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Li J, Zhao H, Liu H, Sun J, Wu J, Liu Q, Zheng Y, Zheng P. Recent advances in metal-family flame retardants: a review. RSC Adv 2023; 13:22639-22662. [PMID: 37502822 PMCID: PMC10369043 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra03536k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of polymer materials is inextricably linked to our manufacturing life. However, most of them are easily combusted in the air and the combustion process generates a large amount of toxic fumes and dangerous smoke. This can result in injuries and property damage, as well as limiting their use. It is essential to enhance the flame-retardant properties and smoke suppression performance by using multiple flame retardants. Metal-based flame retardants have a unique chemical composition. They are environmentally friendly flame retardants, which can impart good smoke suppression, flame retardancy to polymers and further reduce the production of toxic gases. The differences in the compounds formed between the transition metals and the main group metals make them act differently as flame retardants for polymers. As a result, this study presents the research progress and flame-retardant mechanism of flame-retardant polymers for flame retardants from different groups of metals in the periodic table of elements in a systematic manner. In view of the differences between the main group metals and transition metals, the mechanism of their application in flame retardant polymer materials is carefully detailed, as are their distinct advantages and disadvantages. And ultimately, prospects for the development of transition metals and main group metals are outlined. It is hoped that this paper will provide valuable references and insights for scholars in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwei Li
- College of Civil Aviation Safety Engineering, Civil Aviation Flight University of China Guanghan 618307 P. R. China
- Civil Aircraft Fire Science and Safety Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Guanghan 618307 P. R. China
| | - Haihan Zhao
- College of Civil Aviation Safety Engineering, Civil Aviation Flight University of China Guanghan 618307 P. R. China
- Civil Aircraft Fire Science and Safety Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Guanghan 618307 P. R. China
| | - Huaiyin Liu
- College of Civil Aviation Safety Engineering, Civil Aviation Flight University of China Guanghan 618307 P. R. China
- Civil Aircraft Fire Science and Safety Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Guanghan 618307 P. R. China
| | - Jichang Sun
- College of Civil Aviation Safety Engineering, Civil Aviation Flight University of China Guanghan 618307 P. R. China
- Civil Aircraft Fire Science and Safety Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Guanghan 618307 P. R. China
| | - Jing Wu
- College of Civil Aviation Safety Engineering, Civil Aviation Flight University of China Guanghan 618307 P. R. China
- Civil Aircraft Fire Science and Safety Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Guanghan 618307 P. R. China
| | - Quanyi Liu
- College of Civil Aviation Safety Engineering, Civil Aviation Flight University of China Guanghan 618307 P. R. China
- Civil Aircraft Fire Science and Safety Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Guanghan 618307 P. R. China
| | - Yun Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Jianghan University Wuhan 430056 P. R. China
| | - Penglun Zheng
- College of Civil Aviation Safety Engineering, Civil Aviation Flight University of China Guanghan 618307 P. R. China
- Civil Aircraft Fire Science and Safety Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Guanghan 618307 P. R. China
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Synergistic Flame Retardant Effect between Ionic Liquid Functionalized Imogolite Nanotubes and Ammonium Polyphosphate in Epoxy Resin. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15061455. [PMID: 36987235 PMCID: PMC10058830 DOI: 10.3390/polym15061455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Ionic liquid functionalized imogolite nanotubes (INTs-PF6-ILs) were introduced into the epoxy resin (EP)/ammonium polyphosphate (APP) system to investigate the flame retardant performance and thermal properties using the limiting oxygen index (LOI) test, the UL-94 test, and the cone calorimeter test (CCT). The results suggested that a synergistic effect exists between INTs-PF6-ILs and APP on the char formation and anti-dripping behavior of EP composites. For the EP/APP, an UL-94 V-1 rating was obtained for the loading of 4 wt% APP. However, the composites containing 3.7 wt% APP and 0.3 wt% INTs-PF6-ILs could pass the UL-94 V-0 rating without dripping behavior. In addition, compared with the EP/APP composite, the fire performance index (FPI) value and fire spread index (FSI) value of EP/APP/INTs-PF6-ILs composites were remarkably reduced by 11.4% and 21.1%, respectively. Moreover, the char formed by EP/APP composites was intumescent, but of poor quality. In contrast, the char for EP/APP/INTs-PF6-ILs was strong and compact. Therefore, it can resist the erosion due to heat and gas formation and protect the inside of the matrix. This was the main reason for the good flame retardant property of EP/APP/INTs-PF6-ILs composites.
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Pan WH, Yang WJ, Wei CX, Hao LY, Lu HD, Yang W. Recent Advances in Zinc Hydroxystannate-Based Flame Retardant Polymer Blends. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14112175. [PMID: 35683847 PMCID: PMC9183061 DOI: 10.3390/polym14112175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
During the combustion of polymeric materials, plenty of heat, smoke, and toxic gases are produced that may cause serious harm to human health. Although the flame retardants such as halogen- and phosphorus-containing compounds can inhibit combustion, they cannot effectively reduce the release of toxic fumes. Zinc hydroxystannate (ZHS, ZnSn(OH)6) is an environmentally friendly flame retardant that has attracted extensive interest because of its high efficiency, safety, and smoke suppression properties. However, using ZHS itself may not contribute to the optimal flame retardant effect, which is commonly combined with other flame retardants to achieve more significant efficiency. Few articles systematically review the recent development of ZHS in the fire safety field. This review aims to deliver an insight towards further direction and advancement of ZHS in flame retardant and smoke suppression for multiple polymer blends. In addition, the fire retarded and smoke suppression mechanism of ZHS will be demonstrated and discussed in depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hao Pan
- School of Energy, Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University, Hefei 230601, China; (W.-H.P.); (C.-X.W.); (H.-D.L.)
| | - Wen-Jie Yang
- Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 88 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Chun-Xiang Wei
- School of Energy, Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University, Hefei 230601, China; (W.-H.P.); (C.-X.W.); (H.-D.L.)
| | - Ling-Yun Hao
- School of Materials Engineering, Jinling Institute of Technology, Nanjing 211169, China;
| | - Hong-Dian Lu
- School of Energy, Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University, Hefei 230601, China; (W.-H.P.); (C.-X.W.); (H.-D.L.)
| | - Wei Yang
- School of Energy, Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University, Hefei 230601, China; (W.-H.P.); (C.-X.W.); (H.-D.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-551-62158349
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Han Y, Jin L, Xu T, Zhao H, Wang X, Yuan L, Chen L. A novel phosphorus compound acting as a substitute of
DOPO
for flame retard of epoxy resin. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yichen Han
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Liang Jin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Tingting Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Hui Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Xinlong Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Lailai Yuan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Lixin Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an Shaanxi China
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Xu Q, Zhang S, Su Z, Li D, Liang S, Li B, Lian T, Qin X, Jiang M, Liu P. A novel 9,10‐dihydro‐9‐oxa‐10‐phosphaphenanthrene‐10‐oxide‐based reactive flame retardant for epoxy resin: Synthesis, properties, and comparison. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qibin Xu
- College of Polymer Science & Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Shengchang Zhang
- College of Polymer Science & Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Zexi Su
- College of Polymer Science & Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Dazhe Li
- College of Polymer Science & Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Shuheng Liang
- College of Polymer Science & Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Bo Li
- College of Polymer Science & Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Tingting Lian
- College of Polymer Science & Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Xiangpu Qin
- College of Polymer Science & Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Mengjin Jiang
- College of Polymer Science & Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Pengqing Liu
- College of Polymer Science & Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
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Wang P, Chen L, Xiao H, Zhan T. Nitrogen/sulfur-containing DOPO based oligomer for highly efficient flame-retardant epoxy resin. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.109023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Movahedifar E, Vahabi H, Saeb MR, Thomas S. Flame Retardant Epoxy Composites on the Road of Innovation: An Analysis with Flame Retardancy Index for Future Development. Molecules 2019; 24:E3964. [PMID: 31683861 PMCID: PMC6866146 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24213964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, epoxy composites are elements of engineering materials and systems. Although they are known as versatile materials, epoxy resins suffer from high flammability. In this sense, flame retardancy analysis has been recognized as an undeniable requirement for developing future generations of epoxy-based systems. A considerable proportion of the literature on epoxy composites has been devoted to the use of phosphorus-based additives. Nevertheless, innovative flame retardants have coincidentally been under investigation to meet market requirements. This review paper attempts to give an overview of the research on flame retardant epoxy composites by classification of literature in terms of phosphorus (P), non-phosphorus (NP), and combinations of P/NP additives. A comprehensive set of data on cone calorimetry measurements applied on P-, NP-, and P/NP-incorporated epoxy systems was collected and treated. The performance of epoxy composites was qualitatively discussed as Poor, Good, and Excellent cases identified and distinguished by the use of the universal Flame Retardancy Index (FRI). Moreover, evaluations were rechecked by considering the UL-94 test data in four groups as V0, V1, V2, and nonrated (NR). The dimensionless FRI allowed for comparison between flame retardancy performances of epoxy composites. The results of this survey can pave the way for future innovations in developing flame-retardant additives for epoxy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Movahedifar
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology-Mahshahr Campus, Mahshahr 424, Iran.
| | - Henri Vahabi
- Université de Lorraine, CentraleSupélec, LMOPS, F-57000 Metz, France.
- Laboratoire Matériaux Optiques, Photoniques et Systèmes, CentraleSupélec, Université Paris-Saclay, 57070 Metz, France.
| | - Mohammad Reza Saeb
- Departments of Resin and Additives, Institute for Color Science and Technology, Tehran P.O. Box 16765-654, Iran.
| | - Sabu Thomas
- School of Chemical Sciences, MG University, Kottayam, Kerala 686560, India.
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Liu L, Wang W, Shi Y, Fu L, Xu L, Yu B. Erratum: Electrostatic-Interaction-Driven Assembly of Binary Hybrids towards Fire-Safe Epoxy Resin Nanocomposites. Polymers 2019, 11, 229. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11040724. [PMID: 31010262 PMCID: PMC6524045 DOI: 10.3390/polym11040724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 01/01/1970] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- College of Environment and Resources, Fuzhou University, 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou 350116, China.
- Hefei Institute for Public Safety Research, Tsinghua University, 5999 Xiyou Road, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei 230026, China.
- Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong.
| | - Yongqian Shi
- College of Environment and Resources, Fuzhou University, 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou 350116, China.
| | - Libi Fu
- College of Civil Engineering, Fuzhou University, 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou 350116, China.
| | - Lulu Xu
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
| | - Bin Yu
- Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong.
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