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Li M, Zhang P, Wang Q, Yu N, Zhang X, Su S. Electrospinning Novel Sodium Alginate/MXene Nanofiber Membranes for Effective Adsorption of Methylene Blue. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15092110. [PMID: 37177263 PMCID: PMC10180889 DOI: 10.3390/polym15092110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding how to develop highly efficient and robust adsorbents for the removal of organic dyes in wastewater is crucial in the face of the rapid development of industrialization. Herein, d-Ti3C2Tx nanosheets (MXene) were combined with sodium alginate (SA), followed by electrospinning and successive Ca2+-mediated crosslinking, giving rise to a series of SA/MXene nanofiber membranes (NMs). The effects of the MXene content of the NMs on the adsorption performance for methylene blue (MB) were investigated systemically. Under the optimum MXene content of 0.74 wt.%, SA/MXene NMs possessed an MB adsorption capacity of 440 mg/g, which is much higher than SA/MXene beads with the same MXene content, pristine MXene, or electrospinning SA NMs. Furthermore, the optimum SA/MXene NMs showed excellent reusability. After the adsorbent was reused ten times, both the MB adsorption capacity and removal rate could remain at 95% of the levels found in the fresh samples, which indicates that the electrospinning technique has great potential for developing biomass-based adsorbents with high efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- National and Local Joint Engineering Lab for New Petro-Chemical Materials and Fine Utilization of Resources, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Pingxiu Zhang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Lab for New Petro-Chemical Materials and Fine Utilization of Resources, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Qianfang Wang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Lab for New Petro-Chemical Materials and Fine Utilization of Resources, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Ningya Yu
- National and Local Joint Engineering Lab for New Petro-Chemical Materials and Fine Utilization of Resources, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Xiaomin Zhang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Lab for New Petro-Chemical Materials and Fine Utilization of Resources, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Shengpei Su
- National and Local Joint Engineering Lab for New Petro-Chemical Materials and Fine Utilization of Resources, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
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2
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Yaacob NA, Khasri A, Mohd Salleh NH, Mohd Jamir MR. Optimization of AC/TiO 2-Cu ternary composite preparation with enhanced UV light activity for adsorption–photodegradation of metronidazole via RSM-CCD. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2022.2143367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Azduwin Khasri
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Perlis, Malaysia
| | | | - Mohd Ridzuan Mohd Jamir
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Perlis, Malaysia
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Sait HH, Hussain A, Bassyouni M, Ali I, Kanthasamy R, Ayodele BV, Elhenawy Y. Anionic Dye Removal Using a Date Palm Seed-Derived Activated Carbon/Chitosan Polymer Microbead Biocomposite. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14122503. [PMID: 35746079 PMCID: PMC9227786 DOI: 10.3390/polym14122503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The discharge of textile wastewater into aquatic streams is considered a major challenge due to its effect on the water ecosystem. Direct blue 78 (DB78) dye has a complex structure. Therefore, it is difficult to separate it from industrial wastewater. In this study, carbon obtained from the pyrolysis of mixed palm seeds under different temperatures (400 °C and 1000 °C) was activated by a thermochemical method by using microwave radiation and an HCl solution in order to improve its adsorption characteristics. The generated activated carbon was used to synthesize a novel activated carbon/chitosan microbead (ACMB) for dye removal from textile wastewater. The obtained activated carbon (AC) was characterized by a physicochemical analysis that included, namely, particle size, zeta potential, SEM, EDX, and FTIR analyses. A series of batch experiments were conducted in terms of the ACMB dose, contact time, pH, and activated carbon/chitosan ratios in synthetic microbeads for enhancing the adsorption capacity. A remarkable improvement in the surface roughness was observed using SEM analysis. The particle surface was transformed from a slick surface with a minor-pore structure to a rough surface with major-pore structure. The zeta potential analysis indicated a higher improvement in the carbon surface charge, from -35 mv (before activation) to +20 mv (after activation). The adsorption tests showed that the dye-removal efficiency increased with the increasing adsorbent concentration. The maximum removal efficiencies were 97.8% and 98.4% using 3 and 4 g/L of AC400°C MB-0.3:1 and AC1000°C MB-0.3:1, respectively, with initial dye concentrations of 40 mg/L under acidic conditions (pH = 4-5), and an optimal mixing time of 50 min. The equilibrium studies for AC400°C MB-0.3:1 and AC1000°C MB-0.3:1 showed that the equilibrium data best fitted to the Langmuir isothermal model with R2 = 0.99. These results reveal that activated carbon/chitosan microbeads are an effective adsorbent for the removal of direct blue 78 dye and provide a new platform for dye removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hani Hussain Sait
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh 21911, Saudi Arabia;
- Correspondence: (H.H.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Ahmed Hussain
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh 21911, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohamed Bassyouni
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh 21911, Saudi Arabia; (I.A.); (R.K.)
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Port Said University, Port Fouad 42526, Egypt
- Correspondence: (H.H.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Imtiaz Ali
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh 21911, Saudi Arabia; (I.A.); (R.K.)
| | - Ramesh Kanthasamy
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh 21911, Saudi Arabia; (I.A.); (R.K.)
| | - Bamidele Victor Ayodele
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia;
| | - Yasser Elhenawy
- Department of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Port Said University, Port Fouad 42526, Egypt;
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Bassyouni M, Zoromba MS, Abdel-Aziz MH, Mosly I. Extraction of Nanocellulose for Eco-Friendly Biocomposite Adsorbent for Wastewater Treatment. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14091852. [PMID: 35567021 PMCID: PMC9099637 DOI: 10.3390/polym14091852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, nanocellulose was extracted from palm leaves to synthesize nanocellulose/chitosan nanocomposites for the removal of dyes from textile industrial wastewater. Nanocellulose is of interest in water purification technologies because of its high surface area and versatile surface chemistry. Following bleach, alkali, and acid treatments on palm leaves, nanocellulose is obtained as a white powder. The produced nanocellulose was investigated. The adsorption capacity of chitosan, nanocellulose, and novel synthetic nanocellulose/chitosan microbeads (CCMB) for direct blue 78 dye (DB78) removal was studied. A series of batch experiments were conducted in terms of adsorbent concentration, mixing time, pH, dye initial concentration, and nanocellulose concentration in synthetic microbeads. The CCMB was characterized by using physicochemical analysis, namely Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), scanning electron microscope (SEM), zeta potential analysis, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). It was found that the surface area of synthetic CCMB is 10.4 m2/g, with a positive net surface charge. The adsorption tests showed that the dye removal efficiency increases with an increasing adsorbent concentration. The maximum removal efficiencies were 91.5% and 88.4%, using 14 and 9 g/L of CCMB-0.25:1. The initial dye concentrations were 50 and 100 mg/L under acidic conditions (pH = 3.5) and an optimal mixing time of 120 min. The equilibrium studies for CCMB-0.25:1 showed that the equilibrium data were best fitted to Langmuir isothermal model with R2 = 0.99. These results revealed that nanocellulose/chitosan microbeads are an effective eco-adsorbent for the removal of direct blue 78 dye and provide a new platform for dye removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Bassyouni
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh 21911, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Port Said University, Port Said 42526, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Sh Zoromba
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh 21911, Saudi Arabia
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Port Said University, Port Said 42521, Egypt
| | - Mohamed H Abdel-Aziz
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh 21911, Saudi Arabia
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21544, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim Mosly
- Department of Civil Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh 21911, Saudi Arabia
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Mohd Faizal AN, Putra NR, Ahmad Zaini MA. Scylla Sp. Shell: a potential green adsorbent for wastewater treatment. TOXIN REV 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2022.2039201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Azrul Nurfaiz Mohd Faizal
- Centre of Lipids Engineering and Applied Research (CLEAR), Ibnu – Sina Institute for Scientific and Industrial Research, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Nicky Rahmana Putra
- School of Chemical & Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Abbas Ahmad Zaini
- Centre of Lipids Engineering and Applied Research (CLEAR), Ibnu – Sina Institute for Scientific and Industrial Research, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
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Wang A, Li B, Wang Y, Sun X, Huang Z, Bian S, Fan K, Shang H. Adsorption behavior of Congo red on a carbon material based on humic acid. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj03926a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Humic acid is used as an inexpensive starting material to prepare a strong adsorbent for the removal of Congo red from water.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, China
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology, Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Boyuan Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, China
| | - Yatong Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, China
| | - Xiaoran Sun
- School of Chemical Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, China
| | - Zhanbin Huang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology, Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Simeng Bian
- School of Chemical Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, China
| | - Kaili Fan
- School of Chemical Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, China
| | - Hongzhou Shang
- School of material science and Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, China
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Rosu L, Gavat CC, Rosu D, Varganici CD, Mustata F. Photochemical Stability of a Cotton Fabric Surface Dyed with a Reactive Triphenodioxazine Dye. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13223986. [PMID: 34833287 PMCID: PMC8623128 DOI: 10.3390/polym13223986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The paper describes the photochemical stability of a commercial triphenodioxazine dye (Reactive Blue_204) linked onto a cotton fabric. Preliminary studies have shown that as a result of irradiation, the dye and its photodegradation products can pass directly onto the skin under conditions that mimic human perspiration and cause side-effects. The cotton dyed fabric was photo irradiated at different time intervals. Standard methods were employed to evaluate the color strength at various levels of pH, temperature, dyeing contact time, and salt concentration. The influence of UV radiation at different doses (λ > 300 nm) on the structural and color modifications of the dyed cotton fabrics was studied. Structural modifications before and after irradiation were compared by applying FTIR, UV–Vis, and near infrared chemical imaging (NIR–CI) techniques. Color modifications were investigated with the CIELAB system. Color differences significantly increased with the irradiation dose. High irradiation doses caused changes in the dye structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Rosu
- Centre of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers, “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 700487 Iasi, Romania; (L.R.); (F.M.)
| | - Cristian-Catalin Gavat
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Gr. T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Dan Rosu
- Centre of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers, “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 700487 Iasi, Romania; (L.R.); (F.M.)
- Correspondence: (D.R.); (C.-D.V.)
| | - Cristian-Dragos Varganici
- Centre of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers, “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 700487 Iasi, Romania; (L.R.); (F.M.)
- Correspondence: (D.R.); (C.-D.V.)
| | - Fanica Mustata
- Centre of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers, “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 700487 Iasi, Romania; (L.R.); (F.M.)
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Recent Advances in the Synthesis, Properties, and Applications of Modified Chitosan Derivatives: Challenges and Opportunities. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2021; 379:19. [DOI: 10.1007/s41061-021-00331-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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9
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Mashile GP, Dimpe KM, Nomngongo PN. A Biodegradable Magnetic Nanocomposite as a Superabsorbent for the Simultaneous Removal of Selected Fluoroquinolones from Environmental Water Matrices: Isotherm, Kinetics, Thermodynamic Studies and Cost Analysis. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12051102. [PMID: 32408684 PMCID: PMC7285333 DOI: 10.3390/polym12051102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The application of a magnetic mesoporous carbon/β-cyclodextrin–chitosan (MMPC/Cyc-Chit) nanocomposite for the adsorptive removal of danofloxacin (DANO), enrofloxacin (ENRO) and levofloxacin (LEVO) from aqueous and environmental samples is reported in this study. The morphology and surface characteristics of the magnetic nanocomposite were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) adsorption–desorption and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The N2 adsorption–desorption results revealed that the prepared nanocomposite was mesoporous and the BET surface area was 1435 m2 g−1. The equilibrium data for adsorption isotherms were analyzed using two and three isotherm parameters. Based on the correlation coefficients (R2), the Langmuir and Sips isotherm described the data better than others. The maximum monolayer adsorption capacities of MMPC/Cyc-Chit nanocomposite for DANO, ENRO and LEVO were 130, 195 and 165 mg g−1, respectively. Adsorption thermodynamic studies performed proved that the adsorption process was endothermic and was dominated by chemisorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geaneth Pertunia Mashile
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa; (G.P.M.); (K.M.D.)
- DSI/NRF SARChI Chair: Nanotechnology for Water, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
| | - Kgokgobi Mogolodi Dimpe
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa; (G.P.M.); (K.M.D.)
- DSI/NRF SARChI Chair: Nanotechnology for Water, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
| | - Philiswa Nosizo Nomngongo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa; (G.P.M.); (K.M.D.)
- DSI/NRF SARChI Chair: Nanotechnology for Water, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
- DSI/Mintek Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +27115596187
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Adsorption Performance for Reactive Blue 221 Dye of β-Chitosan/Polyamine Functionalized Graphene Oxide Hybrid Adsorbent with High Acid-Alkali Resistance Stability in Different Acid-Alkaline Environments. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10040748. [PMID: 32295277 PMCID: PMC7221750 DOI: 10.3390/nano10040748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A hybrid material obtained by blending β-chitosan (CS) with triethylenetetramine-functionalized graphene oxide (TFGO) (CSGO), was used as an adsorbent for a reactive dye (C.I. Reactive Blue 221 Dye, RB221), and the adsorption and removal performances of unmodified CS and mix-modified CSGO were investigated and compared systematically at different pH values (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12). The adsorption capacities of CS and CSGO were 45.5 and 56.1 mg/g, respectively, at a pH of 2 and 5.4 and 37.2 mg/g, respectively, at a pH of 12. This indicates that TFGO was successfully introduced into CSGO, enabling π-π interactions and electrostatic attraction with the dye molecules. Additionally, benzene ring-shaped GO exhibited a high surface chemical stability, which was conducive to maintaining the stability of the acid and alkali resistance of the CSGO adsorbent. The RB221 adsorption performance of CS and CSGO at acidic condition (pH 3) and alkaline condition (pH 12) and different temperatures was investigated by calculating the adsorption kinetics and isotherms of adsorbents. Overall, the adsorption efficiency of CSGO was superior to that of CS; thus, CSGO is promising for the treatment of dye effluents in a wide pH range.
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Gkika D, Liakos EV, Vordos N, Kontogoulidou C, Magafas L, Bikiaris DN, Bandekas DV, Mitropoulos AC, Kyzas GZ. Cost Estimation of Polymeric Adsorbents. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11050925. [PMID: 31137821 PMCID: PMC6572197 DOI: 10.3390/polym11050925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the most promising techniques of recent research is adsorption. This technique attracts great attention in environmental technology, especially in the decontamination of water and wastewaters. A “hidden” point of the above is the cost of adsorbents. As can be easily observed in the literature, there is not any mention about the synthesis cost of adsorbents. What are the basic criteria with which an industry can select an adsorbent? What is the synthesis (recipe) cost? What is the energy demand to synthesize an efficient material? All of these are questions which have not been answered, until now. The reason for this is that the estimation of adsorbents’ cost is relatively difficult, because too many cost factors are involved (labor cost, raw materials cost, energy cost, tax cost, etc.). In this work, the first estimation cost of adsorbents is presented, taking into consideration all of the major factors which influence the final value. To be more comparable, the adsorbents used are from a list of polymeric materials which are already synthesized and tested in our laboratory. All of them are polymeric materials with chitosan as a substrate, which is efficiently used for the removal of heavy metal ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Despina Gkika
- Complex Systems Lab, Department of Physics, International Hellenic University, GR-654 04 Kavala, Greece.
- Department of Physics, International Hellenic University, GR-654 04 Kavala, Greece.
- Hephaestus Advanced Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, International Hellenic University, GR-654 04 Kavala, Greece.
| | - Efstathios V Liakos
- Hephaestus Advanced Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, International Hellenic University, GR-654 04 Kavala, Greece.
| | - Nick Vordos
- Department of Physics, International Hellenic University, GR-654 04 Kavala, Greece.
- Hephaestus Advanced Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, International Hellenic University, GR-654 04 Kavala, Greece.
| | | | - Lykourgos Magafas
- Complex Systems Lab, Department of Physics, International Hellenic University, GR-654 04 Kavala, Greece.
- Department of Physics, International Hellenic University, GR-654 04 Kavala, Greece.
| | - Dimitrios N Bikiaris
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Dimitrios V Bandekas
- Department of Physics, International Hellenic University, GR-654 04 Kavala, Greece.
| | - Athanasios C Mitropoulos
- Hephaestus Advanced Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, International Hellenic University, GR-654 04 Kavala, Greece.
| | - George Z Kyzas
- Hephaestus Advanced Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, International Hellenic University, GR-654 04 Kavala, Greece.
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Preparation, Structure and Properties of Acid Aqueous Solution Plasticized Thermoplastic Chitosan. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11050818. [PMID: 31067705 PMCID: PMC6571857 DOI: 10.3390/polym11050818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This work provides a simple method for the preparation of thermoplastic chitosan using the most common dilute inorganic and organic acids in aqueous solutions, namely hydrochloric acid (HCl) and acetic acid (HAc). The melting plasticization behavior of chitosan under different concentrations and types of acid solution was investigated. By means of infrared spectra (IR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and other characterization methods, as well as a mechanical property test, it was found that as the acid solution concentration increased, the protonation effect was stronger and the plasticization performance showed a better trend. The structure and performance of the modified chitosan were optimal when the concentration of HCl was around 8 wt %. In addition, it was found that HCl had a better effect on the plasticization of chitosan than HAc, which was because the protonation ability of HCl was stronger than that of HAc. Unlike the casting method, the structure and properties of chitosan sheets prepared by thermoplastic processing were directly affected by protonation, however not by the interaction of anionic-cationic electrostatic attractions between the –NH3+ groups of chitosan chains and the carboxyl groups of acetic acids or the chloridoid groups of hydrochloric acid.
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Chitosan Grafted Adsorbents for Diclofenac Pharmaceutical Compound Removal from Single-Component Aqueous Solutions and Mixtures. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11030497. [PMID: 30960481 PMCID: PMC6474128 DOI: 10.3390/polym11030497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The main purpose of this study was to investigate the synthesis of some cross-linked carboxyl-grafted chitosan derivatives to be used as selective adsorbents for diclofenac (DCF) pharmaceutical compounds from aqueous mixtures. Four different materials were synthesized using succinic anhydride (CsSUC), maleic anhydride (CsMAL), itaconic acid (CsITA), and trans-aconitic acid (CsTACON) as grafting agents. After synthesis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were performed before and after DCF adsorption. In addition, a complete adsorption evaluation was carried out for all materials studying some important parameters. The optimum pH was 4; the amino groups of DCF can be protonated at pH = 4 (–NH+), so this groups can easily attract the clear negatively carboxyl moieties (–COO−) of the chitosan adsorbents. The Qm for CsTACON was higher than those of the other materials, at all temperatures studied. By altering the temperature from 25 to 35 °C, an increase (16%) of Qm (from 84.56 to 98.34 mg g−1) was noted, while similar behavior was revealed after a further increase of temperature from 35 to 45 °C, improving by 5% (from 98.34 to 102.75 mg g−1). All isotherms were fitted to Langmuir, Freundlich, and Langmuir-Freundlich (L-F) models). In addition, a kinetic model was proposed taking into account not only the interactions but also the diffusivity of the molecule (DCF) into the polymeric network. The behavior of the prepared chitosan materials in simultaneously removing other compounds (synergetic or antagonistic) was also evaluated by experiments performed in mixtures. DCF presented the highest removal from the mixture in the order: CsTACON (92.8%) > CsITA (89.5%) > CsSUC (80.9%) > CsMAL (66.2%) compared to other pharmaceutical compounds (salicylic acid, ibuprofen and ketoprofen). Desorption was achieved by using different eluants (either water or organic). The highest desorption ability was found for acetone (100% for CsTACON, CsSUC, CsMAL and 77% for CsITA) for all materials.
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