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Chatterjee S, Ghosal K, Kumar M, Mahmood S, Thomas S. A detailed discussion on interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) based drug delivery system for the advancement of health care system. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.104095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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2
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Deng C, Liu H, Cui Y, Zhu X, Bai Y, Hu Z. Low-temperature preparation of novel fluoro-fluoro semi-interpenetrating polymer networks as a strong, tough and safe polymer binder for PBX. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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3
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Gort N, Schadt F, Liebisch M, Brauner C, Wille T. A Manufacturing Process Simulation of Toughened Cyanate-Ester-Based Composite Structures with Respect to Stress Relaxation. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:6675. [PMID: 36234014 PMCID: PMC9571540 DOI: 10.3390/ma15196675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to experimentally determine the effects of the stress relaxation of a cyanate-ester-based composite, derive and integrate constitutive equations into commercial FEM software, and apply this approach to understand the formation of residual stress in a typical aerospace structure-namely, a stiffened panel. In preliminary studies, a cyanate-ester-based composite with increased fracture toughness for high-temperature applications was developed. High curing temperatures up to 260 °C will inevitably lead to high process-induced stresses. To assess the magnitude of impact on the development of internal stresses, the relaxation behavior of the neat resin was measured and characterized. The system was toughened, and the effect of stress relaxation increased as the temperature got closer to the glass transition temperature of the toughener, which was approximately 240 °C. With the use of an incremental linear viscoelastic model, the relaxation behavior was integrated into a process model with a holistic approach. A stiffened panel was manufactured and used as the validation use case. The displacement field was validated with an optical 3D measuring system, and good agreement was found between the simulated and experimental results. The maximum difference between the elastic and the viscoelastic solution was found to be 15%. Furthermore, the stress magnitude in the transverse material direction resulted in a more critical value higher than the material strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Gort
- Institute of Polymer Engineering, FHNW University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Klosterzelgstrasse 2, 5210 Windisch, Switzerland
| | - Fabian Schadt
- Institute of Polymer Engineering, FHNW University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Klosterzelgstrasse 2, 5210 Windisch, Switzerland
| | - Martin Liebisch
- Institute of Composite Structures and Adaptive Systems, German Aerospace Center, Lilienthalplatz 7, 38108 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Christian Brauner
- Institute of Polymer Engineering, FHNW University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Klosterzelgstrasse 2, 5210 Windisch, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Wille
- Institute of Composite Structures and Adaptive Systems, German Aerospace Center, Lilienthalplatz 7, 38108 Braunschweig, Germany
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Lee SY, Kang MJ, Kim SH, Rhee KY, Lee JH, Park SJ. Roles of Small Polyetherimide Moieties on Thermal Stability and Fracture Toughness of Epoxy Blends. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13193310. [PMID: 34641126 PMCID: PMC8512680 DOI: 10.3390/polym13193310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (DGEBA) was blended with polyetherimide (PEI) as a thermoplastic toughener for thermal stability and mechanical properties as a function of PEI contents. The thermal stability and mechanical properties were investigated using a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) and a universal test machine, respectively. The TGA results indicate that PEI addition enhanced the thermal stability of the epoxy resins in terms of the integral procedural decomposition temperature (IPDT) and pyrolysis activation energy (Et). The IPDT and Et values of the DGEBA/PEI blends containing 2 wt% of PEI increased by 2% and 22%, respectively, compared to those of neat DGEBA. Moreover, the critical stress intensity factor and critical strain energy release rate for the DGEBA/PEI blends containing 2 wt% of PEI increased by 83% and 194%, respectively, compared to those of neat DGEBA. These results demonstrate that PEI plays a key role in enhancing the flexural strength and fracture toughness of epoxy blends. This can be attributed to the newly formed semi-interpenetrating polymer networks (semi-IPNs) composed of the epoxy network and linear PEI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seul-Yi Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Inha University, 100 Inharo, Incheon 22212, Korea; (S.-Y.L.); (M.-J.K.); (S.-H.K.); (J.-H.L.)
| | - Min-Joo Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Inha University, 100 Inharo, Incheon 22212, Korea; (S.-Y.L.); (M.-J.K.); (S.-H.K.); (J.-H.L.)
| | - Seong-Hwang Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Inha University, 100 Inharo, Incheon 22212, Korea; (S.-Y.L.); (M.-J.K.); (S.-H.K.); (J.-H.L.)
| | - Kyong Yop Rhee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Yongin 17104, Korea
- Correspondence: (K.Y.R.); (S.-J.P.); Tel.: +82-31-201-2565 (K.Y.R.); +82-32-876-7234 (S.-J.P.)
| | - Jong-Hoon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Inha University, 100 Inharo, Incheon 22212, Korea; (S.-Y.L.); (M.-J.K.); (S.-H.K.); (J.-H.L.)
| | - Soo-Jin Park
- Department of Chemistry, Inha University, 100 Inharo, Incheon 22212, Korea; (S.-Y.L.); (M.-J.K.); (S.-H.K.); (J.-H.L.)
- Correspondence: (K.Y.R.); (S.-J.P.); Tel.: +82-31-201-2565 (K.Y.R.); +82-32-876-7234 (S.-J.P.)
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Reaction-Induced Phase Separation and Morphology Evolution of Benzoxazine/Epoxy/Imidazole Ternary Blends. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13172945. [PMID: 34502984 PMCID: PMC8433963 DOI: 10.3390/polym13172945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introducing multiphase structures into benzoxazine (BOZ)/epoxy resins (ER) blends via reaction-induced phase separation has proved to be promising strategy for improving their toughness. However, due to the limited contrast between two phases, little information is known about the phase morphological evolutions, a fundamental but vital issue to rational design and preparation of blends with different phase morphologies in a controllable manner. Here we addressed this problem by amplifying the difference of polymerization activity (PA) between BOZ and ER by synthesizing a low reactive phenol-3,3-diethyl-4,4′-diaminodiphenyl methane based benzoxazine (MOEA-BOZ) monomer. Results indicated that the PA of ER was higher than that of BOZ. The use of less reactive MOEA-BOZs significantly enlarged their PA difference with ER, and thus increased the extent of phase separation and improved the phase contrast. Phase morphologies varied with the content of ER. As for the phase morphological evolution, a rapid phase separation could occur in the initial homogeneous blends with the polymerization of ER, and the phase morphology gradually evolved with the increase in ER conversion until the ER was used up. The polymerization of ER is not only the driving-force for the phase separation, but also the main factor influencing the phase morphologies.
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An automated in-situ polymerisation procedure for multi-functional cyanate ester resins via ring formation. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Amirova L, Schadt F, Grob M, Brauner C, Ricard T, Wille T. Properties and structure of high temperature resistant cyanate ester/polyethersulfone blends using solvent-free toughening approach. Polym Bull (Berl) 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-020-03493-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AbstractA high temperature resistant novolac cyanate ester was blended with polyethersulfone (PES) with different molecular weights using the solvent-free approach. The phase separation, curing behavior and thermal properties were studied using hot stage microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic mechanical analysis. Results showed the difference in the morphology for blends with different molecular weight PES explained by possible network formation. The influence of PES content on the glass transition temperature and mechanical properties was investigated. The most significant toughening effect (increase of 132% in fracture toughness) was achieved on a functionalized low molecular weight PES (20 parts per hundred of resin, phr). Rheology investigation allowed to estimate the optimal content of PES (15 phr) for further prepreg manufacturing.
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Farooq U, Teuwen J, Dransfeld C. Toughening of Epoxy Systems with Interpenetrating Polymer Network (IPN): A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12091908. [PMID: 32847125 PMCID: PMC7564612 DOI: 10.3390/polym12091908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Epoxy resins are widely used for different commercial applications, particularly in the aerospace industry as matrix carbon fibre reinforced polymers composite. This is due to their excellent properties, i.e., ease of processing, low cost, superior mechanical, thermal and electrical properties. However, a pure epoxy system possesses some inherent shortcomings, such as brittleness and low elongation after cure, limiting performance of the composite. Several approaches to toughen epoxy systems have been explored, of which formation of the interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) has gained increasing attention. This methodology usually results in better mechanical properties (e.g., fracture toughness) of the modified epoxy system. Ideally, IPNs result in a synergistic combination of desirable properties of two different polymers, i.e., improved toughness comes from the toughener while thermosets are responsible for high service temperature. Three main parameters influence the mechanical response of IPN toughened systems: (i) the chemical structure of the constituents, (ii) the toughener content and finally and (iii) the type and scale of the resulting morphology. Various synthesis routes exist for the creation of IPN giving different means of control of the IPN structure and also offering different processing routes for making composites. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the current state-of-the-art on toughening of epoxy matrix system through formation of IPN structure, either by using thermoplastics or thermosets. Moreover, the potential of IPN based epoxy systems is explored for the formation of composites particularly for aerospace applications.
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Huang J, Li P, Hu W, Du R, Zhao G, Wang Z. Improving the toughness of polycyanate ester by adding epoxy pre‐polymer with different molecular weights. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianguang Huang
- Research Center for Engineering Technology of Polymeric Composites of Shanxi Province, School of Materials Science and EngineeringNorth University of China Taiyuan China
| | - Peng Li
- Research Center for Engineering Technology of Polymeric Composites of Shanxi Province, School of Materials Science and EngineeringNorth University of China Taiyuan China
| | - Weihong Hu
- Research Center for Engineering Technology of Polymeric Composites of Shanxi Province, School of Materials Science and EngineeringNorth University of China Taiyuan China
| | - Ruikui Du
- Research Center for Engineering Technology of Polymeric Composites of Shanxi Province, School of Materials Science and EngineeringNorth University of China Taiyuan China
| | - Guizhe Zhao
- Research Center for Engineering Technology of Polymeric Composites of Shanxi Province, School of Materials Science and EngineeringNorth University of China Taiyuan China
| | - Zhi Wang
- Research Center for Engineering Technology of Polymeric Composites of Shanxi Province, School of Materials Science and EngineeringNorth University of China Taiyuan China
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Ma P, Dai C, Jiang S. Thioetherimide-Modified Cyanate Ester Resin with Better Molding Performance for Glass Fiber Reinforced Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1458. [PMID: 31500128 PMCID: PMC6780088 DOI: 10.3390/polym11091458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanate ester (CE) resins with higher heat resistance, lower coefficients of thermal expansion (CTEs), and lower water absorption ratios are highly desired in printed circuit boards (PCBs). In this work, a CE was modified by copolymerization with a long-chain thioether bismaleimide (SBMI) to form a thioetherimide-modified CE (SBT). The results indicated that SBT had a wider processing window and better processing properties than a common bismaleimide-modified CE resin (MBMI). After molding with a glass fiber cloth, the composites (GSBT) exhibited moisture adsorption in the range of 1.4%-2.0%, high tensile strength in the range of 311-439 MPa, good mechanical retention of 70%-85% even at 200 °C, and good dimension stability, with coefficients of thermal expansion in the range of 17.3-18.6 (×10-6 m/°C). Such GSBT composites with superior properties would be good candidates for PCB applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chuntao Dai
- Zhongshan Polytechnic, Zhongshan 528404, China.
| | - Shaohua Jiang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
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Huang B, Hu X, Fu C, Cheng H, Wang X, Wang L. Molecular Morphology and Viscoelasticity of ASP Solution under the Action of a Different Medium Injection Tool. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11081299. [PMID: 31382509 PMCID: PMC6722813 DOI: 10.3390/polym11081299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to improve the oil displacement effect of alkali/surfactant/polymer (ASP) solution in low-permeability oil layers, Daqing Oilfield has proposed a separate injection technology. The objective of separate injection technology is to reduce the viscosity of ASP solution through a different medium injection tool and increase the injection amount of ASP solution in low permeability oil layer, thus improving the oil displacement effect. In order to study the effect of the different medium injection tool on ASP solution, SEM is used to observe the changes in molecular micromorphology before and after the ASP solution flows through the tool. Then, the influence of the tool on viscosity and the first normal stress difference of the solution are studied through static shear experiments. Finally, the storage and loss modulus of the solution are measured through dynamic mechanical experiments and the relaxation time and zero shear viscosity of the solution are verified and compared. The results show that molecular chains are obviously broken and the grid structure is destroyed after the ASP solution is acted on by the different medium injection tool. The viscosity and elasticity of ASP solution decrease, and the influence degree of the different medium injection tool on viscosity is greater than elasticity. The results of the steady shear experiment and dynamic mechanics experiment are consistent. Therefore, the different medium injection tool can achieve the purpose of use, which is conducive to the injection of displacement fluid into low-permeability oil layers and enhance the recovery ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Enhanced Oil Recovery (Northeast Petroleum University), Ministry of Education, College of Petroleum Engineering, Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing 163318, China
| | - Xinyu Hu
- Key Laboratory of Enhanced Oil Recovery (Northeast Petroleum University), Ministry of Education, College of Petroleum Engineering, Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing 163318, China
| | - Cheng Fu
- Key Laboratory of Enhanced Oil Recovery (Northeast Petroleum University), Ministry of Education, College of Petroleum Engineering, Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing 163318, China.
- Post-Doctoral Scientific Research Station, Daqing Oilfield Company, Daqing 163413, China.
| | - Haoran Cheng
- Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, China.
- ICORE GROUP INC, Shenzhen 518057, China.
| | - Xin Wang
- Research Institute of Production Engineering, Daqing Oilfield, Daqing 163453, China
| | - Li Wang
- Research Institute of Production Engineering, Daqing Oilfield, Daqing 163453, China
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