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Orozco F, Salvatore A, Sakulmankongsuk A, Gomes DR, Pei Y, Araya-Hermosilla E, Pucci A, Moreno-Villoslada I, Picchioni F, Bose RK. Electroactive performance and cost evaluation of carbon nanotubes and carbon black as conductive fillers in self-healing shape memory polymers and other composites. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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2
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Electrothermally Self-Healing Delamination Cracks in Carbon/Epoxy Composites Using Sandwich and Tough Carbon Nanotube/Copolymer Interleaves. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14204313. [PMID: 36297893 PMCID: PMC9611350 DOI: 10.3390/polym14204313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, two sandwich and porous interleaves composed of carbon nanotube (CNT) and poly(ethylene-co-methacrylic acid) (EMAA) are proposed, which can simultaneously toughen and self-heal the interlaminar interface of a carbon fiber-reinforced plastic (CFRP) by in situ electrical heating of the CNTs. The critical strain energy release rate modes I (GIC) and II (GIIC) are measured to evaluate the toughening and self-healing efficiencies of the interleaves. The results show that compared to the baseline CFRP, the CNT-EMAA-CNT interleaf could increase the GIC by 24.0% and the GIIC by 15.2%, respectively, and their respective self-healing efficiencies could reach 109.7–123.5% and 90.6–91.2%; meanwhile, the EMAA-CNT-EMAA interleaf can improve the GIC and GIIC by 66.9% and 16.7%, respectively, and the corresponding self-healing efficiencies of the GIC and GIIC are 122.7–125.9% and 93.1–94.7%. Thus, both the interleaves show good toughening and self-healing efficiencies on the interlaminar fracture toughness. Specifically, the EMAA-CNT-EMAA interleaf possesses better multi-functionality, i.e., moderate toughening ability but notable self-healing efficiency via electrical heating, which is better than the traditional neat EMAA interleaf and oven-based heating healing method.
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Preparation and Characterization of Self-Healing Polyurethane Powder Coating Using Diels-Alder Reaction. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13213803. [PMID: 34771360 PMCID: PMC8586937 DOI: 10.3390/polym13213803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although powder coating systems offer many environmental, ecological and energy related benefits over liquid based coatings, in the case of uretdione based polyurethane systems, high curing temperature is still an issue. On the other hand, powder coating systems make it possible to reduce the costs and enhance the process of forming complex 3D structures using the deep drawing method by pre-coated metal substrates. During this processing method, there is a probability of micro crack formation in the coated film due to strain impact on the coating layer. A powder coating with self-healing ability is an ultimate solution to face not only this kind of fraction but also any other possible ones (such as defects caused by any impact on film surface during processing, transporting or even service). Here, a single molecule that is prepared via Diels–Alder cycloaddition reaction and retro Diels–Alder cleavage reaction was utilized as a self-healing additive to achieve self-healing ability in the powder coating system that is based on a commercially available uretdione cross-linker and OH-polyester resin. Coatings were prepared through melt mixing of components in a lab mixer, milling, sieving, and then application on the metal substrate through the electrostatic spraying method. To illustrate the role of self-healing additive, various concentrations (4 and 9% wt.) in combination with different curing temperatures (80 °C to 200 °C) were investigated. Both samples containing HA showed self-healing ability at elevated temperature around 120 °C for about 30 min with acceptable roughness and surface properties. Hardness measurement of cured film as well as thermal investigation indicate the chemical reaction of HA in a cross-linked network of cross-linker and resin. In addition, using HA leads to a 40 K drop in curing temperature of the system without using any catalyst. A 2.58% improvement in hardness values at a lower curing temperature and healing time of around 12.5 min at 120 °C to recover 100% of initial scratch (more than 10 cycles) in the sample containing 9% wt. HA was observed.
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Orellana J, Moreno-Villoslada I, Bose RK, Picchioni F, Flores ME, Araya-Hermosilla R. Self-Healing Polymer Nanocomposite Materials by Joule Effect. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:649. [PMID: 33671610 PMCID: PMC7926402 DOI: 10.3390/polym13040649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, the self-healing approach in materials science mainly relies on functionalized polymers used as matrices in nanocomposites. Through different physicochemical pathways and stimuli, these materials can undergo self-repairing mechanisms that represent a great advantage to prolonging materials service-life, thus avoiding early disposal. Particularly, the use of the Joule effect as an external stimulus for self-healing in conductive nanocomposites is under-reported in the literature. However, it is of particular importance because it incorporates nanofillers with tunable features thus producing multifunctional materials. The aim of this review is the comprehensive analysis of conductive polymer nanocomposites presenting reversible dynamic bonds and their energetical activation to perform self-healing through the Joule effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Orellana
- Magíster en Química con Mención en Tecnología de los Materiales, Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Santiago 7800003, Chile;
- Programa Institucional de Fomento a la Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación (PIDi), Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Ignacio Valdivieso 2409, P.O. Box 8940577, San Joaquín, Santiago 8940000, Chile
| | - Ignacio Moreno-Villoslada
- Laboratorio de Polímeros, Instituto de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile;
| | - Ranjita K. Bose
- Department of Chemical Product Engineering, ENTEG, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands; (R.K.B.); (F.P.)
| | - Francesco Picchioni
- Department of Chemical Product Engineering, ENTEG, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands; (R.K.B.); (F.P.)
| | - Mario E. Flores
- Laboratorio de Polímeros, Instituto de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile;
| | - Rodrigo Araya-Hermosilla
- Programa Institucional de Fomento a la Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación (PIDi), Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Ignacio Valdivieso 2409, P.O. Box 8940577, San Joaquín, Santiago 8940000, Chile
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Thermally Switchable Electrically Conductive Thermoset rGO/PK Self-Healing Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13030339. [PMID: 33494537 PMCID: PMC7865638 DOI: 10.3390/polym13030339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Among smart materials, self-healing is one of the most studied properties. A self-healing polymer can repair the cracks that occurred in the structure of the material. Polyketones, which are high-performance thermoplastic polymers, are a suitable material for a self-healing mechanism: a furanic pendant moiety can be introduced into the backbone and used as a diene for a temperature reversible Diels-Alder reaction with bismaleimide. The Diels-Alder adduct is formed at around 50 °C and broken at about 120 °C, giving an intrinsic, stimuli-responsive self-healing material triggered by temperature variations. Also, reduced graphene oxide (rGO) is added to the polymer matrix (1.6-7 wt%), giving a reversible OFF-ON electrically conductive polymer network. Remarkably, the electrical conductivity is activated when reaching temperatures higher than 100 °C, thus suggesting applications as electronic switches based on self-healing soft devices.
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pH-Responsive Polyketone/5,10,15,20-Tetrakis-(Sulfonatophenyl)Porphyrin Supramolecular Submicron Colloidal Structures. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12092017. [PMID: 32899443 PMCID: PMC7563153 DOI: 10.3390/polym12092017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we prepared color-changing colloids by using the electrostatic self-assembly approach. The supramolecular structures are composed of a pH-responsive polymeric surfactant and the water-soluble porphyrin 5,10,15,20-tetrakis-(sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin (TPPS). The pH-responsive surfactant polymer was achieved by the chemical modification of an alternating aliphatic polyketone (PK) via the Paal–Knorr reaction with N-(2-hydroxyethyl)ethylenediamine (HEDA). The resulting polymer/dye supramolecular systems form colloids at the submicron level displaying negative zeta potential at neutral and basic pH, and, at acidic pH, flocculation is observed. Remarkably, the colloids showed a gradual color change from green to pinky-red due to the protonation/deprotonation process of TPPS from pH 2 to pH 12, revealing different aggregation behavior.
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Zhang Y, Ding Z, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Jiang S. White-light-emitting hydrogels with self-healing properties and adjustable emission colors. J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 582:825-833. [PMID: 32911423 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.08.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
White-light-emitting soft materials with self-healing properties show extensive applications in many fields. Herein, a novel self-healing hydrogel is successfully fabricated using oxidized dextran (Odex) and dithiodipropionate dihydrazide (TPH). Carbon dots (CDs), Riboflavin (Ri) and Rhodamine B (RhB) are incorporated into the gel matrix to produce white light emission through fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) process, thus achieving excellent Commission Internationale de L'eclairage (CIE) coordinate value of (0.30, 0.33). The emission colors can be easily tuned via changing proportions of three emitters or the excitation wavelength. When the hydrogels are coated on an ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (UV LED), the hydrogel coating converts UV light to white light and repairs itself in 20 h while a hole is dug from it. Thanks to reversible exchanging reactions of acylhydrazone and disulfide bonds in hydrogel networks, the hydrogel coating exhibits perfect self-healing property in a wide range of pH (from 5 to 9 except for 7). The excellent emission and self-healing properties of hydrogels have great value in practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangdaiyi Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Organic and Polymer Optoelectronic Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Zeyang Ding
- Engineering Research Center of Organic and Polymer Optoelectronic Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Yuping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Shimei Jiang
- Engineering Research Center of Organic and Polymer Optoelectronic Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China.
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Diels-Alder-based thermo-reversibly crosslinked polymers: Interplay of crosslinking density, network mobility, kinetics and stereoisomerism. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.109882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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9
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Electrically-Conductive Polyketone Nanocomposites Based on Reduced Graphene Oxide. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12040923. [PMID: 32316345 PMCID: PMC7240681 DOI: 10.3390/polym12040923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, we investigated the functionalization of polyketone 30 (PK30) with glycyl-glycine (Gly-Gly) via the Paal-Knorr reaction with the aim of homogenously dispersing two types of reduced graphene oxide (rGO, i.e., lrGO and hrGO, the former characterized by a lower degree of reduction in comparison to the latter) by non-covalent interactions. The functional PK30-Gly-Gly polymer was effective in preparing composites with homogeneously distributed rGO characterized by an effective percolation threshold at 5 wt. %. All the composites showed a typical semiconductive behavior and stable electrical response after several heating/cooling cycles from 30 to 115 °C. Composites made by hrGO displayed the same resistive behaviour even if flanked by a considerable improvement on conductivity, in agreement with the more reduced rGO content. Interestingly, no permanent percolative network was shown by the composite with 4 wt. % of lrGO at temperatures higher than 45 °C. This material can be used as an ON-OFF temperature sensor and could find interesting applications as sensing material in soft robotics applications.
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Macedo R. Lima G, Orozco F, Picchioni F, Moreno-Villoslada I, Pucci A, Bose RK, Araya-Hermosilla R. Electrically Self-Healing Thermoset MWCNTs Composites Based on Diels-Alder and Hydrogen Bonds. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1885. [PMID: 31739616 PMCID: PMC6918341 DOI: 10.3390/polym11111885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, we prepared electrically conductive self-healing nanocomposites. The material consists of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) that are dispersed into thermally reversible crosslinked polyketones. The reversible nature is based on both covalent (Diels-Alder) and non-covalent (hydrogen bonding) interactions. The design allowed for us to tune the thermomechanical properties of the system by changing the fractions of filler, and diene-dienophile and hydroxyl groups. The nanocomposites show up to 1 × 104 S/m electrical conductivity, reaching temperatures between 120 and 150 °C under 20-50 V. The self-healing effect, induced by electricity was qualitatively demonstrated as microcracks were repaired. As pointed out by electron microscopy, samples that were already healed by electricity showed a better dispersion of MWCNT within the polymer. These features point toward prolonging the service life of polymer nanocomposites, improving the product performance, making it effectively stronger and more reliable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Macedo R. Lima
- Department of Chemical Product Engineering, ENTEG, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands (F.O.); (F.P.)
| | - Felipe Orozco
- Department of Chemical Product Engineering, ENTEG, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands (F.O.); (F.P.)
| | - Francesco Picchioni
- Department of Chemical Product Engineering, ENTEG, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands (F.O.); (F.P.)
| | - Ignacio Moreno-Villoslada
- Laboratorio de Polímeros, Instituto de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile;
| | - Andrea Pucci
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Ranjita K. Bose
- Department of Chemical Product Engineering, ENTEG, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands (F.O.); (F.P.)
| | - Rodrigo Araya-Hermosilla
- Programa Institucional de Fomento a la Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación, Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Ignacio Valdivieso 2409, P.O. Box 8940577, San Joaquín, Santiago 8940000, Chile
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11
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Chalmpes N, Kouloumpis A, Zygouri P, Karouta N, Spyrou K, Stathi P, Tsoufis T, Georgakilas V, Gournis D, Rudolf P. Layer-by-Layer Assembly of Clay-Carbon Nanotube Hybrid Superstructures. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:18100-18107. [PMID: 31720512 PMCID: PMC6843709 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b01970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Much of the research effort concerning layered materials is directed toward their use as building blocks for the development of hybrid nanostructures with well-defined dimensions and behavior. Here, we report the fabrication through layer-by-layer deposition and intercalation chemistry of a new type of clay-based hybrid film, where functionalized carbon nanotubes are sandwiched between nanometer-sized smectite clay platelets. Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) were covalently functionalized in a single step with phenol groups, via 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition, to allow for stable dispersion in polar solvents. For the production of hybrid thin films, a bottom-up approach combining self-assembly with Langmuir-Schaefer deposition was applied. Smectite clay nanoplatelets act as a structure-directing interface and reaction media for grafting functionalized carbon nanotubes in a bidimensional array, allowing for a controllable layer-by-layer growth at a nanoscale. Hybrid clay/SWCNT multilayer films deposited on various substrates were characterized by X-ray reflectivity, Raman, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies, as well as atomic force microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Chalmpes
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Ioannina, GR-45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Antonios Kouloumpis
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Ioannina, GR-45110 Ioannina, Greece
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials, University
of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Panagiota Zygouri
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Ioannina, GR-45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Niki Karouta
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Ioannina, GR-45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Spyrou
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Ioannina, GR-45110 Ioannina, Greece
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials, University
of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Panagiota Stathi
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials, University
of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Theodoros Tsoufis
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials, University
of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Dimitrios Gournis
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Ioannina, GR-45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Petra Rudolf
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials, University
of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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Design of a pH-Responsive Conductive Nanocomposite Based on MWCNTs Stabilized in Water by Amphiphilic Block Copolymers. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9101410. [PMID: 31623337 PMCID: PMC6835295 DOI: 10.3390/nano9101410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Homogeneous water dispersions of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were prepared by ultrasonication in the presence of an amphiphilic polystyrene-block-poly(acrylic acid) (PS-b-PAA) copolymer. The ability of PS-b-PAA to disperse and stabilize MWCTNs was investigated by UV-vis, SEM and zeta potential. The results show that the addition of a styrene block to PAA enhances the dispersion efficiency of the graphitic filler compared to pure PAA, possibly due to the nanotube affinity with the polystyrene moiety. Notably, the dispersions show an evident pH-responsive behavior, being MWCNTs reaggregation promoted in basic environment. It is worth noting that the responsive character is maintained in solid composites obtained by drop casting, thus indicating potential applications in sensing.
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Pucci A. Smart and Modern Thermoplastic Polymer Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E1211. [PMID: 30961136 PMCID: PMC6290610 DOI: 10.3390/polym10111211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Smart and modern thermoplastic polymer materials are defined as novel thermoplastic materials that are capable of responding to external stimuli through a macroscopic output in which the energy of the stimulus is transduced appropriately as a function of external interference. [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Pucci
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry of the University of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
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