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Erdmann R, Rennert M, Meins T. Influence of Epoxy Functional Chain-Extenders on the Thermal and Rheological Properties of Bio-Based Polyamide 10.10. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3571. [PMID: 37688199 PMCID: PMC10489988 DOI: 10.3390/polym15173571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Bio-based polyamide 10.10 (PA 10.10) has excellent properties compared to other bio-based polymers such as polylactic acid (PLA) or polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) and is therefore used in more technical applications where higher strength is required. For foam and filament extrusion, a good balance between strength and stiffness of the polymer is needed. Therefore, two commercial chain-extenders (Joncryl® ADR types) with different epoxy functionalities are used to modify the melt properties of PA 10.10. The chain-extenders are used in a concentration range up to 1.25 wt.%. The range of glass transition temperature widens with increasing Joncryl® content, and the apparent activation energy shows a maximum at a concentration of 0.5 wt.%. Furthermore, the melting temperatures are constant and the crystallinity decreases with increasing chain-extender content due to the formation of branches. During the second heating run, a bimodal melting peak appeared, consisting of α-triclinic and pseudo γ-hexagonal crystals. The weight average molar masses (Mw) measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) increased linearly with increasing ADR 4400 content. In contrast, the compounds containing ADR 4468 show a maximum at 0.5 wt.% and it begins to decrease thereafter. The rheological data show an increase in viscosity with increasing chain-extender content due to branch formation. ATR spectra of the compounds show a decrease at the wavelength of the primary (3301 cm-1) and secondary (1634 cm-1) (-NH stretching in PA 10.10) amine, indicating that chain-extension, e.g., branching, takes place during compounding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Erdmann
- Institute for Circular Economy of Bio:Polymers at Hof University (ibp), Hof University of Applied Sciences, Alfons-Goppel-Platz 1, 95028 Hof, Germany; (M.R.); (T.M.)
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Djouonkep LDW, Tamo CT, Simo BE, Issah N, Tchouagtie MN, Selabi NBS, Doench I, Kamdem Tamo A, Xie B, Osorio-Madrazo A. Synthesis by Melt-Polymerization of a Novel Series of Bio-Based and Biodegradable Thiophene-Containing Copolyesters with Promising Gas Barrier and High Thermomechanical Properties. Molecules 2023; 28:1825. [PMID: 36838821 PMCID: PMC9965281 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Volatile global oil prices, owing to the scarcity of fossil resources, have impacted the cost of producing petrochemicals. Therefore, there is a need to seek novel, renewable chemicals from biomass feedstocks that have comparable properties to petrochemicals. In this study, synthesis, thermal and mechanical properties, and degradability studies of a novel series of sustainable thiophene-based copolyesters like poly(hexylene 2,5-thiophenedicarboxylate-co-bis(2-hydroxyethoxybenzene) (PTBxHy) were conducted via a controlled melt polymerization method. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy techniques elucidated the degree of randomness and structural properties of copolyesters. Meanwhile, gel permeation chromatography (GPC) analysis showed a high average molecular weight in the range of 67.4-78.7 × 103 g/mol. The glass transition temperature (Tg) was between 69.4 and 105.5 °C, and the melting point between 173.7 and 194.2 °C. The synthesized polymers outperformed poly(ethylene 2,5-thiophenedicarboxylate) (PETF) and behaved similarly to polyethylene terephthalate. The copolyesters exhibited a high tensile strength of 46.4-70.5 MPa and a toughness of more than 600%, superior to their corresponding homopolyesters. The copolyesters, which ranged from 1,4-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)benzene thiophenedicarboxylate (TBB)-enriched to hexylene thiophenedicarboxylate (THH)-enriched, offered significant control over crystallinity, thermal and mechanical properties. Enzymatic hydrolysis of synthetized polymers using porcine pancreatic lipase (PP-L) over a short period resulted in significant weight losses of 9.6, 11.4, 30.2, and 35 wt%, as observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), with perforations visible on all surfaces of the films. Thus, thiophene-based polyesters with cyclic aromatic structures similar to terephthalic acid (TPA) show great promise as PET mimics. At the same time, PP-L appears to be a promising biocatalyst for the degradation of bioplastic waste and its recycling via re-synthesis processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesly Dasilva Wandji Djouonkep
- Department of Petroleum Engineering, Applied Chemistry in Oil and Gas Fields, Yangtze University, Wuhan 430100, China
- Lost Circulation Control Laboratory, National Engineering Laboratory for Petroleum Drilling Engineering, Yangtze University, Wuhan 430100, China
- Key Laboratory of Drilling and Production Engineering for Oil and Gas, Wuhan 430100, China
| | - Christian Tatchum Tamo
- National Advanced School of Engineering, University of Maroua, Maroua P.O. Box 46, Cameroon
| | - Belle Elda Simo
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Dschang, Dschang P.O. Box 96, Cameroon
| | - Nasiru Issah
- Department of Biochemistry, Kwame Nkrumah University, Kabwe P.O. Box 80404, Ghana
| | | | - Naomie Beolle Songwe Selabi
- Institute of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China
| | - Ingo Doench
- Laboratory for Bioinspired Materials, Institute of Microsystems Engineering—IMTEK, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies—FIT, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center—FMF, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Arnaud Kamdem Tamo
- Laboratory for Bioinspired Materials, Institute of Microsystems Engineering—IMTEK, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies—FIT, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center—FMF, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Binqiang Xie
- Department of Petroleum Engineering, Applied Chemistry in Oil and Gas Fields, Yangtze University, Wuhan 430100, China
- Lost Circulation Control Laboratory, National Engineering Laboratory for Petroleum Drilling Engineering, Yangtze University, Wuhan 430100, China
- Key Laboratory of Drilling and Production Engineering for Oil and Gas, Wuhan 430100, China
| | - Anayancy Osorio-Madrazo
- Laboratory for Bioinspired Materials, Institute of Microsystems Engineering—IMTEK, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies—FIT, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center—FMF, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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Jordá-Reolid M, Ibáñez-García A, Catani L, Martínez-García A. Development of Blends to Improve Flexibility of Biodegradable Polymers. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14235223. [PMID: 36501617 PMCID: PMC9735979 DOI: 10.3390/polym14235223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, binary blends of biodegradable polymers were prepared to improve the ductile properties of those that have a more rigid and/or brittle behaviour. Specifically, PLA, PHA and TPS were blended with different amounts of PBS with the objective of reducing the stiffness and brittleness of the three polymers. The compatibility of the blends and their resulting mechanical properties were studied. The flexibility of the blends increased with the addition of PBS; however, a limited compatibility was achieved, leading to a low impact resistance improvement. For this reason, other blend options with an EVA-based material were studied, increasing the impact resistance and flexibility of the PLA material in this case.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Jordá-Reolid
- Innovative Materials and Manufacturing Area, Technological Institute for Children’s Products and Leisure, 03440 Ibi, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-96-555-44-75
| | - Ana Ibáñez-García
- Innovative Materials and Manufacturing Area, Technological Institute for Children’s Products and Leisure, 03440 Ibi, Spain
| | - Linda Catani
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Science—BiGeA, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna—Campus of Ravenna, 48121 Ravenna, Italy
| | - Asunción Martínez-García
- Innovative Materials and Manufacturing Area, Technological Institute for Children’s Products and Leisure, 03440 Ibi, Spain
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Balart R, Montanes N, Fenollar O, Boronat T, Torres-Giner S. Advances in Manufacturing and Characterization of Functional Polyesters. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12122839. [PMID: 33260291 PMCID: PMC7761378 DOI: 10.3390/polym12122839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Balart
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (N.M.); (O.F.); (T.B.)
- Correspondence: (R.B.); (S.T.-G.)
| | - Nestor Montanes
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (N.M.); (O.F.); (T.B.)
| | - Octavio Fenollar
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (N.M.); (O.F.); (T.B.)
| | - Teodomiro Boronat
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (N.M.); (O.F.); (T.B.)
| | - Sergio Torres-Giner
- Research Institute of Food Engineering for Development (IIAD), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence: (R.B.); (S.T.-G.)
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Agüero Á, Garcia-Sanoguera D, Lascano D, Rojas-Lema S, Ivorra-Martinez J, Fenollar O, Torres-Giner S. Evaluation of Different Compatibilization Strategies to Improve the Performance of Injection-Molded Green Composite Pieces Made of Polylactide Reinforced with Short Flaxseed Fibers. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E821. [PMID: 32260439 PMCID: PMC7240506 DOI: 10.3390/polym12040821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Green composites made of polylactide (PLA) and short flaxseed fibers (FFs) at 20 wt % were successfully compounded by twin-screw extrusion (TSE) and subsequently shaped into pieces by injection molding. The linen waste derived FFs were subjected to an alkalization pretreatment to remove impurities, improve the fiber surface quality, and make the fibers more hydrophobic. The alkali-pretreated FFs successfully reinforced PLA, leading to green composite pieces with higher mechanical strength. However, the pieces also showed lower ductility and toughness and the lignocellulosic fibers easily detached during fracture due to the absence or low interfacial adhesion with the biopolyester matrix. Therefore, four different compatibilization strategies were carried out to enhance the fiber-matrix interfacial adhesion. These routes consisted on the silanization of the alkalized FFs with a glycidyl silane, namely (3-glycidyloxypropyl) trimethoxysilane (GPTMS), and the reactive extrusion (REX) with three compatibilizers, namely a multi-functional epoxy-based styrene-acrylic oligomer (ESAO), a random copolymer of poly(styrene-co-glycidyl methacrylate) (PS-co-GMA), and maleinized linseed oil (MLO). The results showed that all the here-tested compatibilizers improved mechanical strength, ductility, and toughness as well as the thermal stability and thermomechanical properties of the green composite pieces. The highest interfacial adhesion was observed in the green composite pieces containing the silanized fibers. Interestingly, PS-co-GMA and, more intensely, ESAO yielded the pieces with the highest mechanical performance due to the higher reactivity of these additives with both composite components and their chain-extension action, whereas MLO led to the most ductile pieces due to its secondary role as plasticizer for PLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángel Agüero
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (Á.A.); (D.G.-S.); (J.I.-M.); (O.F.)
| | - David Garcia-Sanoguera
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (Á.A.); (D.G.-S.); (J.I.-M.); (O.F.)
| | - Diego Lascano
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (Á.A.); (D.G.-S.); (J.I.-M.); (O.F.)
- Escuela Politécnica Nacional, 17-01-2759 Quito, Ecuador
| | - Sandra Rojas-Lema
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (Á.A.); (D.G.-S.); (J.I.-M.); (O.F.)
- Escuela Politécnica Nacional, 17-01-2759 Quito, Ecuador
| | - Juan Ivorra-Martinez
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (Á.A.); (D.G.-S.); (J.I.-M.); (O.F.)
| | - Octavio Fenollar
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (Á.A.); (D.G.-S.); (J.I.-M.); (O.F.)
| | - Sergio Torres-Giner
- Novel Materials and Nanotechnology Group, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Calle Catedrático Agustín Escardino Benlloch 7, 46980 Paterna, Spain
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