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Aparna A, Abhirami SD, Sethulekshmi AS, Jayan JS, Saritha A, Jose RA, Joseph K. Effective role of tannic acid in the fabrication of hydrophobic, oleophilic, antibacterial, boron nitride/chlorobutyl rubber nanocomposite for reusable protective clothing and oil-water separation. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 263:130341. [PMID: 38387637 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Boron Nitride (h-BN) possesses unique qualities like increased thermal conductivity, non-toxic nature, and environmental friendliness; hence, it is a good reinforcing agent for chlorobutyl rubber (CIIR). Tannic acid (TA) holds excellent bio-functional properties and is considered as an exceptional bio-exfoliating agent. Hence, in this study, we have utilized the bio-exfoliating ability of TA to exfoliate h-BN and evaluate its efficiency in reinforcing the CIIR matrix. Results demonstrate the exceptional role of tannic acid in imparting multifunctionality to chlorobutyl rubber. CIIR matrix introduced with h-BN:TA (h-BN:TA/CIIR) display excellent mechanical performance due to the reinforcing effect shown by excess TA in addition to the exfoliating effect. In addition, h-BN:TA/CIIR composite exhibited superior antimicrobial activity against S. aureus. The retention of thermal decontamination efficiency of the composites with increase in the number of cycles ensures their promising application in the field of reusable gloves and chemical protective clothing. The exfoliated filler created a tortuous path inside the matrix which prevents the permeation of solvent. Hence the work intends to synergize the hydrophobic nature of h-BN, exfoliating capacity of TA and the barrier abilities of CIIR for the adsorption of oil from oil-water mixture and portrays the future of the trio in water purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asok Aparna
- Department of Chemistry, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri, Kollam, Kerala, India
| | - S D Abhirami
- Department of Chemistry, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri, Kollam, Kerala, India
| | - A S Sethulekshmi
- Department of Chemistry, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri, Kollam, Kerala, India
| | - Jitha S Jayan
- Department of Chemistry, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri, Kollam, Kerala, India
| | - Appukuttan Saritha
- Department of Chemistry, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri, Kollam, Kerala, India.
| | - Rani Alphonsa Jose
- Postgraduate Department of Chemistry, St. Dominic's College Kanjirappally, Kerala, India.
| | - Kuruvilla Joseph
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology, Valiyamala PO, Kerala, India.
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2
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Qiu J, Ma J, Han W, Wang X, Wang X, Heini M, Li B, Sun D, Zhang R, Shi Y, Gao C. Effects of Electron Irradiation and Temperature on Mechanical Properties of Polyimide Film. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3805. [PMID: 37765658 PMCID: PMC10535023 DOI: 10.3390/polym15183805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyimide (PI) is widely deployed in space missions due to its good radiation resistance and durability. The influences from radiation and harsh temperatures should be carefully evaluated during the long-term service life. In the current work, the coupled thermal and radiation effects on the mechanical properties of PI samples were quantitatively investigated via experiments. At first, various PI specimens were prepared, and electron irradiation tests were conducted with different fluences. Then, both uniaxial tensile tests at room temperature and the dynamic mechanical analysis at varied temperatures of PI specimens with and without electron irradiation were performed. After that, uniaxial tensile tests at low and high temperatures were performed. The fracture surface of the PI film was observed using a scanning electron microscope, and its surface topography was measured using atomic force microscopy. In the meantime, the Fourier-transform infrared spectrum tests were conducted to check for chemical changes. In conclusion, the tensile tests showed that electron irradiation has a negligible effect during the linear stretching period but significantly impacts the hardening stage and elongation at break. Moreover, electron irradiation slightly influences the thermal properties of PI according to the differential scanning calorimetry results. However, both high and low temperatures dramatically affect the elastic modulus and elongation at break of PI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control for Aerospace Structures, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
- School of Chemistry and Civil Engineering, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan 512005, China
| | - Jusha Ma
- Shanghai Institute of Space Power-Sources, Shanghai 200245, China
| | - Wenjia Han
- Shanghai Institute of Space Power-Sources, Shanghai 200245, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control for Aerospace Structures, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Xunchun Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Space Power-Sources, Shanghai 200245, China
| | - Maliya Heini
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Electronic Information Materials and Devices, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Bingyang Li
- China Academy of Aerospace Science and Innovation, Beijing 100871, China
- College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Dongyang Sun
- School of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, China
| | - Ruifeng Zhang
- School of Electrical Information Engineering, Ningxia Institute of Science and Technology, Shizuishan 753000, China
| | - Yan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control for Aerospace Structures, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
- School of Electrical Information Engineering, Ningxia Institute of Science and Technology, Shizuishan 753000, China
| | - Cunfa Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control for Aerospace Structures, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
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3
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Stelescu MD, Sonmez M, Alexandrescu L, Nituica M, Gurau DF, Georgescu M. Structure and properties of blends based on vulcanized rubber waste and styrene–butadiene–styrene thermoplastic elastomer. J RUBBER RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s42464-022-00187-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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4
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Stelescu MD, Airinei A, Bargan A, Fifere N, Georgescu M, Sonmez M, Nituica M, Alexandrescu L, Stefan A. Mechanical Properties and Equilibrium Swelling Characteristics of Some Polymer Composites Based on Ethylene Propylene Diene Terpolymer (EPDM) Reinforced with Hemp Fibers. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:6838. [PMID: 36234179 PMCID: PMC9571222 DOI: 10.3390/ma15196838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
EPDM/hemp fiber composites with fiber loading of 0-20 phr were prepared by the blending technique on a laboratory electrically heated roller mill. Test specimens were obtained by vulcanization using a laboratory hydraulic press. The elastomer crosslinking and the chemical modification of the hemp fiber surface were achieved by a radical reaction mechanism initiated by di(tert-butylperoxyisopropyl)benzene. The influence of the fiber loading on the mechanical properties, gel fraction, swelling ratio and crosslink degree was investigated. The gel fraction, crosslink density and rubber-hemp fiber interaction were evaluated based on equilibrium solvent-swelling measurements using the Flory-Rehner relation and Kraus and Lorenz-Park equations. The morphology of the EPDM/hemp fiber composites was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. The water absorption increases as the hemp fiber loading increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Daniela Stelescu
- National Research and Development Institute for Textile and Leather, Leather and Footwear Institute, 93 Ion Minulescu Street, 031215 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anton Airinei
- Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania
| | - Alexandra Bargan
- Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania
| | - Nicusor Fifere
- Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania
| | - Mihai Georgescu
- National Research and Development Institute for Textile and Leather, Leather and Footwear Institute, 93 Ion Minulescu Street, 031215 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Maria Sonmez
- National Research and Development Institute for Textile and Leather, Leather and Footwear Institute, 93 Ion Minulescu Street, 031215 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihaela Nituica
- National Research and Development Institute for Textile and Leather, Leather and Footwear Institute, 93 Ion Minulescu Street, 031215 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Laurentia Alexandrescu
- National Research and Development Institute for Textile and Leather, Leather and Footwear Institute, 93 Ion Minulescu Street, 031215 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Adriana Stefan
- National Institute of Aerospace Research “Elie Carafoli”, 220 Iuliu Maniu Blv., 061126 Bucharest, Romania
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5
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Rodríguez Fernández MJ, Serrano Lopez DR, Torrado JJ. Effect of Primary Packaging Material on the Stability Characteristics of Diazepam and Midazolam Parenteral Formulations. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14102061. [PMID: 36297493 PMCID: PMC9611996 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14102061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diazepam and midazolam are formulated in autoinjectors for parenteral administration to decrease seizures in the case of emergency. However, the compatibility of these lipophilic drugs with the primary packaging material is a key part of drug formulation development. In this work, diazepam and midazolam were packaged in glass syringes as parenteral solutions using two different elastomeric sealing materials (PH 701/50 C BLACK and 4023/50 GRAY). Syringes were stored at three different storage temperatures: 4, 25, and 40 °C. At different time points over 3 years, physical appearance, benzodiazepine sorption on the sealing elastomeric materials, and drug content in solution were assayed. A detailed study on the adsorption profile of both benzodiazepines on the elastomeric gaskets was performed, indicating that the novel rubber material made of bromobutyl derivatives (4023/50 GRAY) is a better choice for manufacturing autoinjectors due to lower drug adsorption. Diazepam showed a better stability profile than midazolam, with the latter solubilised as a hydrochloride salt in an acidic pH that can affect the integrity of the elastomer over time. The amount of drug adsorbed on the surface of the elastomer was measured by NIR and correlated using chemometric models with the amount retained in the elastomeric gaskets quantified by HPLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José Rodríguez Fernández
- Defense Military Pharmacy Center (CEMILFARDEF), Colmenar Viejo, 28770 Madrid, Spain
- Quick Identification Laboratory, Military Emergency Unit, Torrejón de Ardoz, 28850 Madrid, Spain
| | - Dolores Remedios Serrano Lopez
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Industrial Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (D.R.S.L.); (J.J.T.)
| | - Juan José Torrado
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Industrial Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (D.R.S.L.); (J.J.T.)
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6
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Barala SS, Manda V, Jodha AS, C A, Gopalani D. Thermal stability of gamma irradiated
ethylene propylene diene monomer
composites for shielding applications. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Vikram Manda
- Hari Shankar Singhania Elastomer & Tyre Research Institute Mysuru India
| | | | - Ajay C
- Hari Shankar Singhania Elastomer & Tyre Research Institute Mysuru India
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7
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The link between swelling ratios and physical properties of EPDM rubber compound having different oil amounts. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-03179-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThis new observation demonstrated that an increase in oil amounts within ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) compounds decreased the crosslink density and the storage modulus but increase the elongation at break after tensile testing. The compounds with high oil amounts were observed to release oil particles when dissolved in toluene solutions and that increased their swell ratios. Consequently, the crosslink density had a perfect negative linear correlation with the elongation at break and a strong power-law correlation with the swell ratios. This work guides the material chemists and engineers during compound formulations when an increase in oil amounts is required.
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8
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Yang T, Cheng Y, Wu Y, Yu B, Huang T, Yu H, Zhu M. Enhanced crosslinking of polypropylene in γ-irradiation via Copper(Ⅱ) doping. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2022.110042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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9
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Abdel-Hakim A, El-Gamal A, EL-Zayat MM, Sadek A. Effect of novel sucrose based polyfunctional monomer on physico-mechanical and electrical properties of irradiated EPDM. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2021.109729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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10
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Electron Beam Irradiation: A Method for Degradation of Composites Based on Natural Rubber and Plasticized Starch. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13121950. [PMID: 34208234 PMCID: PMC8230875 DOI: 10.3390/polym13121950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymeric composites based on natural rubber (NR) and plasticized starch (PS) obtained by peroxide cross-linking have been subjected to electron beam irradiation in order to investigate their degradation. The amount of PS ranged from 10 to 50 phr and the irradiation dose from 150 to 450 kGy. Irradiation was performed in atmospheric conditions using a linear electron accelerator of 5.5 MeV. Changes in chemical, physical, structural, and morphological properties of composites were correlated with variables, such as PS loading and irradiation dose. Thus, mechanical properties, gel fraction, cross-linking degree, water uptake, weight loss in toluene/water were compared with those obtained before irradiation. The changes in structure and morphology were studied by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy. Both PS loading and irradiation dose were found to be responsible for the degradation installing. Moreover, it has been shown that at the dose of 450 kGy, chain scission is dominant over cross-linking.
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11
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Ma J, Kim JH, Na J, Min J, Lee GH, Jo S, Kim CS. Enhanced Polymerization and Surface Hardness of Colloidal Siloxane Films via Electron Beam Irradiation. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:13384-13390. [PMID: 34056485 PMCID: PMC8158831 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c01429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Electron beam (EB) curing is a foldable hard coating process and has attracted significant research attention in the field of flexible electronic devices. In this study, we report a method for enhancing material surface hardness with low-energy EB curing in a short time. The low-energy EB improved the coating hardness of films by inducing cross-linking polymerization of the silicon-containing monomer. The hardness of the cured coating layer was measured as 3 H using a pencil hardness tester, and the transparency of the coating was higher than 90%. Owing to a series of cross-linking reactions between Si-O-C and Si-OH groups under EB curing and the formation of Si-Si bonds, the cured layer exhibited remarkable durability in the 100000-flexible cycle test. Additionally, the natural oxidation of the C-O groups on the surface of the coating formed carboxyl groups that improved the hydrophilic properties of the coating layer. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to propose that the hardness of polyethylene terephthalate films can be improved using low-energy EBs to rapidly cure silicon-containing coatings. Our results provide a novel and commercially viable approach for improving the hardness of touch screens and foldable displays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfei Ma
- Department
of Nano-Bio Convergence, Korea Institute
of Materials Science (KIMS), Changwon 51508, South Korea
- School
of Architectural, Civil, Environmental, and Energy Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, South Korea
| | - Ji-Hyeon Kim
- Department
of Nano-Bio Convergence, Korea Institute
of Materials Science (KIMS), Changwon 51508, South Korea
| | - Jaehun Na
- Gimhae
Industry Promotion & Bio-medical Foundation, 701 Biomedical Techno Town, Goldenroot St. 80-59, Gimhae 50969, Gyeongnam, South Korea
| | - Junki Min
- Gimhae
Industry Promotion & Bio-medical Foundation, 701 Biomedical Techno Town, Goldenroot St. 80-59, Gimhae 50969, Gyeongnam, South Korea
| | - Ga-Hyun Lee
- Department
of Nano-Bio Convergence, Korea Institute
of Materials Science (KIMS), Changwon 51508, South Korea
- School
of Architectural, Civil, Environmental, and Energy Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, South Korea
| | - Sungjin Jo
- School
of Architectural, Civil, Environmental, and Energy Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, South Korea
| | - Chang Su Kim
- Department
of Nano-Bio Convergence, Korea Institute
of Materials Science (KIMS), Changwon 51508, South Korea
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12
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Novel Bending Test Method for Polymer Railway Sleeper Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13091359. [PMID: 33919333 PMCID: PMC8122643 DOI: 10.3390/polym13091359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternative sleeper technologies have been developed to address the significant need for the replacement of deteriorating timber railway sleepers. The review of the literature indicates that the railway sleepers might fail while in service, despite passing the evaluation tests of the current composite sleeper standards which indicated that these tests do not represent in situ sleeper on ballast. In this research, a new five-point bending test is developed to evaluate the flexural behaviour of timber replacement sleeper technologies supported by ballast. Due to the simplicity, acceptance level of evaluation accuracy and the lack of in-service behaviour of alternative sleepers, this new testing method is justified with the bending behaviour according to the Beam on Elastic Foundation theory. Three timber replacement sleeper technologies—plastic, synthetic composites and low-profile prestressed concrete sleepers in addition to timber sleepers—were tested under service loading condition to evaluate the suitability of the new test method. To address the differences in the bending of the sleepers due to their different modulus of elasticities, the most appropriate material for the middle support was also determined. Analytical equations of the bending moments with and without middle support settlement were also developed. The results showed that the five-point static bending test could induce the positive and negative bending moments experienced by railway sleepers under a train wheel load. It was also found that with the proposed testing spans, steel-EPDM rubber is the most suitable configuration for low bending modulus sleepers such as plastic, steel-neoprene for medium modulus polymer sleepers and steel-steel for very high modulus sleepers such as concrete. Finally, the proposed bending moment equations can precisely predict the flexural behaviour of alternative sleepers under the five-point bending test.
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13
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Radiation Processing and Characterization of Some Ethylene-propylene-diene Terpolymer/Butyl (Halobutyl) Rubber/Nanosilica Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12102431. [PMID: 33096863 PMCID: PMC7589033 DOI: 10.3390/polym12102431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Composites based on ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer (EPDM), butyl/halobutyl rubber and nanosilica were prepared by melt mixing and subjected to different doses of electron beam irradiation. The effect of irradiation dose on the mechanical properties, morphology, glass transition temperature, thermal stability and water uptake was investigated. The efficiency of the crosslinking by electron beam irradiation was analyzed by Charlesby-Pinner parameter evaluation and crosslink density measurements. The scanning electron microscopy data showed a good dispersion of nanosilica in the rubber matrix. An improvement in hardness and 100% modulus was revealed by increasing irradiation dose up to 150 kGy. The interaction between polymer matrix and nanosilica was analyzed using the Kraus equation. Additionally, these results indicated that the mechanical properties, surface characteristics, and water uptake were dependent on crosslink characteristics.
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14
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New Materials Based on Ethylene Propylene DieneTerpolymerand Hemp Fibers Obtained by Green Reactive Processing. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13092067. [PMID: 32365824 PMCID: PMC7254378 DOI: 10.3390/ma13092067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The paper presents the obtaining of new green polymeric composites using a sustainable reactive processing method, namely electron beam irradiation. EPDM rubber mixtures were reinforced with different amounts of short hemp fibers, which were then irradiated at doses between 75 and 600 kGy. The samples were analyzed by determination of physical-mechanical properties, sol-gel analysis, crosslink density (using the well-known modified Flory-Rehner equation for tetra functional networks), determination of rubber-fiber interactions (using the Kraus equation), water uptake test and FTIR analysis. The obtained results indicate an improvement of the hardness, the tensile and tear strength as the quantity of hemp fibers increases. As the irradiation dose increases, there is an increase in the degree of crosslinking and the gel fraction. Analyzing the behavior of the irradiation samples using the Charlesby-Pinner equation, it is observed that all the samples tend to crosslink by irradiation, the share of degradation reactions being low. For these reasons, the new materials can be used in the food, pharmaceutical or medical field, because the obtained products are sterile and can be easily resterilized by irradiation. They have high elasticity values and can be used to make packaging, seals and other consumer goods.
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15
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Craciun G, Manaila E, Ighigeanu D, Stelescu MD. A Method to Improve the Characteristics of EPDM Rubber Based Eco-Composites with Electron Beam. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12010215. [PMID: 31952265 PMCID: PMC7023520 DOI: 10.3390/polym12010215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
A natural fiber reinforced composite, belonging to the class of eco composites, based on ethylene-propylene-terpolymer rubber (EPDM) and wood wastes were obtained by electron beam irradiation at 75, 150, 300, and 600 kGy in atmospheric conditions and at room temperature using a linear accelerator of 5.5 MeV. The sawdust (S), in amounts of 5 and 15 phr, respectively, was used to act as a natural filler for the improvement of physical and chemical characteristics. The cross-linking effects were evaluated through sol-gel analysis, mechanical tests, and Fourier Transform Infrared FTIR spectroscopy comparatively with the classic method with dibenzoyl peroxide (P) applied on the same types of samples at high temperature. Gel fraction exhibits values over 98% but, in the case of P cross-linking, is necessary to add more sawdust (15 phr) to obtain the same results as in the case of electron beam (EB) cross-linking (5 phr/300 kGy). Even if the EB cross-linking and sawdust addition have a reinforcement effect on EPDM rubber, the medium irradiation dose of 300 kGy looks to be a limit to which or from which the properties of the composite are improved or deteriorated. The absorption behavior of the eco-composites was studied through water uptake tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Craciun
- National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, # 409 Atomistilor St., 077125 Magurele, Romania; (G.C.); (D.I.)
| | - Elena Manaila
- National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, # 409 Atomistilor St., 077125 Magurele, Romania; (G.C.); (D.I.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Daniel Ighigeanu
- National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, # 409 Atomistilor St., 077125 Magurele, Romania; (G.C.); (D.I.)
| | - Maria Daniela Stelescu
- National R&D Institute for Textile and Leather—Leather and Footwear Research Institute, # 93 Ion Minulescu St., 031215 Bucharest, Romania;
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16
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Zheng H, Pan G, Huang P, Xu D, Zhai W. Fundamental Influences of Crosslinking Structure on the Cell Morphology, Creep Property, Thermal Property, and Recycling Behavior of Microcellular EPDM Foams Blown with Compressed CO2. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b05611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510275, China
- Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province 315201, China
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Ge Pan
- State Key Lab of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Pengke Huang
- Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province 315201, China
| | - Donghua Xu
- State Key Lab of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Wentao Zhai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510275, China
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17
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Thite AG, Krishnanand K, Panda PK. Electron beam‐induced crosslinking of silk fibers using triallyl isocyanurate for enhanced properties. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amol G. Thite
- The Bombay Textile Research Association LBS Marg, Ghatkopar (W), Mumbai 400086 India
| | - Kumar Krishnanand
- The Bombay Textile Research Association LBS Marg, Ghatkopar (W), Mumbai 400086 India
- Patna University Patna 800005 India
| | - Prasanta K. Panda
- The Bombay Textile Research Association LBS Marg, Ghatkopar (W), Mumbai 400086 India
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Optimization of Accelerator Mixing Ratio for EPDM Rubber Grommet to Improve Mountability Using Mixture Design. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9132640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A grommet, made of ethylene propylene diene methylene (EPDM) rubber, is an integral part used for fixing and protecting the wire inserted from the outside to the inside of vehicles. Rubber compounds exhibit various mechanical properties and vulcanization characteristics depending on the accelerator mixing ratio. These mechanical properties affect the insertion and detachment forces when the grommet is manufactured and fixed to the vehicle body. In this study, we experimentally analyzed the changes in the properties of EPDM rubber depending on the vulcanization accelerator to improve the mounting performance of the grommet, and subsequently derived the optimum accelerator mixing ratio. We implemented a mixture design strategy to derive the optimum mixing ratio for obtaining the desired mechanical properties and vulcanization characteristics. The insertion and separation forces of the existing grommet were compared with those of the grommet fabricated using the derived mixing ratio and we found that the mounting performance was improved compared to the existing grommet.
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