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Fajdek-Bieda A, Wróblewska A. The Use of Natural Minerals as Reinforcements in Mineral-Reinforced Polymers: A Review of Current Developments and Prospects. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:2505. [PMID: 39274137 PMCID: PMC11397969 DOI: 10.3390/polym16172505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Natural minerals play a key role in the burgeoning field of mineral-reinforced polymers, providing an important element in strengthening and toughening the properties of composite materials. This article presents a comprehensive overview of the use of minerals in mineral-reinforced polymers, covering various aspects of their applications and impact on the final properties of these materials. The potential of various types of natural minerals (for example talc, montmorillonite, halloysite, diatomite) as reinforcements in mineral-reinforced polymers is discussed. Techniques for producing mineral-reinforced polymers using minerals, including the mixing method, impregnation, and coating application, are presented in detail. In addition, the effects of process parameters and component ratios on the final properties of mineral-reinforced polymers are discussed. The latest research on the use of minerals in mineral-reinforced polymers is also presented, including their effects on the strength, stiffness, resistance to environmental conditions, and biodegradation of the materials. Finally, the development prospects and potential applications of mineral-reinforced polymers with minerals in various industrial sectors, including packaging, automotive, construction, and medicine, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Fajdek-Bieda
- Technical Department, Jakub's from Paradyż Academy in Gorzów Wielkopolski, Chopina 52, 66-400 Gorzów Wielkopolski, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Wróblewska
- Department of Catalytic and Sorbent Materials Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Piastów Ave. 42, 71-065 Szczecin, Poland
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Liu H, Sun Y, Yu Y, Zhang M, Li L, Ma L. Effect of Nano-SiO2 Modification on Mechanical and Insulation Properties of Basalt Fiber Reinforced Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14163353. [PMID: 36015610 PMCID: PMC9414296 DOI: 10.3390/polym14163353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Basalt fiber (BF) has high mechanical strength, good insulation performance and low cost. It is suitable to be used as reinforcement material in the manufacture of electrical equipment. However, the large surface inertia of basalt fiber makes it difficult to combine with the matrix material, which seriously limits its service life and application scenarios. In addition, the serious vacancy in the research of insulation properties also limits its production and application in the electrical field. Therefore, in order to solve the problem of difficult bonding between basalt fiber and resin matrix and make up for the research blank of basalt fiber composites in insulation performance, this paper provides a basalt fiber modification method—SiO2 coating, and tests the insulation and mechanical properties of the modified composite. We used nano-SiO2 coating solution to modify basalt fiber, and manufactured BF/resin composite (BFRP) by hand lay-up and hot-pressing technology, and experimentally analyzed the influence of nano-SiO2 content on the mechanical and insulation properties of the modified composite. Fourier transform infrared spectrum and scanning electron microscope analysis showed that nano-SiO2 was successfully coated on basalt fibers. Through the microdroplet debonding test, it was found that the IFSS of fiber/resin was improved by 35.15%, 72.97 and 18.9%, respectively, after the modification of the coating solution with SiO2 concentration of 0.5%, 1% and 1.5%, showing better interface properties; the single fiber tensile test found that the tensile strength of the modified fiber increased slightly. Among all composites, 1 wt% SiO2 coating modified composites showed the best comprehensive properties. The surface flashover voltage and breakdown field strength reached 13.12 kV and 33 kV/mm, respectively, which were 34.6% and 83% higher than unmodified composite. The dielectric loss is reduced to 1.43%, which is 33.8% lower than the dielectric loss (2.16%) of the untreated composite, showing better insulation ability; the tensile strength, bending strength and interlaminar shear strength were increased to 618.22 MPa, 834.74 MPa and 16.29 MPa, respectively, which were increased by 53%, 42.4% and 59.7%, compared with untreated composites. DMA and glass transition temperature showed that the modified composite had better heat resistance. TGA experiments showed that the resin content of the modified composite increased, and the internal structure of the composite became denser.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hechen Liu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Green and Efficient New Electrical Materials and Equipment, North China Electric Power University, Yonghua North Street No. 619, Baoding 071003, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-15188935108
| | - Yu Sun
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Green and Efficient New Electrical Materials and Equipment, North China Electric Power University, Yonghua North Street No. 619, Baoding 071003, China
| | - Yunfei Yu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Green and Efficient New Electrical Materials and Equipment, North China Electric Power University, Yonghua North Street No. 619, Baoding 071003, China
| | - Mingjia Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Green and Efficient New Electrical Materials and Equipment, North China Electric Power University, Yonghua North Street No. 619, Baoding 071003, China
| | - Le Li
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Green and Efficient New Electrical Materials and Equipment, North China Electric Power University, Yonghua North Street No. 619, Baoding 071003, China
| | - Long Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Beinong Road No. 2, Beijing 102206, China
- Key Laboratory of Physical and Chemical Analysis for Electric Power of Hainan Province, Hairui Road No. 23, Haikou 570100, China
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Kristiawan RB, Rusdyanto B, Imaduddin F, Ariawan D. Glass Powder Additive on Recycled Polypropylene Filaments: A Sustainable Material in 3D Printing. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 14:polym14010005. [PMID: 35012028 PMCID: PMC8747284 DOI: 10.3390/polym14010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to characterize the effect of a glass powder additive on recycled polypropylene (rPP) materials from food packaging to be used as filaments in material extrusion (MEX) 3D printing applications. The composite filaments studied were rPP filaments with glass powder (GP) additive in the 2.5%, 5%, and 10% fractions. As a baseline, the filaments made of pure virgin PP and rPP without additive were used. The filament that has been successfully made is then printed into a tensile test specimen and an impact test to observe its mechanical properties. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) characterization was also carried out to determine the effect of chemical bonding and thermal characterization using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results of FTIR characterization on the sample rPP + 10% do not show a typical peak shift of PP, but give rise to new peaks at wavenumbers of 1000 cm−1 (Si-O-Na), 890 cm−1 (Si-H) and 849 cm−1 (O-Si-O), which indicate the typical peaks of the glass constituent compounds. In the thermal characteristics, the addition of GP shows the improved stability of mass changes to heat and increases the melting temperature of rPP. The ultimate tensile strength and Young’s modulus for rPP-based specimens with 10% GP additive showed an increase of 38% and 42% compared to PP specimens. In addition to the improved mechanical strength, the addition of GP also reduces the bending deformation, which can be well controlled, and reduces curvature, which is a problem in semicrystalline polymer-based filaments.
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Ogbonna VE, Popoola API, Popoola OM, Adeosun SO. A review on corrosion, mechanical, and electrical properties of glass fiber-reinforced epoxy composites for high-voltage insulator core rod applications: challenges and recommendations. Polym Bull (Berl) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-021-03846-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Rahman R, Syed Putra SZF, Abd Rahim SZ, Nainggolan I, Jeż B, Nabiałek M, Musa L, Sandu AV, Vizureanu P, Al Bakri Abdullah MM, Kwiatkowski D, Wnuk I. The Influence of MMA Esterification on Interfacial Adhesion and Mechanical Properties of Hybrid Kenaf Bast/Glass Fiber Reinforced Unsaturated Polyester Composites. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:2276. [PMID: 33924838 PMCID: PMC8124659 DOI: 10.3390/ma14092276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The demand for natural fiber hybrid composites for various applications has increased, which is leading to more research being conducted on natural fiber hybrid composites due to their promising mechanical properties. However, the incompatibility of natural fiber with polymer matrix limits the performance of the natural fiber hybrid composite. In this research work, the mechanical properties and fiber-to-matrix interfacial adhesion were investigated. The efficiency of methyl methacrylate (MMA)-esterification treatments on composites' final product performance was determined. The composite was prepared using the hand lay-up method with varying kenaf bast fiber (KBF) contents of 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 (weight%) and hybridized with glass fiber (GF) at 5 and 10 (weight%). Unsaturated polyester (UPE) resin and methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (MEKP) were used as binders and catalysts, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to examine the effects of MMA-esterification treatment on tensile strength and morphology (tensile fracture and characterization of MMA-esterification treatment) of the composite fabricated. The tensile strength of MMA-treated reinforced UPE and hybrid composites are higher than that of untreated composites. As for MMA treatment, 90 min of treatment showed the highest weight percent gain (WPG) and tensile strength of KBF-reinforced UPE composites. It can be concluded that the esterification of MMA on the KBF can lead to better mechanical properties and adhesion between the KFB and the UPE matrix. This research provides a clear reference for developing hybrid natural fibers, thus contributing to the current field of knowledge related to GF composites, specifically in transportation diligences due to their properties of being lightweight, superior, and involving low production cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rozyanty Rahman
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Perlis 01000, Malaysia; (S.Z.F.S.P.); (S.Z.A.R.); (L.M.); (M.M.A.B.A.)
- Center of Excellence Geopolymer and Green Technology (CEGeoGTech), Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Perlis 01000, Malaysia; (A.V.S.); (P.V.)
| | - Syed Zhafer Firdaus Syed Putra
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Perlis 01000, Malaysia; (S.Z.F.S.P.); (S.Z.A.R.); (L.M.); (M.M.A.B.A.)
- Center of Excellence Geopolymer and Green Technology (CEGeoGTech), Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Perlis 01000, Malaysia; (A.V.S.); (P.V.)
| | - Shayfull Zamree Abd Rahim
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Perlis 01000, Malaysia; (S.Z.F.S.P.); (S.Z.A.R.); (L.M.); (M.M.A.B.A.)
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Perlis 01000, Malaysia
| | - Irwana Nainggolan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematic and Natural Sciences, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan 20155, Indonesia;
| | - Bartłomiej Jeż
- Department of Physics, Częstochowa University of Technology, 42-200 Częstochowa, Poland; (B.J.); (M.N.); (I.W.)
| | - Marcin Nabiałek
- Department of Physics, Częstochowa University of Technology, 42-200 Częstochowa, Poland; (B.J.); (M.N.); (I.W.)
| | - Luqman Musa
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Perlis 01000, Malaysia; (S.Z.F.S.P.); (S.Z.A.R.); (L.M.); (M.M.A.B.A.)
- Center of Excellence Geopolymer and Green Technology (CEGeoGTech), Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Perlis 01000, Malaysia; (A.V.S.); (P.V.)
| | - Andrei Victor Sandu
- Center of Excellence Geopolymer and Green Technology (CEGeoGTech), Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Perlis 01000, Malaysia; (A.V.S.); (P.V.)
- Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, 41 D. Mangeron St., 700050 Iasi, Romania
- National Institute for Research and Development for Environmental Protection INCDPM, 294 SplaiulInde-Pendentei, 060031 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Petrica Vizureanu
- Center of Excellence Geopolymer and Green Technology (CEGeoGTech), Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Perlis 01000, Malaysia; (A.V.S.); (P.V.)
- Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, 41 D. Mangeron St., 700050 Iasi, Romania
| | - Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Perlis 01000, Malaysia; (S.Z.F.S.P.); (S.Z.A.R.); (L.M.); (M.M.A.B.A.)
- Center of Excellence Geopolymer and Green Technology (CEGeoGTech), Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Perlis 01000, Malaysia; (A.V.S.); (P.V.)
| | - Dariusz Kwiatkowski
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Computer Science, Częstochowa University of Technology, 42-200 Częstochowa, Poland;
| | - Izabela Wnuk
- Department of Physics, Częstochowa University of Technology, 42-200 Częstochowa, Poland; (B.J.); (M.N.); (I.W.)
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Fabrication of Core-Shell Chopped C f-Phenolic Resin Composite Powder for Laser Additive Manufacturing of C f/SiC Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13030463. [PMID: 33535431 PMCID: PMC7867081 DOI: 10.3390/polym13030463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Laser additive manufacturing is a promising technique for the preparation of complex-shaped SiC composites. High-quality powders are critical for high-precision laser printing. In this work, core-shell Cf @phenolic resin (PR) composites for selective laser sintering of carbon fiber reinforced silicon carbide (Cf/SiC) composites were fabricated by surface modification using 3-aminopropyltriethoxy silane coupling agent (KH550) in combination with planetary ball milling. PR coated uniformly on the fiber surface to form a core-shell structure. The effects of PR on the morphology, elemental composition, interfacial interactions, and laser absorption of the core-shell composite powder were investigated in detail. Results indicated that the composite powder exhibited good laser absorption within the infrared band.
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Farr NTH, Hamad SF, Gray E, Magazzeni CM, Longman F, Armstrong DEJ, Foreman JP, Claeyssens F, Green NH, Rodenburg C. Identifying and mapping chemical bonding within phenolic resin using secondary electron hyperspectral imaging. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py01220c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
“Secondary electron hyperspectral imaging (SEHI) is an innovative SEM-based analysis tool allowing spatially-resolved chemical analysis beyond elemental composition”.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas T. H. Farr
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Sir Robert Hadfield Building
- Mappin Street
- University of Sheffield
- UK
| | - Sameer F. Hamad
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Sir Robert Hadfield Building
- Mappin Street
- University of Sheffield
- UK
| | - Euan Gray
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Sir Robert Hadfield Building
- Mappin Street
- University of Sheffield
- UK
| | | | - Fodio Longman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Sir Robert Hadfield Building
- Mappin Street
- University of Sheffield
- UK
| | | | - Joel P. Foreman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Sir Robert Hadfield Building
- Mappin Street
- University of Sheffield
- UK
| | - Frederik Claeyssens
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Sir Robert Hadfield Building
- Mappin Street
- University of Sheffield
- UK
| | - Nicola H. Green
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Sir Robert Hadfield Building
- Mappin Street
- University of Sheffield
- UK
| | - Cornelia Rodenburg
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Sir Robert Hadfield Building
- Mappin Street
- University of Sheffield
- UK
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Reliability-Based Evaluation of the Suitability of Polymers for Additive Manufacturing Intended for Extreme Operating Conditions. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12102327. [PMID: 33053688 PMCID: PMC7600626 DOI: 10.3390/polym12102327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A reliability engineering program must be implemented from the conceptual phase of the physical asset to define the performance requirements of the components and equipment. Thus, in this work, the aim is to find the most optimal solution to manufacture polymer-based parts for the nuclear power industry using additive manufacturing routes. This case study application has been selected because polymers processed by additive manufacturing (AM) can be well suited for nuclear applications. The methodology includes-firstly-an analysis of the suitability of materials based on high-temperature resistance, thermal aging and irradiation tolerance, considering operation conditions. Secondly, an analysis of materials' processability considering their associated AM routes is performed based on thermal analysis and evaluation of physical properties of materials. A final assessment integrating the in-service suitability and AM processability is performed using a reliability approach, solving different emerging objective conflicts through defined constraints and selection criteria. According to the integrated in-service performance evaluation: Polypropylene-ethylene polyallomer (PPP), Epoxy (EP), Phenolics (Ph), Polyurethane (PU) and Acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) are the best options for mild operation conditions and EP, Ph and PU, considering high temperature along with radiation exposure. Considering AM techniques: EP and Ph can be manufactured using VAT photopolymerization-stereolithography (VP-SLA) with a good expected processability being these materials valid for high temperature environments. Consequently, this research work analyzes the viability, processability and in-service behavior of parts.
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Phenol-Furfural Resin/Montmorillonite Based High-Pressure Green Composite from Renewable Feedstock ( Saccharum munja) with Improved Thermo-Mechanical Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12071562. [PMID: 32674509 PMCID: PMC7407951 DOI: 10.3390/polym12071562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This research endeavour aimed to explore the potential of a native, nonedible and low market value plant feedstock, i.e., Saccharum munja for green synthesis of woodware materials and improve its features by incorporating an economical blending material. A significant amount of furfural, i.e., 58%, was extracted from Saccharum munja through the modified acid digestion method. Extracted furfural was reacted with phenol to prepare phenol-furfural resin, an alternative to phenol-formaldehyde resin but with no harmful effects for humans. The synthesized resin was also blended with montmorillonite clay after modification via Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO) treatment for improved thermo-mechanical properties. These resins and composites were characterized by XRD, SEM, and FTIR spectroscopy. Resultant resins and composites were further employed as a binding agent to make high-pressure composite from leftover plant residue by hot-press method. The resultant product was subjected to TGA analysis and furnished high value of degradation temperature (Tdeg), i.e., 607 °C. Prepared high-pressure composite samples were mechanically tested through compression tests by Tinius Olsen Testing Machine and hardness tests by Rockwell Hardness Tester. Its tensile strength value was 58.3 MPa while hardness value was found to be 64 RHB which was greater than mild copper with hardness value 48.9 RHB. Thus, green high-pressure composite material was successfully developed by employing Saccharum munja and montmorillonite clay while no toxic resin was used, nor was any residue left over.
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Preparation of Polypropylene Powder by Dissolution-Precipitation Method for Selective Laser Sintering. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1155/2019/5803895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Polypropylene (PP) powder with spherical morphology and suitable particle size for selective laser sintering (SLS) was successfully produced by dissolution-precipitation method. The influence of preparation condition on properties of PP powder was investigated. The experimental results show that the optimal preparation conditions are as follows: dissolution temperature being about 166°C, pressure being about 0.7MPa, and the solid-to-solvent ratio being about 0.067g/ml. The prepared PP powder displayed a narrow size distribution with the mean size of about 42.7μm and the apparent density of powder about 0.40 g/cm3. The specimens produced by laser sintering of the PP powder showed smooth appearance and good dimensional accuracy. The tensile strength and impact strength of the sintered parts were 27.9MPa and 6.3KJ/m2, respectively, which are basically equal to the properties of the injection molded parts.
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Feng L, Wang Y, Wei Q. PA12 Powder Recycled from SLS for FDM. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11040727. [PMID: 31013575 PMCID: PMC6523659 DOI: 10.3390/polym11040727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, Polyamide 12 (PA12) powder recycled after selective laser sintering (SLS) was made into filaments for fused deposition modelling (FDM). Compared with fresh PA12, the melt flow rate (MFR) of the recycled PA12 powder decreased by 77%, but the mechanical properties were only slightly reduced. In FDM, the printing speed and building orientation were changed, and the performance of the printed parts was tested. If the printing speed is too fast or too slow, the mechanical properties of the parts will be affected, and there is an optimal speed range. The tensile strength, flexural modulus, and impact strength of a printed test sample made from recycled powder reached 95%, 85%, and 87% of an x-direction test sample made from fresh PA12, respectively. For test samples printed from different orientations, the mechanical properties of the test samples printed in the x-direction were the best, while the crystallization performance was the opposite. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images show that the printed test sample had good compactness and mechanical properties, and the delamination phenomenon was basically not observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Feng
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China.
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China.
| | - Qinya Wei
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China.
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