis of Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Av. 29, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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3
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The Elasticity of Polymer Melts and Solutions in Shear and Extension Flows. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15041051. [PMID: 36850333 PMCID: PMC9961469 DOI: 10.3390/polym15041051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
This review is devoted to understanding the role of elasticity in the main flow modes of polymeric viscoelastic liquids-shearing and extension. The flow through short capillaries is the central topic for discussing the input of elasticity to the effects, which are especially interesting for shear. An analysis of the experimental data made it possible to show that the energy losses in such flows are determined by the Deborah and Weissenberg numbers. These criteria are responsible for abnormally high entrance effects, as well as for mechanical losses in short capillaries. In addition, the Weissenberg number determines the threshold of the flow instability due to the liquid-to-solid transition. In extension, this criterion shows whether deformation takes place as flow or as elastic strain. However, the stability of a free jet in extension depends not only on the viscoelastic properties of a polymeric substance but also on the driving forces: gravity, surface tension, etc. An analysis of the influence of different force combinations on the shape of the stretched jet is presented. The concept of the role of elasticity in the deformation of polymeric liquids is crucial for any kind of polymer processing.
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Skvortsov IY, Maksimov NM, Kuzin MS, Toms RV, Varfolomeeva LA, Chernikova EV, Kulichikhin VG. Influence of Alkyl Acrylate Nature on Rheological Properties of Polyacrylonitrile Terpolymers Solutions, Spinnability and Mechanical Characteristics of Fibers. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 16:ma16010107. [PMID: 36614445 PMCID: PMC9821233 DOI: 10.3390/ma16010107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The influence of alkyl acrylate comonomers in the rank of methyl- (MA), butyl- (BA), ethylhexyl- (EGA), and lauryl- (LA) in ternary copolymers based on acrylonitrile, alkyl acrylate and acrylamide (PAN-alkyl acrylate) on their solutions rheological behavior in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and mechanical properties of the spun fibers have been investigated. To reveal the role of molecular weight, two series of copolymers with molecular weights of ~50 and 150 kg/mol have been studied. It was shown that the nature of the alkyl acrylate does not significantly affect the rheological behavior of their solutions regardless of the length of the alkyl substituent and the content of the alkyl acrylate in copolymers. An exception is the high-molecular PAN-LA, which is characterized by a non-Newtonian behavior at lower concentrations. Two series of fibers were spun from the characterized ranks of low and high-molecular-weight copolymer solutions. For all copolymers, a 2.5-5-fold increase in the strength and elastic modulus of the fiber was found with an increase in Mw. It has been shown that PAN-MA and PAN-LA fibers have a tensile strength of 800 MPa that is 1.5-3 times higher than that of other copolymers spun in the same conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Yu. Skvortsov
- Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis Named after A.V. Topchiev, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Ave., 29, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikita M. Maksimov
- Faculty of Materials Sciences, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory, 1, Building 73, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail S. Kuzin
- Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis Named after A.V. Topchiev, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Ave., 29, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Roman V. Toms
- Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis Named after A.V. Topchiev, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Ave., 29, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies Named after M.V. Lomonosov, MIREA–Russian Technological University, Vernadsky Ave., 86, 119571 Moscow, Russia
| | - Lydia A. Varfolomeeva
- Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis Named after A.V. Topchiev, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Ave., 29, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena V. Chernikova
- Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis Named after A.V. Topchiev, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Ave., 29, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory, 1, Building 3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Valery G. Kulichikhin
- Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis Named after A.V. Topchiev, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Ave., 29, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Silica-Filled Polyacrylonitrile Solutions: Rheology, Morphology, Coagulation, and Fiber Spinning. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14214548. [PMID: 36365543 PMCID: PMC9654655 DOI: 10.3390/polym14214548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The fumed silica influence on the morphology, coagulation processes, and rheological properties of suspensions in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and polyacrylonitrile (PAN)–DMSO solutions has been studied for the production of composite films and fibers. It has been shown that silica–DMSO concentrated suspensions (24 wt%) form a weak gel with a yield point of about 200 Pa. At concentrations of ~5 wt% and above the dispersions, depending on the shear stress, are pseudoplastic or dilatant liquids. It has been found that the silica addition method into a PAN solution has a significant impact on the aggregates dispersibility and the rheological behavior of the obtained systems. A thixotropy appearance and a sharp increase in the relaxation time were observed for PAN solutions at a SiO2 content of more than 3−5 wt%, which indicates the formation of structures with a gel-like rheological behavior. Upon reaching the critical stress their destruction takes place and the system starts to behave like a viscoelastic liquid. Two spinning methods have been used for preparing fibers: standard wet and mechanotropic. By the mechanotropic method it is possible to achieve a higher draw ratio at spinning and to obtain fibers with better mechanical properties. It is possible to spin fibers from PAN solutions containing up to 15 wt% of silica per polymer with a tensile strength up to 600 MPa.
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Yu. Skvortsov I, Varfolomeeva LA, Kuzin MS, Vashchenko AF, Chernikova EV, Toms RV, Kulichikhin VG. Effect of the comonomer addition sequence in the synthesis of an acrylonitrile terpolymer on the solution rheology and fiber properties. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2022.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Kulichikhin VG, Malkin AY, Maklakova AA, Semakov AV. Some Dynamic Properties of the Interface. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363222040090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Skrivanek J, Holec P, Batka O, Bilek M, Pokorny P. Optimization of the Spinneret Rotation Speed and Airflow Parameters for the Nozzleless Forcespinning of a Polymer Solution. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14051042. [PMID: 35267865 PMCID: PMC8914761 DOI: 10.3390/polym14051042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper addresses the changing of the process parameters of nozzleless centrifugal spinning (forcespinning). The primary aim of this study was to determine the dependence of the final product on the dosing of the polymer, the rotation speed of the spinneret and the airflow in order to determine the extent of the technological applicability of aqueous polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and its modifications. PVA was chosen because it is a widely used polymeric solution with environmentally friendly properties and good biodegradability. It is used in the health care and food packaging sectors. The nanofibrous layers were produced by means of a mobile handheld spinning device of our own construction. This mobile application of the spinning machine has several limitations compared to stationary laboratory equipment, mainly due to dimensional limitations. The uniqueness of our device lies in the possibility of its actual use outside the laboratory. In addition to improved mobility, another exciting feature is the combination of nozzleless forcespinning and fiber application using airflow. Dosing, the rotation speed of the spinnerets and the targeted and controlled use of air comprise the fundamental technological parameters for many devices that operate on a centrifugal force system. The rotation rate of the spinnerets primarily affects the production of fibers and their quality, while the airflow acts as a fiber transport and drying medium. The quality of the fibers was evaluated following the preparation of a testing set for the fiber layers. The most suitable combinations of rotation speed and airflow were then used in subsequent experiments to determine the ideal settings for the device. The solution was then modified by reducing the concentration to 16% and adding a surfactant, thus leading to a reduction in the diameters of the resulting fibers. The nanofiber layers so produced were examined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) in order to analyze the number of defects and to statistically evaluate the fiber diameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Skrivanek
- Department of Textile Machine Design, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Liberec, 461 17 Liberec, Czech Republic; (O.B.); (M.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-48535-3764
| | - Pavel Holec
- Department of Nonwovens and Nanofibrous Materials, Faculty of Textile Engineering, Technical University of Liberec, 461 17 Liberec, Czech Republic; (P.H.); (P.P.)
| | - Ondrej Batka
- Department of Textile Machine Design, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Liberec, 461 17 Liberec, Czech Republic; (O.B.); (M.B.)
| | - Martin Bilek
- Department of Textile Machine Design, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Liberec, 461 17 Liberec, Czech Republic; (O.B.); (M.B.)
| | - Pavel Pokorny
- Department of Nonwovens and Nanofibrous Materials, Faculty of Textile Engineering, Technical University of Liberec, 461 17 Liberec, Czech Republic; (P.H.); (P.P.)
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9
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Subbotin AV, Semenov AN. Dynamics of Dilute Polymer Solutions at the Final Stages of Capillary Thinning. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrey V. Subbotin
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii prospect 29, Moscow 119991, Russia
- A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii prospect 31, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Alexander N. Semenov
- Institut Charles Sadron, CNRS-UPR 22, Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
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10
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Shear-induced transitions in colloidal and polymeric liquids. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 290:102381. [PMID: 33640686 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2021.102381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This review reflects different aspects of wide current studies of the phenomena related to the shear-induced structure transformation in various complex liquids. Experimental data, being the basis of this discussion, were obtained for polymeric liquids (melts, blends, solutions) and different dispersions (colloidal solutions, suspensions, emulsions). The general initial input of shearing is the creation of inhomogeneities which can continue to remain as separate domains, become the nuclei of new phases, or become diffuse, leading to phase separation. The following effects are discussed: diffusion-induced phase separation, phase transitions occurring mainly due to the deformation-driven orientation of polymer chains and worm-like micelles that results in the formation of a liquid-crystal state, as well as self-assembly effects. It can be stressed that the appearance of regular structures takes place in systems that can coexist in different concentrations or phase states at the same stress or shear rate. This is linked with the existence of two-value points on flow curves (part of a flow curve with negative slope) or transient regimes of deformation that lead to instability of the flow. The described experimental facts are briefly discussed on the basis of the application of different constitutive molecular or phenomenological rheological models.
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11
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Subbotin AV. Features of the Behavior of a Polymer Solution Jet in Electrospinning. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES A 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0965545x21020127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Using the numerical analysis of the force balance equation and the rheological equation of the model of finitely extensible chains, the dynamics of a charged jet during the electrospinning of a polymer solution and the orientation of macromolecules in the jet are studied. In fairly weak electric fields, the jet always remains rectilinear, while in strong fields the straight section of the jet has a finite length, after which the motion of the jet becomes unstable. This behavior is due to the competition between inertial and viscoelastic forces, with viscoelasticity dominating in strong fields. It is found that polymer chains in the jet are strongly stretched along the flow direction.
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12
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Skvortsov IY, Kulichikhin VG, Ponomarev II, Varfolomeeva LA, Kuzin MS, Skupov KM, Volkova YA, Razorenov DY, Serenko OA. Solubility, Rheology, and Coagulation Kinetics of Poly-(O-Aminophenylene)Naphthoylenimide Solutions. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12112454. [PMID: 33114143 PMCID: PMC7690823 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of temperature and storage time at a constant temperature on the stability of poly-(o-aminophenylene)naphthoylenimide solutions in N-methylpyrrolidone has been analyzed using rotational rheometry. A temperature–time window beyond which an irreversible change in the viscoelastic properties of solutions due to cumulative reactions of continuous polymerization and possible intramolecular cyclization has been detected. The influence of polymer concentration and its molecular weight on the rheological properties of solutions determining the choice of methods for their processing into fibers and films has been investigated. The effect of non-solvents (water and ethanol) additives on the rheological properties of solutions and the kinetics of their coagulation has been studied. Dosed addition of non-solvent into the solution promotes a significant increase in the viscoelasticity up to gelation and phase separation. Non-solvent presence in the polymer solutions reduces the activity of the solvent, accelerates the movement of the diffusion front at coagulation, and minimizes the number of macro defects. The combination of parameters under investigation renders it possible for the first time to develop new principles modifying dopes for wet spinning into aqueous or ethanol coagulation bath and finally to obtain a heat- and fire-resistant polynaphthoylenebenzimidazole fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan. Y. Skvortsov
- A.V. Topichiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis RAS, 29 Leninsky Av., 119991 Moscow, Russia; (V.G.K.); (L.A.V.); (M.S.K.)
- Correspondence: (I.Y.S.); (K.M.S.); Tel.: +7-916-933-7559 (I.Y.S.)
| | - Valery G. Kulichikhin
- A.V. Topichiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis RAS, 29 Leninsky Av., 119991 Moscow, Russia; (V.G.K.); (L.A.V.); (M.S.K.)
| | - Igor I. Ponomarev
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Vavilova St., 119991 Moscow, Russia; (I.I.P.); (Y.A.V.); (D.Y.R.); (O.A.S.)
| | - Lydia A. Varfolomeeva
- A.V. Topichiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis RAS, 29 Leninsky Av., 119991 Moscow, Russia; (V.G.K.); (L.A.V.); (M.S.K.)
| | - Mikhail S. Kuzin
- A.V. Topichiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis RAS, 29 Leninsky Av., 119991 Moscow, Russia; (V.G.K.); (L.A.V.); (M.S.K.)
| | - Kirill M. Skupov
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Vavilova St., 119991 Moscow, Russia; (I.I.P.); (Y.A.V.); (D.Y.R.); (O.A.S.)
- Correspondence: (I.Y.S.); (K.M.S.); Tel.: +7-916-933-7559 (I.Y.S.)
| | - Yulia. A. Volkova
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Vavilova St., 119991 Moscow, Russia; (I.I.P.); (Y.A.V.); (D.Y.R.); (O.A.S.)
| | - Dmitry Y. Razorenov
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Vavilova St., 119991 Moscow, Russia; (I.I.P.); (Y.A.V.); (D.Y.R.); (O.A.S.)
| | - Olga A. Serenko
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Vavilova St., 119991 Moscow, Russia; (I.I.P.); (Y.A.V.); (D.Y.R.); (O.A.S.)
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Orientation and Aggregation of Polymer Chains in the Straight Electrospinning Jet. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13194295. [PMID: 32993019 PMCID: PMC7578949 DOI: 10.3390/ma13194295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The dynamics of a straight section of a jet arising during the electrospinning of a polymer solution without entanglements, and the orientation of polymer chains in the jet were explored based on the analysis of the forces balance equation and the rheological equation of the finitely extensible nonlinear elastic model. Two modes of the jet behavior were predicted. At relatively low volumetric flow rates, the straight jet has a limited length, after that, its rectilinear motion becomes impossible, while at higher flow rates, the jet always remains straightforward. It is shown that polymer chains in a jet can be strongly stretched, which leads to phase separation in a spinning solution. Aggregation of the stretched chains was also studied and the parameters of the emerging inhomogeneous structure were predicted.
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The Effect of the Synthetic Procedure of Acrylonitrile-Acrylic Acid Copolymers on Rheological Properties of Solutions and Features of Fiber Spinning. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13163454. [PMID: 32764383 PMCID: PMC7475841 DOI: 10.3390/ma13163454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The influence of introducing acrylic acid (AA) into the reaction mixture with acrylonitrile at the synthesis of copolymers by free-radical polymerization (FRP) and radical polymerization with reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) on the rheological properties of their solutions in dimethyl sulfoxide, as well as on the capability to spin fibers by the mechanotropic method, is analyzed. The influence of AA dosing conditions on the rheological properties of the solutions in the concentration range above the crossover point was not revealed. In the case of RAFT synthesis, the rheological properties differ distinctively in the high concentration region that is expressed by unusual viscoelastic characteristics. Dilute solution viscometry revealed the influence of the comonomer loading order on the interaction intensity of the copolymer macromolecules with a solvent, which is more pronounced for samples synthesized by FRP and can be associated with the copolymers' molecular structure. Fiber spinning from solutions of polyacrylonitrile and its copolymers (PAN) synthesized by the RAFT method was not able to achieve a high degree of orientation drawing, while for polymers with a wider molecular weight distribution synthesized by FRP, it was possible to realize large stretches, which led to high-quality fibers with strength values up to 640 MPa and elongation at a break of 20%.
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Malkin AY, Subbotin AV, Kulichikhin VG. Stability of polymer jets in extension: physicochemical and rheological mechanisms. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The review is devoted to the fundamental problems of physical chemistry and rheology posed in the analysis of stability loss of polymer jets in extension. Studies of phenomena occurring in deformation of polymeric fluids are of considerable applied interest because extension of polymeric fluids underlies many industrial processes, first of all, fibre spinning. Studies of critical conditions of deformation are based on general principles of fluid mechanics, which are applicable to all fluids and various phenomena in nature and technology. First we discuss solutions to classical problems of instability of liquid jets as the basis for further analysis of the behaviour of polymeric fluids in particular situations. Next, specific features of the deformation mechanisms and appearance of instabilities of polymeric fluid jets are considered as consequences of their physicochemical and rheological properties.
The bibliography includes 162 references.
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Atif R, Khaliq J, Combrinck M, Hassanin AH, Shehata N, Elnabawy E, Shyha I. Solution Blow Spinning of Polyvinylidene Fluoride Based Fibers for Energy Harvesting Applications: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1304. [PMID: 32517387 PMCID: PMC7362018 DOI: 10.3390/polym12061304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)-based piezoelectric materials (PEMs) have found extensive applications in energy harvesting which are being extended consistently to diverse fields requiring strenuous service conditions. Hence, there is a pressing need to mass produce PVDF-based PEMs with the highest possible energy harvesting ability under a given set of conditions. To achieve high yield and efficiency, solution blow spinning (SBS) technique is attracting a lot of interest due to its operational simplicity and high throughput. SBS is arguably still in its infancy when the objective is to mass produce high efficiency PVDF-based PEMs. Therefore, a deeper understanding of the critical parameters regarding design and processing of SBS is essential. The key objective of this review is to critically analyze the key aspects of SBS to produce high efficiency PVDF-based PEMs. As piezoelectric properties of neat PVDF are not intrinsically much significant, various additives are commonly incorporated to enhance its piezoelectricity. Therefore, PVDF-based copolymers and nanocomposites are also included in this review. We discuss both theoretical and experimental results regarding SBS process parameters such as solvents, dissolution methods, feed rate, viscosity, air pressure and velocity, and nozzle design. Morphological features and mechanical properties of PVDF-based nanofibers were also discussed and important applications have been presented. For completeness, key findings from electrospinning were also included. At the end, some insights are given to better direct the efforts in the field of PVDF-based PEMs using SBS technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasheed Atif
- Department of Mechanical and Construction Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK; (J.K.); (M.C.); (I.S.)
| | - Jibran Khaliq
- Department of Mechanical and Construction Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK; (J.K.); (M.C.); (I.S.)
| | - Madeleine Combrinck
- Department of Mechanical and Construction Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK; (J.K.); (M.C.); (I.S.)
| | - Ahmed H. Hassanin
- Center of Smart Nanotechnology and Photonics (CSNP), Smart CI Research Center, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21544, Egypt; (A.H.H.); (N.S.); (E.E.)
- Department of Textile Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21544, Egypt
| | - Nader Shehata
- Center of Smart Nanotechnology and Photonics (CSNP), Smart CI Research Center, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21544, Egypt; (A.H.H.); (N.S.); (E.E.)
- Department of Engineering Mathematics and Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21544, Egypt
- USTAR Bioinnovations Center, Faculty of Science, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84341, USA
- Kuwait College of Science and Technology (KCST), Doha District 13133, Kuwait
| | - Eman Elnabawy
- Center of Smart Nanotechnology and Photonics (CSNP), Smart CI Research Center, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21544, Egypt; (A.H.H.); (N.S.); (E.E.)
| | - Islam Shyha
- Department of Mechanical and Construction Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK; (J.K.); (M.C.); (I.S.)
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17
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Gao Q, Jing M, Chen M, Zhao S, Wang Y, Qin J, Yu M, Wang C. Force field in coagulation bath at low temperature induced microfibril evolution within
PAN
nascent fiber and precursor fiber. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Quan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Liquid‐Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and EngineeringShandong University Jinan China
- Shandong Engineering & Technology Research Center for Carbon Fiber, School of Materials Science and EngineeringShandong University Jinan China
| | - Min Jing
- School of Material Science and EngineeringShandong Jianzhu University Jinan China
| | - Meiling Chen
- Key Laboratory of Liquid‐Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and EngineeringShandong University Jinan China
- Shandong Engineering & Technology Research Center for Carbon Fiber, School of Materials Science and EngineeringShandong University Jinan China
| | - Shengyao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Liquid‐Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and EngineeringShandong University Jinan China
- Shandong Engineering & Technology Research Center for Carbon Fiber, School of Materials Science and EngineeringShandong University Jinan China
| | - Yuxia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Liquid‐Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and EngineeringShandong University Jinan China
- Shandong Engineering & Technology Research Center for Carbon Fiber, School of Materials Science and EngineeringShandong University Jinan China
| | - Jianjie Qin
- Key Laboratory of Liquid‐Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and EngineeringShandong University Jinan China
- Shandong Engineering & Technology Research Center for Carbon Fiber, School of Materials Science and EngineeringShandong University Jinan China
| | - Meijie Yu
- Key Laboratory of Liquid‐Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and EngineeringShandong University Jinan China
- Shandong Engineering & Technology Research Center for Carbon Fiber, School of Materials Science and EngineeringShandong University Jinan China
| | - Chengguo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Liquid‐Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and EngineeringShandong University Jinan China
- Shandong Engineering & Technology Research Center for Carbon Fiber, School of Materials Science and EngineeringShandong University Jinan China
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18
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Skvortsov IY, Kalugina AD, Litvinova EG, Malkin AY, Khotimskiy VS, Kulichikhin VG. Fibers spinning from poly(trimethylsilylpropyne) solutions. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Yu. Skvortsov
- Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis Russian Academy of Sciences 29, Leninsky Prospect, 119991 Moscow Russia
| | - Anastasia D. Kalugina
- Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis Russian Academy of Sciences 29, Leninsky Prospect, 119991 Moscow Russia
| | - Elena G. Litvinova
- Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis Russian Academy of Sciences 29, Leninsky Prospect, 119991 Moscow Russia
| | - Alexander Ya. Malkin
- Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis Russian Academy of Sciences 29, Leninsky Prospect, 119991 Moscow Russia
| | - Valery S. Khotimskiy
- Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis Russian Academy of Sciences 29, Leninsky Prospect, 119991 Moscow Russia
| | - Valery G. Kulichikhin
- Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis Russian Academy of Sciences 29, Leninsky Prospect, 119991 Moscow Russia
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19
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Compositions Based on PAN Solutions Containing Polydimethylsiloxane Additives: Morphology, Rheology, and Fiber Spinning. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12040815. [PMID: 32260347 PMCID: PMC7240589 DOI: 10.3390/polym12040815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of additives of polydimethylsiloxanes (PDMS) with various molecular weights on the morphology and rheological behavior of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) solutions in dimethyl sulfoxide has been analyzed. It was shown that only partial compatibility of the PDMS with the lowest molecular weight member of the homologous series studied—hexamethyldisiloxane—with PAN solution takes place. All other PDMS samples form emulsions with PAN solutions. The coalescence rate of PDMS drops depends on the viscosity ratio of the disperse phase and the continuous medium, which determines both the duration of dispersion preparation and the conditions for processing emulsions into fibers and films. An anomalous change in viscosity for a series of emulsions with different concentrations of additives, associated with the slippage, was detected. The relaxation properties of emulsions “feel” macro-phase separation. Modeling of the wet spinning process has shown that the morphology of the deposited solution drop reflects the movement of the diffusion front, leading to the gathering droplets in the center of the deposited formulation drop or to their localization in a certain arrangement. It was shown that the emulsion jets upon stretching undergo phase separation.
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20
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Ponomarev II, Skvortsov IY, Volkova YA, Ponomarev II, Varfolomeeva LA, Razorenov DY, Skupov KM, Kuzin MS, Serenko OA. New Approach to Preparation of Heat-Resistant "Lola-M" Fiber. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12213490. [PMID: 31731389 PMCID: PMC6862234 DOI: 10.3390/ma12213490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A new approach to the synthesis of polynaphthoylenebenzimidazoles and heat resistant fiber spinning has been developed using an environmentally friendly and energy efficient method, which operates with solutions of pre-polymers based on 3,3’,4,4’-tetraaminodiphenyl ether and 1,4,5,8-naphthalenetetracarboxylic acid dianhydride in N-methylpyrrolidone. Rheological properties of polymer reaction solutions and appropriate coagulant mixtures were investigated for further wet spinning process. The coagulation process was investigated through microscopic observation of solution droplets which imitate jet/fiber cross section surrounded with coagulants of different composition. For the case of the most optimal viscoelastic properties of dopes the best coagulant was found to be a ternary mixture ethanol/water/NMP (20/10/70). Fibers were prepared through the wet spinning from pre-polymers of various molecular weight characterized by intrinsic viscosity. As a result, complex yarns were spun, and their morphology was characterized and mechanical properties were measured. The strength of ~300 MPa and elastic modulus of ~2 GPa and elongation at break of ~20% were reached for the best fibers at average diameter of ~20 µm. After heat treatment “Lola-M” fibers do not burn and do not support combustion in open flame.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor I. Ponomarev
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova St., 28, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Correspondence: (I.I.P.); (K.M.S.)
| | - Ivan Y. Skvortsov
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis of Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Av., 29, Moscow 119991, Russia; (I.Y.S.)
| | - Yulia A. Volkova
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova St., 28, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Ivan I. Ponomarev
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova St., 28, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Lydia A. Varfolomeeva
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis of Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Av., 29, Moscow 119991, Russia; (I.Y.S.)
| | - Dmitry Y. Razorenov
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova St., 28, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Kirill M. Skupov
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova St., 28, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Correspondence: (I.I.P.); (K.M.S.)
| | - Mikhail S. Kuzin
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis of Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Av., 29, Moscow 119991, Russia; (I.Y.S.)
| | - Olga A. Serenko
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova St., 28, Moscow 119991, Russia
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21
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Sanaz Eslah, Mahdi Nouri. Fabrication of Electrically Conductive Cellulose Acetate/Polyaniline/WO3 Nanocomposite Nanofibers with Potential Applications in Electrochemical Devices. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES A 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s0965545x19030040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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22
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Safaei M, Taran M, Imani MM. Preparation, structural characterization, thermal properties and antifungal activity of alginate-CuO bionanocomposite. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 101:323-329. [PMID: 31029325 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.03.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the antifungal activity rate of alginate-CuO bionanocomposite was assessed against Aspergillus niger using colony forming units (CFU) and disc diffusion methods. Employing the Taguchi method, nine experiments were designed for the synthesis of alginate-CuO nanocomposite with the highest antifungal activity. The nanocomposite synthesized under the conditions of experiment 5 (4 mg/mL CuO nanoparticles and 1 mg/mL alginate biopolymer with stirring time of 90 min) showed the greatest inhibition rate on fungal growth (83.17%). In the optimum conditions for the synthesis of alginate-CuO nanocomposite with the highest antifungal activity the second level of CuO NPs (14.14%), alginate biopolymer (8.16%) and stirring time (5.63%) showed the best improvement performance on inhibiting the fungal growth. The results of ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) confirmed the formation of alginate-CuO nanocomposite. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) indicated that the thermal stability of alginate biopolymer and CuO nanoparticles were improved by the formation of the nanocomposite. Due to the favorable properties of alginate-CuO nanocomposite, its antifungal feature can be used in various biomedical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Safaei
- Oral and Dental Sciences Research Laboratory, School of Dentistry, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Mojtaba Taran
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Faculty of Science, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mohammad Moslem Imani
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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