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Kawalerczyk J, Walkiewicz J, Sedliačik J, Dukarska D, Woźniak M, Mirski R. Modified Buckwheat Husk as a Filler for Urea-Formaldehyde Resin in Plywood Production. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1350. [PMID: 38794543 PMCID: PMC11124799 DOI: 10.3390/polym16101350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of the presented research was to determine the suitability of both non-modified and modified buckwheat husk (BH) as a filler for urea-formaldehyde adhesive in plywood production. The effect of two modification methods, acetylation and silanization, was investigated. Infrared spectroscopy outcomes confirmed that both acetylation and silanization of the filler had occurred. Based on the results, it was found that the introduction of BH had a significant effect on both the adhesive properties and the characteristics of the manufactured plywood. The application of non-modified husks led to a reduction in viscosity and an extension of the gelation time, and the produced plywood boards were characterized by reduced bonding quality and increased delamination. Modification of the husk surface by acetylation and silanization with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane contributed to the noticeable improvement in the resin properties. On the other hand, the improvement in plywood properties, consisting of the increase in bonding quality and reduced delamination, was observed only in the case of the silanized husk. Furthermore, the use of non-modified and acetylated husk did not significantly influence the formaldehyde emission. The reduction in the investigated emission of formaldehyde was observed only in the case of variants containing 15 and 20% of silanized buckwheat husk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Kawalerczyk
- Department of Mechanical Wood Technology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 60-627 Poznań, Poland; (J.W.); (D.D.); (R.M.)
| | - Joanna Walkiewicz
- Department of Mechanical Wood Technology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 60-627 Poznań, Poland; (J.W.); (D.D.); (R.M.)
| | - Ján Sedliačik
- Department of Furniture and Wood Products, Faculty of Wood Science and Technology, Technical University in Zvolen, 96053 Zvolen, Slovakia;
| | - Dorota Dukarska
- Department of Mechanical Wood Technology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 60-627 Poznań, Poland; (J.W.); (D.D.); (R.M.)
| | - Magdalena Woźniak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 60-627 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Radosław Mirski
- Department of Mechanical Wood Technology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 60-627 Poznań, Poland; (J.W.); (D.D.); (R.M.)
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Pokharel A, Falua KJ, Babaei-Ghazvini A, Nikkhah Dafchahi M, Tabil LG, Meda V, Acharya B. Development of Polylactic Acid Films with Alkali- and Acetylation-Treated Flax and Hemp Fillers via Solution Casting Technique. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:996. [PMID: 38611254 PMCID: PMC11013793 DOI: 10.3390/polym16070996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aims to enhance value addition to agricultural byproducts to produce composites by the solution casting technique. It is well known that PLA is moisture-sensitive and deforms at high temperatures, which limits its use in some applications. When blending with plant-based fibers, the weak point is the poor filler-matrix interface. For this reason, surface modification was carried out on hemp and flax fibers via acetylation and alkaline treatments. The fibers were milled to obtain two particle sizes of <75 μm and 149-210 μm and were blended with poly (lactic) acid at different loadings (0, 2.5%, 5%, 10%, 20%, and 30%) to form a composite film The films were characterized for their spectroscopy, physical, and mechanical properties. All the film specimens showed C-O/O-H groups and the π-π interaction in untreated flax fillers showed lignin phenolic rings in the films. It was noticed that the maximum degradation temperature occurred at 362.5 °C. The highest WVPs for untreated, alkali-treated, and acetylation-treated composites were 20 × 10-7 g·m/m2 Pa·s (PLA/hemp30), 7.0 × 10-7 g·m/m2 Pa·s (PLA/hemp30), and 22 × 10-7 g·m/m2 Pa·s (PLA/hemp30), respectively. Increasing the filler content caused an increase in the color difference of the composite film compared with that of the neat PLA. Alkali-treated PLA/flax composites showed significant improvement in their tensile strength, elongation at break, and Young's modulus at a 2.5 or 5% filler loading. An increase in the filler loadings caused a significant increase in the moisture absorbed, whereas the water contact angle decreased with an increasing filler concentration. Flax- and hemp-induced PLA-based composite films with 5 wt.% loadings showed a more stable compromise in all the examined properties and are expected to provide unique industrial applications with satisfactory performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Bishnu Acharya
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada; (A.P.); (K.J.F.); (A.B.-G.); (M.N.D.); (L.G.T.); (V.M.)
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Pacheco A, Evangelista-Osorio A, Muchaypiña-Flores KG, Marzano-Barreda LA, Paredes-Concepción P, Palacin-Baldeón H, Dos Santos MSN, Tres MV, Zabot GL, Olivera-Montenegro L. Polymeric Materials Obtained by Extrusion and Injection Molding from Lignocellulosic Agroindustrial Biomass. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4046. [PMID: 37896290 PMCID: PMC10610583 DOI: 10.3390/polym15204046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This review presents the advances in polymeric materials achieved by extrusion and injection molding from lignocellulosic agroindustrial biomass. Biomass, which is derived from agricultural and industrial waste, is a renewable and abundant feedstock that contains mainly cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. To improve the properties and functions of polymeric materials, cellulose is subjected to a variety of modifications. The most common modifications are surface modification, grafting, chemical procedures, and molecule chemical grafting. Injection molding and extrusion technologies are crucial in shaping and manufacturing polymer composites, with precise control over the process and material selection. Furthermore, injection molding involves four phases: plasticization, injection, cooling, and ejection, with a focus on energy efficiency. Fundamental aspects of an injection molding machine, such as the motor, hopper, heating units, nozzle, and clamping unit, are discussed. Extrusion technology, commonly used as a preliminary step to injection molding, presents challenges regarding fiber reinforcement and stress accumulation, while lignin-based polymeric materials are challenging due to their hydrophobicity. The diverse applications of these biodegradable materials include automotive industries, construction, food packaging, and various consumer goods. Polymeric materials are positioned to offer even bigger contributions to sustainable and eco-friendly solutions in the future, as research and development continues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada Pacheco
- Bioprocesses and Biomass Conversion Research Group, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, La Molina 15024, Peru; (A.P.); (A.E.-O.); (K.G.M.-F.); (L.A.M.-B.); (H.P.-B.)
| | - Arian Evangelista-Osorio
- Bioprocesses and Biomass Conversion Research Group, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, La Molina 15024, Peru; (A.P.); (A.E.-O.); (K.G.M.-F.); (L.A.M.-B.); (H.P.-B.)
| | - Katherine Gabriela Muchaypiña-Flores
- Bioprocesses and Biomass Conversion Research Group, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, La Molina 15024, Peru; (A.P.); (A.E.-O.); (K.G.M.-F.); (L.A.M.-B.); (H.P.-B.)
| | - Luis Alejandro Marzano-Barreda
- Bioprocesses and Biomass Conversion Research Group, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, La Molina 15024, Peru; (A.P.); (A.E.-O.); (K.G.M.-F.); (L.A.M.-B.); (H.P.-B.)
| | - Perla Paredes-Concepción
- Grupo de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación en Alimentos, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, La Molina 15024, Peru;
| | - Heidy Palacin-Baldeón
- Bioprocesses and Biomass Conversion Research Group, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, La Molina 15024, Peru; (A.P.); (A.E.-O.); (K.G.M.-F.); (L.A.M.-B.); (H.P.-B.)
| | - Maicon Sérgio Nascimento Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Agroindustrial Processes Engineering (LAPE), Federal University of Santa Maria, 1040 Sete de Setembro St., Center DC, Cachoeira do Sul, Santa Maria 96508-010, RS, Brazil; (M.S.N.D.S.); (M.V.T.); (G.L.Z.)
| | - Marcus Vinícius Tres
- Laboratory of Agroindustrial Processes Engineering (LAPE), Federal University of Santa Maria, 1040 Sete de Setembro St., Center DC, Cachoeira do Sul, Santa Maria 96508-010, RS, Brazil; (M.S.N.D.S.); (M.V.T.); (G.L.Z.)
| | - Giovani Leone Zabot
- Laboratory of Agroindustrial Processes Engineering (LAPE), Federal University of Santa Maria, 1040 Sete de Setembro St., Center DC, Cachoeira do Sul, Santa Maria 96508-010, RS, Brazil; (M.S.N.D.S.); (M.V.T.); (G.L.Z.)
| | - Luis Olivera-Montenegro
- Bioprocesses and Biomass Conversion Research Group, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, La Molina 15024, Peru; (A.P.); (A.E.-O.); (K.G.M.-F.); (L.A.M.-B.); (H.P.-B.)
- Grupo de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación en Alimentos, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, La Molina 15024, Peru;
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Czepiel M, Bańkosz M, Sobczak-Kupiec A. Advanced Injection Molding Methods: Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:5802. [PMID: 37687494 PMCID: PMC10489002 DOI: 10.3390/ma16175802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Injection molding is a method commonly used to manufacture plastic products. This technology makes it possible to obtain products of specially designed shape and size. In addition, the developed mold allows for repeated and repeatable production of selected plastic parts. Over the years, this technology grew in importance, and nowadays, products produced by injection molding are used in almost every field of industry. This paper is a review and provides information on recent research reports in the field of modern injection molding techniques. Selected plastics most commonly processed by this technique are discussed. Next, the chosen types of this technique are presented, along with a discussion of the parameters that affect performance and process flow. Depending on the proposed method, the influence of various factors on the quality and yield of the obtained products was analyzed. Nowadays, the link between these two properties is extremely important. The work presented in the article refers to research aimed at modifying injection molding methods enabling high product quality with high productivity at the same time. An important role is also played by lowering production costs and reducing the negative impact on the environment. The review discusses modern injection molding technologies, the development of which is constantly progressing. Finally, the impact of the technology on the ecological environment is discussed and the perspectives of the process were presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Magdalena Bańkosz
- Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Materials Engineering and Physics, Cracow University of Technology, 37 Jana Pawła II Av., 31-864 Krakow, Poland; (M.C.); (A.S.-K.)
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Jordà-Reolid M, Moreno V, Martínez-Garcia A, Covas JA, Gomez-Caturla J, Ivorra-Martinez J, Quiles-Carrillo L. Incorporation of Argan Shell Flour in a Biobased Polypropylene Matrix for the Development of High Environmentally Friendly Composites by Injection Molding. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2743. [PMID: 37376389 DOI: 10.3390/polym15122743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, a new composite material is developed using a semi bio-based polypropylene (bioPP) and micronized argan shell (MAS) byproducts. To improve the interaction between the filler and the polymer matrix, a compatibilizer, PP-g-MA, is used. The samples are prepared using a co-rotating twin extruder followed by an injection molding process. The addition of the MAS filler improves the mechanical properties of the bioPP, as evidenced by an increase in tensile strength from 18.2 MPa to 20.8 MPa. The reinforcement is also observed in the thermomechanical properties, with an increased storage modulus. The thermal characterization and X-ray diffraction indicate that the addition of the filler leads to the formation of α structure crystals in the polymer matrix. However, the addition of a lignocellulosic filler also leads to an increased affinity for water. As a result, the water uptake of the composites increases, although it remains relatively low even after 14 weeks. The water contact angle is also reduced. The color of the composites changes to a color similar to wood. Overall, this study demonstrates the potential of using MAS byproducts to improve their mechanical properties. However, the increased affinity with water should be taken into account in potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Jordà-Reolid
- Innovative Materials and Manufacturing Area-AIJU, Technological Institute for Children's Products & Leisure, 03440 Ibi, Spain
| | - Virginia Moreno
- Institute of Materials Technology (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell s/n, 03801 Alcoy, Spain
| | - Asunción Martínez-Garcia
- Innovative Materials and Manufacturing Area-AIJU, Technological Institute for Children's Products & Leisure, 03440 Ibi, Spain
| | - José A Covas
- Institute for Polymers and Composites, University of Minho, 4804-533 Guimaraes, Portugal
| | - Jaume Gomez-Caturla
- Institute of Materials Technology (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell s/n, 03801 Alcoy, Spain
| | - Juan Ivorra-Martinez
- Institute of Materials Technology (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell s/n, 03801 Alcoy, Spain
| | - Luis Quiles-Carrillo
- Institute of Materials Technology (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell s/n, 03801 Alcoy, Spain
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Ābele A, Merijs-Meri R, Žiganova M, Iesalniece Z, Bochkov I. Effect of Agricultural Biomass Residues on the Properties of Recycled Polypropylene/Polyethylene Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2672. [PMID: 37376318 DOI: 10.3390/polym15122672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to assess the usefulness of agricultural biomass residues as reinforcement in recycled polymer matrices. In this study, recycled polypropylene and high-density polyethylene composites (rPPPE) filled with three types of biomass residues, sweet clover straws (SCS), buckwheat straws (BS) and rapeseed straws (RS), are presented. The effects of the fiber type and the fibers content on the rheological behavior, mechanical properties (including tensile, flexural and impact strength), thermal stability and moisture absorbance were determined, in addition to morphological analysis. It was revealed that the addition of SCS, BS or RS increased the materials' stiffness and strength. The reinforcement effect increased as the loading of the fibers was increased, especially for BS composites in the flexural test. After the moisture absorbance test, it was found that the reinforcement effect slightly increased for the composites with 10% fibers but decreases with 40% fibers. The results highlight that the selected fibers are a feasible reinforcement for recycled polyolefin blend matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnese Ābele
- Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Institute of Polymer Materials, Riga Technical University, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia
| | - Remo Merijs-Meri
- Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Institute of Polymer Materials, Riga Technical University, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia
| | - Madara Žiganova
- Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Institute of Polymer Materials, Riga Technical University, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia
| | - Zanda Iesalniece
- Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Institute of Polymer Materials, Riga Technical University, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia
| | - Ivan Bochkov
- Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Institute of Polymer Materials, Riga Technical University, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia
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Gabrielli S, Caviglia M, Pastore G, Marcantoni E, Nobili F, Bottoni L, Catorci A, Bavasso I, Sarasini F, Tirillò J, Santulli C. Chemical, Thermal and Mechanical Characterization of Licorice Root, Willow, Holm Oak, and Palm Leaf Waste Incorporated into Maleated Polypropylene (MAPP). Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:4348. [PMID: 36297926 PMCID: PMC9607560 DOI: 10.3390/polym14204348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of four lignocellulosic waste fillers on the thermal and mechanical properties of biocomposites was investigated. Powdered licorice root, palm leaf, holm oak and willow fillers were melt compounded with polypropylene at two different weight contents, i.e., 10 and 30, and then injection molded. A commercially available maleated coupling agent was used to improve the filler/matrix interfacial adhesion at 5 wt.%. Composites were subjected to chemical (FTIR-ATR), thermal (TGA, DSC, DMA) and mechanical (tensile, bending and Charpy impact) analyses coupled with a morphological investigation by scanning electron microscopy. Although similarities among the different formulations were noted, holm oak fillers provided the best combination of thermal and mechanical performance. In particular, at 30 wt.% content with coupling agent, this composite formulation displayed remarkable increases in tensile strength and modulus, flexural strength and modulus, of 28% and 110%, 58% and 111%, compared to neat PP, respectively. The results imply that all these lignocellulosic waste fillers can be used successfully as raw materials for biocomposites, with properties comparable to those featured by other natural fillers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Gabrielli
- Chemistry Division, School of Science and Technology, Università degli Studi di Camerino, ChIP Building, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Miriam Caviglia
- Chemistry Division, School of Science and Technology, Università degli Studi di Camerino, ChIP Building, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Genny Pastore
- Chemistry Division, School of Science and Technology, Università degli Studi di Camerino, ChIP Building, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Enrico Marcantoni
- Chemistry Division, School of Science and Technology, Università degli Studi di Camerino, ChIP Building, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Francesco Nobili
- Chemistry Division, School of Science and Technology, Università degli Studi di Camerino, ChIP Building, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Luca Bottoni
- Chemistry Division, School of Science and Technology, Università degli Studi di Camerino, ChIP Building, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Andrea Catorci
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Camerino, Via Gentile III da Varano, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Irene Bavasso
- Department of Chemical Engineering Materials Environment, Sapienza—Università di Roma, Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Roma, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Sarasini
- Department of Chemical Engineering Materials Environment, Sapienza—Università di Roma, Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Roma, Italy
| | - Jacopo Tirillò
- Department of Chemical Engineering Materials Environment, Sapienza—Università di Roma, Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Roma, Italy
| | - Carlo Santulli
- Geology Section, School of Science and Technology, Università degli Studi di Camerino, Via Gentile III da Varano 7, 62032 Camerino, Italy
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Žiganova M, Merijs-Meri R, Zicāns J, Ivanova T, Bochkov I, Kalniņš M, Błędzki AK, Danilovas PP. Characterisation of Nanoclay and Spelt Husk Microfiller-Modified Polypropylene Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14204332. [PMID: 36297913 PMCID: PMC9609350 DOI: 10.3390/polym14204332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Current research is devoted to the investigation of spelt husk (SH) and nanoclay-modified compatibilised polypropylene (PP) binary and ternary composites for injection-moulding applications. PP composites were obtained using twin-screw extrusion. The content of mechanically milled SH microfiller with aspect ratio within 2 and 6 was fixed at 40 wt.%, whereas the amount of nanoclay functional filler in the polypropylene matrix was changed in the range from 0.5 to 5 wt.%. Nanoclay filler was introduced in the polypropylene matrix either in the form of nanoclay powder (C) or as a masterbatch (M). Regular distribution of the clay nanofiller within the polymer matrix has been observed, disregarding its form and concentration. The effects of the individual or combined addition of SH microreinforcement and nanoclay fillers on the rheological, mechanical, calorimetric, and thermal properties of the developed PP composites were investigated. It is revealed that the addition of the nanoclay fillers insignificantly influences the viscosity of both PP nanocomposites and hybrid composites with SH. Additionally, for PP nanocomposites, remarkable increases in tensile and flexural modules and strength are observed by maintaining considerable ultimate deformations, mainly in the case of M-containing systems. Concomitantly, because of the addition of the nanoclay filler, the improvement in thermal stability of PP nanocomposites and PP hybrid composites with SH is observed. As a result of SH addition, considerable increases in tensile and flexural modules are also observed. Results of the research demonstrate the potential of the use of natural materials (agricultural residues and clay minerals) for the development of PP composites with increased stiffness and thermal properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madara Žiganova
- Institute of Polymer Materials, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, 3 Paula Valdena Street, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +37-167-089-2525
| | - Remo Merijs-Meri
- Institute of Polymer Materials, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, 3 Paula Valdena Street, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia
| | - Jānis Zicāns
- Institute of Polymer Materials, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, 3 Paula Valdena Street, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia
| | - Tatjana Ivanova
- Institute of Polymer Materials, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, 3 Paula Valdena Street, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia
| | - Ivan Bochkov
- Institute of Polymer Materials, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, 3 Paula Valdena Street, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia
| | - Mārtiņš Kalniņš
- Institute of Polymer Materials, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, 3 Paula Valdena Street, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia
| | - Andrzej K. Błędzki
- Institute of Materials Science, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Department of Materials Engineering, 19 Piastów Avenue, 70310 Szczecin, Poland
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Andrzejewski J, Michałowski S. Development of a New Type of Flame Retarded Biocomposite Reinforced with a Biocarbon/Basalt Fiber System: A Comparative Study between Poly(lactic Acid) and Polypropylene. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14194086. [PMID: 36236034 PMCID: PMC9572391 DOI: 10.3390/polym14194086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A new type of partially biobased reinforcing filler system was developed in order to be used as a flame retardant for polylactic acid (PLA) and polypropylene (PP)-based composites. The prepared materials intended for injection technique processing were melt blended using the novel system containing ammonium polyphosphate (EX), biocarbon (BC), and basalt fibers (BF). All of the prepared samples were subjected to a detailed analysis. The main criterion was the flammability of composites. For PLA-based composites, the flammability was significantly reduced, up to V-0 class. The properties of PLA/EX/BC and PLA/EX/(BC-BF) composites were characterized by their improved mechanical properties. The conducted analysis indicates that the key factor supporting the effectiveness of EX flame retardants is the addition of BC, while the use of BF alone increases the flammability of the samples to the reference level. The results indicate that the developed materials can be easily applied in industrial practice as effective and sustainable flame retardants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Andrzejewski
- Institute of Materials Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3 Stree, 61-138 Poznan, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-61-665-5858
| | - Sławomir Michałowski
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Cracow University of Technology, 24 Warszawska Street, 31-155 Kraków, Poland
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Preparation and Properties of Thermoplastic Polyurethane Composites Filled with Powdered Buckwheat Husks. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15010356. [PMID: 35009500 PMCID: PMC8745890 DOI: 10.3390/ma15010356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Bio-based fillers for the polymer composites are still interesting from the scientific and industrial point of view, due to their low cost and renewable nature. In this work partially green composites were obtained by the mixing of thermoplastic poly(ester-urethane) with the unmodified and modified (by acetylation) grinded buckwheat husks. Obtained biocomposites were characterized in the terms of their chemical structure (FTIR), microstructure (SEM), thermal stability (TGA), thermomechanical properties (DMTA), and selected mechanical properties. The results showed that introduction of grinded buckwheat husks (even if the amount is 60 wt%) permit retaining high values of tensile strength (around 8-10 MPa), but the increasing amount of applied filler is connected with the decreasing of elongation at break. It can result from good interaction between the polymer matrix and the bio-based filler (confirmed by high values of polymer matrix-filler interaction parameter determined from Pukánszky's model for the tensile strength of composites). The applied chemical treatment results in changing of mechanical properties of filler and composites. Obtained results confirmed the possibility of using powdered buckwheat husks as filler for thermoplastic polyurethane.
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Rotational Rheology of Wood Flour Composites Based on Recycled Polyethylene. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13142226. [PMID: 34300984 PMCID: PMC8309237 DOI: 10.3390/polym13142226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we study the effect of the addition of wood flour as a filler in a recycled polyethylene (r-PE) in view of its potential applications in 3D printing. The composites, prepared by melt mixing, are characterized with torque measurements performed during the compounding, dynamic rotational rheology, and infrared spectroscopy. Data show that the introduction of wood results in increased viscosity and in sensible viscous heating during the compounding. The r-PE appear to be stable at temperatures up to 180 °C while at higher temperatures the material shows a rheological response characterized by time-increasing viscoelastic moduli that suggests a thermal degradation governed by crosslinking reactions. The compounds (with wood loading up to 50% in wt.) also shows thermal stability at temperatures up to 180 °C. The viscoelastic behavior and the infrared spectra of the r-PE matrix suggests the presence of branches in the macromolecular structure due to the process. Although the addition of wood particles determines increased viscoelastic moduli, a solid-like viscoelastic response is not shown even for the highest wood concentrations. This behavior, due to a poor compatibility and weak interfacial adhesion between the two phases, is however promising in view of common processing technologies as extrusion or injection molding.
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12
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Environmental Sustainability Analysis of Case Studies of Agriculture Residue Exploitation. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13073990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The agriculture sector produces significant amounts of organic residues and the choice of the management strategy of these flows affects the environmental sustainability of the sector. The scientific literature is rich with innovative processes for the production of bio-based products (BBP) from agriculture residues, aimed at the implementation of circular economy principles. Based on literature data, the present paper performed a life cycle assessment and assessed the environmental sustainability of five processes for the exploitation of rice and wheat straw, tomato pomace, and orange peel. The analysis identified as significant issues the high energy demand and the use of high impact organic solvent. The comparison of BBP with conventional products showed higher environmental loads for the innovative processes that used organic residues (except for rice straw case). The obtained results do not want to discourage the circular strategy in the agriculture sector, but rather to draw the attention of all stakeholders to the environmental sustainability aspects, focusing on the necessity to decrease the electricity demand and identify ecological agents to use in BBP manufacturing, in agreement with the most recent European policies.
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13
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Mysiukiewicz O, Barczewski M, Kloziński A. The Influence of Sub-Zero Conditions on the Mechanical Properties of Polylactide-Based Composites. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E5789. [PMID: 33352978 PMCID: PMC7765876 DOI: 10.3390/ma13245789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Polylactide-based composites filled with waste fillers due to their sustainability are a subject of many current papers, in which their structural, mechanical, and thermal properties are evaluated. However, few studies focus on their behavior in low temperatures. In this paper, dynamic and quasi-static mechanical properties of polylactide-based composites filled with 10 wt% of linseed cake (a by-product of mechanical oil extraction from linseed) were evaluated at room temperature and at -40 °C by means of dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), Charpy's impact strength test and uniaxial tensile test. It was found that the effect of plasticization provided by the oil contained in the filler at room temperature is significantly reduced in sub-zero conditions due to solidification of the oil around -18 °C, as it was shown by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and DMA, but the overall mechanical performance of the polylactide-based composites was sufficient to enable their use in low-temperature applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Mysiukiewicz
- Institute of Material Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, 61-138 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Mateusz Barczewski
- Institute of Material Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, 61-138 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Arkadiusz Kloziński
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, 61-138 Poznan, Poland;
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14
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Sasimowski E, Majewski Ł, Grochowicz M. Analysis of Selected Properties of Biocomposites Based on Polyethylene with a Natural Origin Filler. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E4182. [PMID: 32962286 PMCID: PMC7560486 DOI: 10.3390/ma13184182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The study investigates the effect of the content and size of wheat bran grains on selected properties of a lignocellulosic biocomposite on a polyethylene matrix. The biocomposite samples were made by injection method of low-density polyethylene with 5%, 10% and 15% by weight of wheat bran. Three bran fractions with grain sizes <0.4 mm, 0.4-0.6 mm and 0.6-0.8 mm were used. The properties of the mouldings (after primary shrinkage) were examined after their 2.5-year natural aging period. Processing properties, such as MFR (mass flow rate) and processing shrinkage, were determined. Selected physical, mechanical and structural properties of the produced biocomposite samples were tested. The results allowed the determination of the influence of both the content of bran and the size of its grains on such properties of the biocomposite as: color, gloss, processing shrinkage, tensile strength, MFR mass flow rate, chemical structure (FTIR), thermal properties (DSC, TG), p-v-T relationship. The tests did not show any deterioration of the mechanical characteristics of the tested composites after natural aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil Sasimowski
- Department of Technology and Polymer Processing, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, 36 Nadbystrzycka Street, 20-618 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Łukasz Majewski
- Department of Technology and Polymer Processing, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, 36 Nadbystrzycka Street, 20-618 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Marta Grochowicz
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University in Lublin, 33 Gliniana Street, 20-614 Lublin, Poland;
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15
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Andrzejewski J, Gapiński B, Islam A, Szostak M. The Influence of the Hybridization Process on the Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Polyoxymethylene (POM) Composites with the Use of a Novel Sustainable Reinforcing System Based on Biocarbon and Basalt Fiber (BC/BF). MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E3496. [PMID: 32784725 PMCID: PMC7475888 DOI: 10.3390/ma13163496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The presented work focuses on the assessment of the material performance of polyoxymethylene (POM)-based composites reinforced with the use of a biocarbon/basalt fiber system (BC/BF). The use of BC particles was aimed at eliminating mineral fillers (chalk, talc) by using fully biobased material, while basalt fibers can be considered an alternative to glass fibers (GF). All materials were prepared with the same 20% filler content, the differences concerned the (BC/BF) % ratio. Hybrid samples with (25/75), (50/50), and (75/25) ratios were prepared. Additionally, reference samples were also prepared (POM BC20% and POM BF20%.). Samples prepared by the injection molding technique were subjected to a detailed analysis of mechanical properties (static tensile and Charpy impact tests), thermomechanical characteristics (dynamic mechanical thermal analysis-DMTA, heat deflection temperature - HDT), and thermal and rheological properties (DSC, rotational rheometer tests). In order to assess fiber distribution within the material structure, the samples were scanned by a microtomography method (μCT). The addition of even a significant amount of BC particles did not cause excessive material brittleness, while the elongation and impact strength of all hybrid samples were very similar to the reference POM BF20% sample. The tensile modulus and strength values appear to be strictly dependent on the increasing BF fiber content. Thermomechanical analysis (DMTA, HDT) showed very similar heat resistance for all hybrid samples; the results did not differ from the values for the POM BF20 sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Andrzejewski
- Institute of Materials Technology, Polymer Processing Division, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3 Street, 61-138 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Bartosz Gapiński
- Institute of Mechanical Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3 Street, 61-138 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Aminul Islam
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Produktionstorvet, Building 427A, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Marek Szostak
- Institute of Materials Technology, Polymer Processing Division, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3 Street, 61-138 Poznan, Poland;
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16
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Andrzejewski J, Szostak M. Preparation of hybrid poly(lactic acid)/flax composites by the insert overmolding process: Evaluation of mechanical performance and thermomechanical properties. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Andrzejewski
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Materials Technology Poznan University of Technology Poznan Poland
| | - Marek Szostak
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Materials Technology Poznan University of Technology Poznan Poland
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17
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Hejna A, Barczewski M, Andrzejewski J, Kosmela P, Piasecki A, Szostak M, Kuang T. Rotational Molding of Linear Low-Density Polyethylene Composites Filled with Wheat Bran. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12051004. [PMID: 32357542 PMCID: PMC7284687 DOI: 10.3390/polym12051004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Application of lignocellulosic fillers in the manufacturing of wood polymer composites (WPCs) is a very popular trend of research, however it is still rarely observed in the case of rotational molding. The present study aimed to analyze the impact of wheat bran content (from 2.5 wt.% to 20 wt.%) on the performance of rotationally-molded composites based on a linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) matrix. Microscopic structure (scanning electron microscopy), as well as physico-mechanical (density, porosity, tensile performance, hardness, rebound resilience, dynamic mechanical analysis), rheological (oscillatory rheometry) and thermo-mechanical (Vicat softening temperature) properties of composites were investigated. Incorporation of 2.5 wt.% and 5 wt.% of wheat bran did not cause significant deterioration of the mechanical performance of the material, despite the presence of ‘pin-holes’ at the surface. Values of tensile strength and rebound resilience were maintained at a very similar level, while hardness was slightly decreased, which was associated with the porosity of the structure. Higher loadings resulted in the deterioration of mechanical performance, which was also expressed by the noticeable rise of the adhesion factor. For lower loadings of filler did not affect the rheological properties. However, composites with 10wt.% and 20 wt.% also showed behavior suitable for rotational molding. The presented results indicate that the manufacturing of thin-walled products based on wood polymer composites via rotational molding should be considered a very interesting direction of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksander Hejna
- Department of Polymer Technology, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-58-347-2234
| | - Mateusz Barczewski
- Institute of Materials Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 61-138 Poznań, Poland; (M.B.); (J.A.); (M.S.)
| | - Jacek Andrzejewski
- Institute of Materials Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 61-138 Poznań, Poland; (M.B.); (J.A.); (M.S.)
| | - Paulina Kosmela
- Department of Polymer Technology, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Adam Piasecki
- Institute of Materials Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Jana Pawła II 24, 60-965 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Marek Szostak
- Institute of Materials Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 61-138 Poznań, Poland; (M.B.); (J.A.); (M.S.)
| | - Tairong Kuang
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China;
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