1
|
Maksudov F, Kliuchnikov E, Marx KA, Purohit PK, Barsegov V. Mechanical fatigue testing in silico: Dynamic evolution of material properties of nanoscale biological particles. Acta Biomater 2023; 166:326-345. [PMID: 37142109 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Biological particles have evolved to possess mechanical characteristics necessary to carry out their functions. We developed a computational approach to "fatigue testing in silico", in which constant-amplitude cyclic loading is applied to a particle to explore its mechanobiology. We used this approach to describe dynamic evolution of nanomaterial properties and low-cycle fatigue in the thin spherical encapsulin shell, thick spherical Cowpea Chlorotic Mottle Virus (CCMV) capsid, and thick cylindrical microtubule (MT) fragment over 20 cycles of deformation. Changing structures and force-deformation curves enabled us to describe their damage-dependent biomechanics (strength, deformability, stiffness), thermodynamics (released and dissipated energies, enthalpy, and entropy) and material properties (toughness). Thick CCMV and MT particles experience material fatigue due to slow recovery and damage accumulation over 3-5 loading cycles; thin encapsulin shells show little fatigue due to rapid remodeling and limited damage. The results obtained challenge the existing paradigm: damage in biological particles is partially reversible owing to particle's partial recovery; fatigue crack may or may not grow with each loading cycle and may heal; and particles adapt to deformation amplitude and frequency to minimize the energy dissipated. Using crack size to quantitate damage is problematic as several cracks might form simultaneously in a particle. Dynamic evolution of strength, deformability, and stiffness, can be predicted by analyzing the cycle number (N) dependent damage, [Formula: see text] , where α is a power law and Nf is fatigue life. Fatigue testing in silico can now be used to explore damage-induced changes in the material properties of other biological particles. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Biological particles possess mechanical characteristics necessary to perform their functions. We developed "fatigue testing in silico" approach, which employes Langevin Dynamics simulations of constant-amplitude cyclic loading of nanoscale biological particles, to explore dynamic evolution of the mechanical, energetic, and material properties of the thin and thick spherical particles of encapsulin and Cowpea Chlorotic Mottle Virus, and the microtubule filament fragment. Our study of damage growth and fatigue development challenge the existing paradigm. Damage in biological particles is partially reversible as fatigue crack might heal with each loading cycle. Particles adapt to deformation amplitude and frequency to minimize energy dissipation. The evolution of strength, deformability, and stiffness, can be accurately predicted by analyzing the damage growth in particle structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farkhad Maksudov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA 01854, United States
| | - Evgenii Kliuchnikov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA 01854, United States
| | - Kenneth A Marx
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA 01854, United States
| | - Prashant K Purohit
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, PA, United States
| | - Valeri Barsegov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA 01854, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang S, Luo Z, Liang J, Hu J, Jiang N, He J, Li Q. Polymer Nanocomposite Dielectrics: Understanding the Matrix/Particle Interface. ACS NANO 2022; 16:13612-13656. [PMID: 36107156 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c07404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Polymer nanocomposite dielectrics possess exceptional electric properties that are absent in the pristine dielectric polymers. The matrix/particle interface in polymer nanocomposite dielectrics is suggested to play decisive roles on the bulk material performance. Herein, we present a critical overview of recent research advances and important insights in understanding the matrix/particle interfacial characteristics in polymer nanocomposite dielectrics. The primary experimental strategies and state-of-the-art characterization techniques for resolving the local property-structure correlation of the matrix/particle interface are dissected in depth, with a focus on the characterization capabilities of each strategy or technique that other approaches cannot compete with. Limitations to each of the experimental strategy are evaluated as well. In the last section of this Review, we summarize and compare the three experimental strategies from multiple aspects and point out their advantages and disadvantages, critical issues, and possible experimental schemes to be established. Finally, the authors' personal viewpoints regarding the challenges of the existing experimental strategies are presented, and potential directions for the interface study are proposed for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaojie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Power Systems, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhen Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Power Systems, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiajie Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Power Systems, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Power Systems, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Naisheng Jiang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jinliang He
- State Key Laboratory of Power Systems, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Power Systems, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zou T, Nonappa N, Khavani M, Vuorte M, Penttilä P, Zitting A, Valle-Delgado JJ, Elert AM, Silbernagl D, Balakshin M, Sammalkorpi M, Österberg M. Experimental and Simulation Study of the Solvent Effects on the Intrinsic Properties of Spherical Lignin Nanoparticles. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:12315-12328. [PMID: 34723534 PMCID: PMC8591612 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c05319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Spherical lignin
nanoparticles (LNPs) fabricated via nanoprecipitation
of dissolved lignin are among the most attractive
biomass-derived nanomaterials. Despite various studies exploring the
methods to improve the uniformity of LNPs or seeking more application
opportunities for LNPs, little attention has been given to the fundamental
aspects of the solvent effects on the intrinsic properties of LNPs.
In this study, we employed a variety of experimental techniques and
molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to investigate the solvent effects
on the intrinsic properties of LNPs. The LNPs were prepared from softwood
Kraft lignin (SKL) using the binary solvents of aqueous acetone or
aqueous tetrahydrofuran (THF) via nanoprecipitation.
The internal morphology, porosity, and mechanical properties of the
LNPs were analyzed with electron tomography (ET), small-angle X-ray
scattering (SAXS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and intermodulation
AFM (ImAFM). We found that aqueous acetone resulted in smaller LNPs
with higher uniformity compared to aqueous THF, mainly ascribing to
stronger solvent–lignin interactions as suggested by MD simulation
results and confirmed with aqueous 1,4-dioxane (DXN) and aqueous dimethyl
sulfoxide (DMSO). More importantly, we report that both LNPs were
compact particles with relatively homogeneous density distribution
and very low porosity in the internal structure. The stiffness of
the particles was independent of the size, and the Young’s
modulus was in the range of 0.3–4 GPa. Overall, the fundamental
understandings of LNPs gained in this study are essential for the
design of LNPs with optimal performance in applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zou
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Vuorimiehentie 1, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Nonappa Nonappa
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Korkeakoulunkatu 6, 33720 Tampere, Finland
| | - Mohammad Khavani
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Kemistintie 1, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Maisa Vuorte
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Kemistintie 1, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Paavo Penttilä
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Vuorimiehentie 1, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Aleksi Zitting
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Vuorimiehentie 1, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Juan José Valle-Delgado
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Vuorimiehentie 1, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Anna Maria Elert
- Division 6.6, Physical and Chemical Analysis of Polymers, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und - prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, D-12205 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dorothee Silbernagl
- Division 6.6, Physical and Chemical Analysis of Polymers, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und - prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, D-12205 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mikhail Balakshin
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Vuorimiehentie 1, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Maria Sammalkorpi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Vuorimiehentie 1, 02150 Espoo, Finland.,Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Kemistintie 1, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Monika Österberg
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Vuorimiehentie 1, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yuan Z, Al Hassan M, Wang Z, Wang J, Wang J, Derradji M, Liu W. Curing behavior, mechanical and thermal properties of
epoxy‐CeO
2
nanocomposites. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi‐gang Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Material and Surface Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Harbin Engineering University Harbin China
| | - Mohamadou Al Hassan
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Material and Surface Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Harbin Engineering University Harbin China
| | - Zhi‐cheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Material and Surface Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Harbin Engineering University Harbin China
| | - Jun‐yi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Material and Surface Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Harbin Engineering University Harbin China
| | - Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Material and Surface Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Harbin Engineering University Harbin China
| | - Mehdi Derradji
- UER Procédés énergétiques Ecole Militaire Polytechnique Algiers Algeria
| | - Wen‐bin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Material and Surface Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Harbin Engineering University Harbin China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cano Murillo N, Ghasem Zadeh Khorasani M, Silbernagl D, Emamverdi F, Cacua K, Hodoroaba VD, Sturm H. Carrier Fibers for the Safe Dosage of Nanoparticles in Nanocomposites: Nanomechanical and Thermomechanical Study on Polycarbonate/Boehmite Electrospun Fibers Embedded in Epoxy Resin. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11061591. [PMID: 34204405 PMCID: PMC8234054 DOI: 10.3390/nano11061591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The reinforcing effect of boehmite nanoparticles (BNP) in epoxy resins for fiber composite lightweight construction is related to the formation of a soft but bound interphase between filler and polymer. The interphase is able to dissipate crack propagation energy and consequently increases the fracture toughness of the epoxy resin. Usually, the nanoparticles are dispersed in the resin and then mixed with the hardener to form an applicable mixture to impregnate the fibers. If one wishes to locally increase the fracture toughness at particularly stressed positions of the fiber-reinforced polymer composites (FRPC), this could be done by spraying nanoparticles from a suspension. However, this would entail high costs for removing the nanoparticles from the ambient air. We propose that a fiber fleece containing bound nanoparticles be inserted at exposed locations. For the present proof-of-concept study, an electrospun polycarbonate nonwoven and taurine modified BNP are proposed. After fabrication of suitable PC/EP/BNP composites, the thermomechanical properties were tested by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). Comparatively, the local nanomechanical properties such as stiffness and elastic modulus were determined by atomic force microscopy (AFM). An additional investigation of the distribution of the nanoparticles in the epoxy matrix, which is a prerequisite for an effective nanocomposite, is carried out by scanning electron microscopy in transmission mode (TSEM). From the results it can be concluded that the concept of carrier fibers for nanoparticles is viable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Cano Murillo
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany; (M.G.Z.K.); (D.S.); (F.E.); (V.-D.H.); (H.S.)
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Transport Systems, Technical University of Berlin, 10587 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Media Ghasem Zadeh Khorasani
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany; (M.G.Z.K.); (D.S.); (F.E.); (V.-D.H.); (H.S.)
| | - Dorothee Silbernagl
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany; (M.G.Z.K.); (D.S.); (F.E.); (V.-D.H.); (H.S.)
| | - Farnaz Emamverdi
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany; (M.G.Z.K.); (D.S.); (F.E.); (V.-D.H.); (H.S.)
| | - Karen Cacua
- Faculty of Engineering, Instituto Tecnológico Metropolitano (ITM), Cra. 54A #30-01, Medellín 050013, Colombia;
| | - Vasile-Dan Hodoroaba
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany; (M.G.Z.K.); (D.S.); (F.E.); (V.-D.H.); (H.S.)
| | - Heinz Sturm
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany; (M.G.Z.K.); (D.S.); (F.E.); (V.-D.H.); (H.S.)
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Transport Systems, Technical University of Berlin, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Waniek T, Braun U, Silbernagl D, Sturm H. The impact of water released from boehmite nanoparticles during curing in epoxy‐based nanocomposites. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tassilo Waniek
- Department 6 Materials Chemistry, Division 6.6 Physical and Chemical Analysis of Polymers Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und ‐prüfung (BAM) Berlin Germany
- Faculty V of Mechanical Engineering and Transport Systems, Institute of Machine Tools and Factory Management (IWF), Tribology Technical University of Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Ulrike Braun
- Department 6 Materials Chemistry, Division 6.6 Physical and Chemical Analysis of Polymers Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und ‐prüfung (BAM) Berlin Germany
| | - Dorothee Silbernagl
- Department 6 Materials Chemistry, Division 6.6 Physical and Chemical Analysis of Polymers Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und ‐prüfung (BAM) Berlin Germany
| | - Heinz Sturm
- Department 6 Materials Chemistry, Division 6.6 Physical and Chemical Analysis of Polymers Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und ‐prüfung (BAM) Berlin Germany
- Faculty V of Mechanical Engineering and Transport Systems, Institute of Machine Tools and Factory Management (IWF), Tribology Technical University of Berlin Berlin Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mousavi AA, Arash B, Rolfes R. Optimization assisted coarse-grained modeling of agglomerated nanoparticle reinforced thermosetting polymers. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
8
|
Silbernagl D, Ghasem Zadeh Khorasani M, Cano Murillo N, Elert AM, Sturm H. Bulk chemical composition contrast from attractive forces in AFM force spectroscopy. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 12:58-71. [PMID: 33564603 PMCID: PMC7849247 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.12.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A key application of atomic force microscopy (AFM) is the measurement of physical properties at sub-micrometer resolution. Methods such as force-distance curves (FDCs) or dynamic variants (such as intermodulation AFM (ImAFM)) are able to measure mechanical properties (such as the local stiffness, k r) of nanoscopic heterogeneous materials. For a complete structure-property correlation, these mechanical measurements are considered to lack the ability to identify the chemical structure of the materials. In this study, the measured attractive force, F attr, acting between the AFM tip and the sample is shown to be an independent measurement for the local chemical composition and hence a complete structure-property correlation can be obtained. A proof of concept is provided by two model samples comprised of (1) epoxy/polycarbonate and (2) epoxy/boehmite. The preparation of the model samples allowed for the assignment of material phases based on AFM topography. Additional chemical characterization on the nanoscale is performed by an AFM/infrared-spectroscopy hybrid method. Mechanical properties (k r) and attractive forces (F attr) are calculated and a structure-property correlation is obtained by a manual principle component analysis (mPCA) from a k r/F attr diagram. A third sample comprised of (3) epoxy/polycarbonate/boehmite is measured by ImAFM. The measurement of a 2 × 2 µm cross section yields 128 × 128 force curves which are successfully evaluated by a k r/F attr diagram and the nanoscopic heterogeneity of the sample is determined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorothee Silbernagl
- BAM Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung, Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Natalia Cano Murillo
- BAM Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung, Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna Maria Elert
- BAM Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung, Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany
| | - Heinz Sturm
- BAM Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung, Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany
- TU Berlin, IWF, Pascalstr. 8–9, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Cano Murillo N, Ghasem Zadeh Khorasani M, Silbernagl D, Hahn MB, Hodoroaba V, Sturm H. Nanomechanical study of polycarbonate/boehmite nanoparticles/epoxy ternary composite and their interphases. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Cano Murillo
- Division 6.6 Physical and Chemical Analysis of Polymers Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und–prüfung (BAM) Berlin Germany
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Transport Systems Technical University of Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Media Ghasem Zadeh Khorasani
- Division 6.6 Physical and Chemical Analysis of Polymers Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und–prüfung (BAM) Berlin Germany
| | - Dorothee Silbernagl
- Division 6.6 Physical and Chemical Analysis of Polymers Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und–prüfung (BAM) Berlin Germany
| | - Marc Benjamin Hahn
- Division 6.6 Physical and Chemical Analysis of Polymers Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und–prüfung (BAM) Berlin Germany
- School of Physics Universidad Nacional de Colombia sede Medellı́n Medellín Colombia
| | - Vasile‐Dan Hodoroaba
- Division 6.6 Physical and Chemical Analysis of Polymers Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und–prüfung (BAM) Berlin Germany
| | - Heinz Sturm
- Division 6.6 Physical and Chemical Analysis of Polymers Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und–prüfung (BAM) Berlin Germany
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Transport Systems Technical University of Berlin Berlin Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Unger R, Arash B, Exner W, Rolfes R. Effect of temperature on the viscoelastic damage behaviour of nanoparticle/epoxy nanocomposites: Constitutive modelling and experimental validation. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
11
|
Ji J, Zhao J, Ke Y. Synthesis and characterization of poly(AM-SSS-AMPS)/ O-MMT nanocomposite microspheres with tailored nanomechanical properties. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2019.124022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
12
|
Ghasem Zadeh Khorasani M, Elert AM, Hodoroaba VD, Agudo Jácome L, Altmann K, Silbernagl D, Sturm H. Short- and Long-Range Mechanical and Chemical Interphases Caused by Interaction of Boehmite (γ-AlOOH) with Anhydride-Cured Epoxy Resins. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 9:E853. [PMID: 31167417 PMCID: PMC6631262 DOI: 10.3390/nano9060853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the interaction between boehmite and epoxy and the formation of their interphases with different mechanical and chemical structures is crucial to predict and optimize the properties of epoxy-boehmite nanocomposites. Probing the interfacial properties with atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based methods, especially particle-matrix long-range interactions, is challenging. This is due to size limitations of various analytical methods in resolving nanoparticles and their interphases, the overlap of interphases, and the effect of buried particles that prevent the accurate interphase property measurement. Here, we develop a layered model system in which the epoxy is cured in contact with a thin layer of hydrothermally synthesized boehmite. Different microscopy methods are employed to evaluate the interfacial properties. With intermodulation atomic force microscopy (ImAFM) and amplitude dependence force spectroscopy (ADFS), which contain information about stiffness, electrostatic, and van der Waals forces, a soft interphase was detected between the epoxy and boehmite. Surface potential maps obtained by scanning Kelvin probe microscopy (SKPM) revealed another interphase about one order of magnitude larger than the mechanical interphase. The AFM-infrared spectroscopy (AFM-IR) technique reveals that the soft interphase consists of unreacted curing agent. The long-range electrical interphase is attributed to the chemical alteration of the bulk epoxy and the formation of new absorption bands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Media Ghasem Zadeh Khorasani
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), D-12205 Berlin, Germany.
- Department of Polymer Materials and Technology, Technical University Berlin, D-10587 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Anna-Maria Elert
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), D-12205 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Vasile-Dan Hodoroaba
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), D-12205 Berlin, Germany.
| | | | - Korinna Altmann
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), D-12205 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Dorothee Silbernagl
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), D-12205 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Heinz Sturm
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), D-12205 Berlin, Germany.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Transport Systems, Technical University Berlin, D-10587 Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ghasem Zadeh Khorasani M, Silbernagl D, Szymoniak P, Hodoroaba VD, Sturm H. The effect of boehmite nanoparticles (γ‐AlOOH) on nanomechanical and thermomechanical properties correlated to crosslinking density of epoxy. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.12.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|