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Garwacki M, Cudnik I, Dziadowiec D, Szymczak P, Andrzejewski J. The Development of Sustainable Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol-Based (PETG) Blends for Additive Manufacturing Processing-The Use of Multilayered Foil Waste as the Blend Component. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:1083. [PMID: 38473555 DOI: 10.3390/ma17051083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
The polymer foil industry is one of the leading producers of plastic waste. The development of new recycling methods for packaging products is one of the biggest demands in today's engineering. The subject of this research was the melt processing of multilayered PET-based foil waste with PETG copolymer. The resulting blends were intended for additive manufacturing processing using the fused deposition modeling (FDM) method. In order to improve the properties of the developed materials, the blends compounding procedure was conducted with the addition of a reactive chain extender (CE) and elastomeric copolymer used as an impact modifier (IM). The samples were manufactured using the 3D printing technique and, for comparison, using the traditional injection molding method. The obtained samples were subjected to a detailed characterization procedure, including mechanical performance evaluation, thermal analysis, and rheological measurements. This research confirms that PET-based film waste can be successfully used for the production of filament, and for most samples, the FDM printing process can be conducted without any difficulties. Unfortunately, the unmodified blends are characterized by brittleness, which makes it necessary to use an elastomer additive (IM). The presence of a semicrystalline PET phase improves the thermal resistance of the prepared blends; however, an annealing procedure is required for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikołaj Garwacki
- Faculty of Materials Engineering and Technical Physics, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3 Str, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
| | - Igor Cudnik
- Faculty of Materials Engineering and Technical Physics, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3 Str, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
| | - Damian Dziadowiec
- Institute of Materials Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3 Str, 61-138 Poznan, Poland
- Eurocast Sp. z o.o., Wejherowska 9 Str, 84-220 Strzebielino, Poland
| | - Piotr Szymczak
- Institute of Materials Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3 Str, 61-138 Poznan, Poland
- Eurocast Sp. z o.o., Wejherowska 9 Str, 84-220 Strzebielino, Poland
| | - Jacek Andrzejewski
- Institute of Materials Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3 Str, 61-138 Poznan, Poland
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Lu S, Chen X, Zhang B, Lu Z, Jiang W, Fang X, Li J, Liu B, Ding T, Xu Y. Synergistic Modification of Polyformaldehyde by Biobased Calcium Magnesium Bi-Ionic Melamine Phytate with Intumescent Flame Retardant. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:614. [PMID: 38475298 DOI: 10.3390/polym16050614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Intumescent flame retardants (IFRs) are mainly composed of ammonium polyphosphate (APP), melamine (ME), and some macromolecular char-forming agents. The traditional IFR still has some defects in practical application, such as poor compatibility with the matrix and low flame-retardant efficiency. In order to explore the best balance between flame retardancy and mechanical properties of flame-retardant polyformaldehyde (POM) composite, a biobased calcium magnesium bi-ionic melamine phytate (DPM) synergist was prepared based on renewable biomass polyphosphate phytic acid (PA), and its synergistic system with IFRs was applied to an intumescent flame-retardant POM system. POM/IFR systems can only pass the V-1 grade of the vertical combustion test (UL-94) if they have a limited oxygen index (LOI) of only 48.5%. When part of an IFR was replaced by DPM, the flame retardancy of the composite was significantly improved, and the POM/IFR/4 wt%DPM system reached the V-0 grade of UL-94, and the LOI reached 59.1%. Compared with pure POM, the PkHRR and THR of the POM/IFR/4 wt%DPM system decreased by 61.5% and 51.2%, respectively. Compared with the POM/IFR system, the PkHRR and THR of the POM/IFR/4 wt%DPM system were decreased by 20.8% and 27.5%, respectively, and carbon residue was increased by 37.2%. The mechanical properties of the composite also showed a continuous upward trend with the increase in DPM introduction. It is shown that the introduction of DPM not only greatly reduces the heat release rate and heat release amount of the intumescent flame-retardant POM system, reducing the fire hazard, but it also effectively improves the compatibility between the filler and the matrix and improves the mechanical properties of the composite. It provides a new approach for developing a new single-component multifunctional flame retardant or synergist for intumescent flame-retardant POM systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shike Lu
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Functional Materials and Catalytic Reaction, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Xueting Chen
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Zhehong Lu
- National Special Superfine Powder Engineering Research Center of China, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- National Special Superfine Powder Engineering Research Center of China, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Xiaomin Fang
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Functional Materials and Catalytic Reaction, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Jiantong Li
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Functional Materials and Catalytic Reaction, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Baoying Liu
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Functional Materials and Catalytic Reaction, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Tao Ding
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Functional Materials and Catalytic Reaction, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Yuanqing Xu
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Functional Materials and Catalytic Reaction, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
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Fan Z, Gao J, Wu Y, Yin D, Chen S, Tu H, Wei T, Zhang C, Zhu H, Jin H. Highly Enhanced Mechanical, Thermal, and Crystallization Performance of PLA/PBS Composite by Glass Fiber Coupling Agent Modification. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3164. [PMID: 37571058 PMCID: PMC10421074 DOI: 10.3390/polym15153164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
To improve the toughness and heat resistance of polylactic acid (PLA), polybutylene succinate (PBS) was sufficiently blended with PLA as the base matrix, and the glass fiber (GF) that was modified with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (KF-GF) was added as the reinforcement. The results demonstrated a noteworthy boost in both mechanical and heat resistance properties when employing KH-GF, in comparison to pristine GF. When the content of KH-GF reached 20%, the tensile, flexural, and IZOD impact strength of the composites were 65.53 MPa, 83.43 MPa, and 7.45 kJ/m2, respectively, which were improved by 123%, 107%, and 189% compared to the base matrix, respectively. This enhancement was primarily attributed to the stronger interfacial adhesion between KH-GF and the PLA/PBS matrix. Furthermore, the Vicat softening temperature of the composites reached 128.7 °C, which was a result of increased crystallinity. In summary, the incorporation of KH-GF into PLA/PBS composites resulted in notable enhancements in their mechanical properties, crystallinity, and thermal characteristics. The high performance KH-GF-reinforced PLA/PBS composite showed a broad application potential in the field of biodegradable packaging, biodegradable textiles, and biodegradable plastic bags.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Fan
- Key Laboratory of Leather of Zhejiang Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (Z.F.); (H.J.)
| | - Junchang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Leather of Zhejiang Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (Z.F.); (H.J.)
| | - Yadong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Leather of Zhejiang Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (Z.F.); (H.J.)
| | - Dewu Yin
- Key Laboratory of Leather of Zhejiang Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (Z.F.); (H.J.)
- Cangnan Research Institute, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Shunxing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Leather of Zhejiang Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (Z.F.); (H.J.)
| | - Hua Tu
- Key Laboratory of Leather of Zhejiang Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (Z.F.); (H.J.)
| | - Tiantian Wei
- Key Laboratory of Leather of Zhejiang Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (Z.F.); (H.J.)
| | - Chaoran Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Leather of Zhejiang Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (Z.F.); (H.J.)
| | - Haoxiang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Leather of Zhejiang Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (Z.F.); (H.J.)
| | - Huile Jin
- Key Laboratory of Leather of Zhejiang Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (Z.F.); (H.J.)
- Institute of New Materials and Industrial Technology, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
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Nagata K, Inaba K, Kimoto K, Kawana H. Accuracy of Dental Models Fabricated Using Recycled Poly-Lactic Acid. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:2620. [PMID: 37048914 PMCID: PMC10096089 DOI: 10.3390/ma16072620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Based on the hypothesis that the fabrication of dental models using fused deposition modeling and poly-lactic acid (PLA), followed by recycling and reusing, would reduce industrial waste, we aimed to compare the accuracies of virgin and recycled PLA models. The PLA models were recycled using a crusher and a filament-manufacturing machine. Virgin PLA was labeled R, and the first, second, and third recycles were labeled R1, R2, and R3, respectively. To determine the accuracies of the virgin and reused PLA models, identical provisional crowns were fitted, and marginal fits were obtained using micro-computed tomography. A marginal fit of 120 µm was deemed acceptable based on previous literature. The mesial, distal, buccal, and palatal centers were set at M, D, B, and P, respectively. The mean value of each measurement point was considered as the result. When comparing the accuracies of R and R1, R2, and R3, significant differences were noted between R and R3 at B, R and R2, R3 at P, and R and R3 at D (p < 0.05). No significant difference was observed at M. This study demonstrates that PLA can be recycled only once owing to accuracy limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koudai Nagata
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Implantology, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka-cho, Yokosuka 238-8580, Japan
| | - Keitaro Inaba
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka-cho, Yokosuka 238-8580, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Kimoto
- Department of Fixed Prosthodontics, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka-cho, Yokosuka 238-8580, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Kawana
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Implantology, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka-cho, Yokosuka 238-8580, Japan
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5
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Sun A, Luo F, Chen R, Shih TM, Guo S. Toward supertough and heat-resistant binary blend: polyoxymethylene/elastomer via in-situ graft copolymer formation during one-pot reactive melt blending. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-023-03481-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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6
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Toughening and Heat-Resistant Modification of Degradable PLA/PBS-Based Composites by Using Glass Fiber/Silicon Dioxide Hybrid Fillers. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14163237. [PMID: 36015493 PMCID: PMC9412549 DOI: 10.3390/polym14163237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, to enhance the toughness and heat resistance properties of polylactic acid (PLA)/polybutylene succinate (PBS) composites, the PLA/PBS matrix was modified by different glass fiber (GF), GF/SiO2, and GF/(Polyaluminium chloride) PAC fillers. Additionally, the effect of filler type, filler content, components interaction and composite structure on the mechanical and thermal properties of the PLA/PBS composites was researched. The results showed that the addition of GF, GF/SiO2 and GF/PAC make the PLA/PBS composites appear significantly higher mechanical properties compared with the pristine PLA/PBS composite. Among the different inorganic fillers, the 10%GF/1%SiO2 fillers showed excellent strengthening, toughening and heat resistant effects. Compared with the pristine PLA/PBS matrix, the tensile strength, elastic modulus, flexural strength, flexural modulus and Izod impact strength improved by 36.28%, 70.74%, 67.95%, 66.61% and 135.68%, respectively. Considering the above, when the weight loss rate was 50%, the thermal decomposition temperature of the 10%GF/1%SiO2 modified PLA/PBS composites was the highest 412.83 °C and its Vicat softening point was up to 116.8 °C. In a word, the 10%GF/1%SiO2 reinforced PLA/PBS composites exhibit excellent mechanical and thermal properties, which broadens the application of biodegradable materials in specific scenarios.
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7
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Zhao X, Liu J, Li J, Liang X, Zhou W, Peng S. Strategies and techniques for improving heat resistance and mechanical performances of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) biodegradable materials. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 218:115-134. [PMID: 35868408 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) has attracted much attention as a substitute for petroleum-based plastics, but its low heat resistance limits its application range in packaging fields and disposable products. This paper summarizes the structural factors affecting the heat resistance of PLA and systematically summarizes methods to improve its heat resistance. PLA is a semi-crystalline polymer, and crystallinity, crystal size, and other factors are important factors affecting heat resistance. This paper systematically analyzes the means to control the crystallization behavior of PLA, and summarizes the effects of nucleating agents, cross-linking, grafting, and annealing processes on the crystallization behavior and heat resistance of PLA. The effects of PLA molecular chain cross-linking and grafting on the motility of PLA molecular chains and the heat resistance of PLA materials are further discussed from the perspective of PLA molecular chain segment movement. The research work on combining PLA with reinforcements such as high heat-resistant polymer materials, fiber, and nanoparticles to improve the mechanical properties and heat resistance of PLA by introducing rigid groups or structures is described in detail. Improving the heat resistance of PLA material is an important strategy to promote the application of biodegradable materials, and has broad research value and application prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xipo Zhao
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, New Materials and Green Manufacturing Talent Introduction and Innovation Demonstration Base, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; Hubei Longzhong Laboratory, Xiangyang 441000, China.
| | - Jinchao Liu
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, New Materials and Green Manufacturing Talent Introduction and Innovation Demonstration Base, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Juncheng Li
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, New Materials and Green Manufacturing Talent Introduction and Innovation Demonstration Base, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Xinyu Liang
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, New Materials and Green Manufacturing Talent Introduction and Innovation Demonstration Base, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Weiyi Zhou
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, New Materials and Green Manufacturing Talent Introduction and Innovation Demonstration Base, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; Hubei Longzhong Laboratory, Xiangyang 441000, China
| | - Shaoxian Peng
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, New Materials and Green Manufacturing Talent Introduction and Innovation Demonstration Base, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; Hubei Longzhong Laboratory, Xiangyang 441000, China.
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8
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Tor-Świątek A, Garbacz T, Stloukal P. Analysis of Selected Properties of Microporous PLA as a Result of Abiotic Degradation. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15093133. [PMID: 35591467 PMCID: PMC9101509 DOI: 10.3390/ma15093133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In the study, an investigation was made into the hydrolytic degradation behavior of the microporous polylactide (PLA) in the initial stage in three biological buffer solutions with various pH-simulating body fluids in comparison with pure PLA. Studies also include the analysis of selected mechanical properties and physical structures. A microporous PLA was obtained by melt extrusion using a chemical blowing agent. The rate of Mw decrease induced by hydrolysis over 35 days of microporous PLA was roughly comparable to the pure material. The rate of depolymerization was slightly accelerated at an acid pH due to acid-catalyzed hydrolysis at the end of the observed period. The mechanical analysis showed the influence of various pH on the obtained results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Tor-Świątek
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, 36 Nadbystrzycka, Str., 20-816 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Garbacz
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, 36 Nadbystrzycka, Str., 20-816 Lublin, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Petr Stloukal
- Centre of Polymer Systems, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Tř. T. Bati 5678, 760 01 Zlin, Czech Republic;
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Masek A, Cichosz S, Piotrowska M. Comparison of Aging Resistance and Antimicrobial Properties of Ethylene-Norbornene Copolymer and Poly(Lactic Acid) Impregnated with Phytochemicals Embodied in Thyme ( Thymus vulgaris) and Clove ( Syzygium aromaticum). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:13025. [PMID: 34884831 PMCID: PMC8657585 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222313025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of plant-based extracts on the solar aging and antimicrobial properties of impregnated ethylene-norbornene (EN) copolymer and poly(lactic acid) (PLA) were investigated. In this study, the impregnation yield of polyolefin, lacking in active centers capable of phytochemical bonding, and polyester, abundant in active sides, was measured. Moreover, two different extracts plentiful in phytochemicals-thyme (TE) and clove (CE)-were employed in the solvent-based impregnation process. The effect of thymol and eugenol, the two main compounds embodied in the extracts, was studied as well. Interestingly, oxidation induction times (OIT) for the impregnation of EN with thyme and clove extracts were established to be, respectively, 27.7 and 39.02 min, which are higher than for thymol (18.4 min) and eugenol (21.1 min). Therefore, an aging experiment, mimicking the full spectrum of sunlight, was carried out to investigate the resistance to common radiation of materials impregnated with antioxidative substances. As expected, the experiment revealed that the natural extracts increased the shelf-life of the polymer matrix by inhibiting the degradation processes. The aging resistance was assessed based on detected changes in the materials' behavior and structure that were examined with Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, contact angle measurements, color quantification, tensile tests, and hardness investigation. Such broad results of solar aging regarding materials impregnated with thyme and clove extracts have not been reported to date. Moreover, CE was found to be the most effective modifying agent for enabling material with antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli to be obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Masek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 16, 90-537 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Stefan Cichosz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 16, 90-537 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Małgorzata Piotrowska
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska 71/173, 90-924 Lodz, Poland;
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Przybysz-Romatowska M, Barczewski M, Mania S, Tercjak A, Haponiuk J, Formela K. Morphology, Thermo-Mechanical Properties and Biodegradibility of PCL/PLA Blends Reactively Compatibilized by Different Organic Peroxides. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14154205. [PMID: 34361398 PMCID: PMC8347303 DOI: 10.3390/ma14154205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Reactive blending is a promising approach for the sustainable development of bio-based polymer blends and composites, which currently is gaining more and more attention. In this paper, biodegradable blends based on poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) and poly(lactic acid) (PLA) were prepared via reactive blending performed in an internal mixer. The PCL and PLA content varied in a ratio of 70/30 and 55/45. Reactive modification of PCL/PLA via liquid organic peroxides (OP) including 0.5 wt.% of tert-butyl cumyl peroxide (BU), 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di-(tert-butylperoxy)-hexane (HX), and tert-butyl peroxybenzoate (PB) is reported. The materials were characterized by rotational rheometer, atomic force microscopy (AFM), thermogravimetry (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), tensile tests and biodegradability tests. It was found that the application of peroxides improves the miscibility between PCL and PLA resulted in enhanced mechanical properties and more uniform morphology. Moreover, it was observed that the biodegradation rate of PCL/PLA blends reactively compatibilized was lower comparing to unmodified samples and strongly dependent on the blend ratio and peroxide structure. The presented results confirmed that reactive blending supported by organic peroxide is a promising approach for tailoring novel biodegradable polymeric systems with controllable biodegradation rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Przybysz-Romatowska
- Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland;
- Correspondence: (M.P.-R.); (K.F.)
| | - Mateusz Barczewski
- Institute of Materials Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 61-138 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Szymon Mania
- Department of Chemistry, Technology and Biochemistry of Food, Faculty of Chemistry, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Tercjak
- Group ‘Materials + Technologies’ (GMT), Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Pza Europa 1, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain;
| | - Józef Haponiuk
- Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Krzysztof Formela
- Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland;
- Correspondence: (M.P.-R.); (K.F.)
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11
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Yu Y, Yang B, Pan Y, Jia N, Wang S, Yang Y, Zheng Z, Su L, Miao J, Qian J, Xia R, Shi Y. Understanding thermal and rheological behaviors of bimodal polymethyl methacrylate (BPMMA) fabricated via solution blending. JOURNAL OF POLYMER ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/polyeng-2021-0093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In this work, a series of bimodal polymethyl methacrylate (BPMMA) was fabricated via solution-blending two neat PMMA resins. Rheology, DMTA, thermal infrared imager measurements were used in an attempt to probe the internal structure of the as-prepared BPMMA. It was demonstrated that the thermorheological behavior of the BPMMA was heavily dependent on shear rate, temperature as well as blending ratio. In addition, a typical “V-shaped” response, namely, a dip in storage modulus (G′) followed by an upturn in the plot of G′ versus measuring temperature for D4 (with lower weight-average molecular weight) was observed, characteristic of occurrence of thermorheological complexity. Our experimental results of physical–mechanical testings suggested that the BPMMA had better comprehensive properties than those of their neat PMMA counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangnan Yu
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Polymeric Materials of Anhui Province , Institute of High Performance Rubber Materials & Products, Anhui University , Hefei , 230601 , Anhui , China
| | - Bin Yang
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Polymeric Materials of Anhui Province , Institute of High Performance Rubber Materials & Products, Anhui University , Hefei , 230601 , Anhui , China
| | - Yang Pan
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Polymeric Materials of Anhui Province , Institute of High Performance Rubber Materials & Products, Anhui University , Hefei , 230601 , Anhui , China
| | - Ning Jia
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Polymeric Materials of Anhui Province , Institute of High Performance Rubber Materials & Products, Anhui University , Hefei , 230601 , Anhui , China
| | - Shun Wang
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Polymeric Materials of Anhui Province , Institute of High Performance Rubber Materials & Products, Anhui University , Hefei , 230601 , Anhui , China
| | - Yingdong Yang
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Polymeric Materials of Anhui Province , Institute of High Performance Rubber Materials & Products, Anhui University , Hefei , 230601 , Anhui , China
| | - Zhengzhi Zheng
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Polymeric Materials of Anhui Province , Institute of High Performance Rubber Materials & Products, Anhui University , Hefei , 230601 , Anhui , China
| | - Lifen Su
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Polymeric Materials of Anhui Province , Institute of High Performance Rubber Materials & Products, Anhui University , Hefei , 230601 , Anhui , China
| | - Jibin Miao
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Polymeric Materials of Anhui Province , Institute of High Performance Rubber Materials & Products, Anhui University , Hefei , 230601 , Anhui , China
| | - Jiasheng Qian
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Polymeric Materials of Anhui Province , Institute of High Performance Rubber Materials & Products, Anhui University , Hefei , 230601 , Anhui , China
| | - Ru Xia
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Polymeric Materials of Anhui Province , Institute of High Performance Rubber Materials & Products, Anhui University , Hefei , 230601 , Anhui , China
| | - You Shi
- College of Polymer Science & Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering , Sichuan University , Chengdu , 610065 , Sichuan , China
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Liu Y, Zhang X, Gao Q, Huang H, Liu Y, Min M, Wang L. Structure and Properties of Polyoxymethylene/Silver/Maleic Anhydride-Grafted Polyolefin Elastomer Ternary Nanocomposites. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1954. [PMID: 34208419 PMCID: PMC8231272 DOI: 10.3390/polym13121954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, silver (Ag) nanoparticles and maleic anhydride-grafted polyolefin elastomer (MAH-g-POE) were used as enhancement additives to improve the performance of the polyoxymethylene (POM) homopolymer. Specifically, the POM/Ag/MAH-g-POE ternary nanocomposites with varying Ag nanoparticles and MAH-g-POE contents were prepared by a melt mixing method. The effects of the additives on the microstructure, thermal stability, crystallization behavior, mechanical properties, and dynamic mechanical thermal properties of the ternary nanocomposites were studied. It was found that the MAH-g-POE played a role in the bridging of the Ag nanoparticles and POM matrix and improved the interfacial adhesion between the Ag nanoparticles and POM matrix, owing to the good compatibility between Ag/MAH-g-POE and the POM matrix. Moreover, it was found that the combined addition of Ag nanoparticles and MAH-g-POE significantly enhanced the thermal stability, crystallization properties, and mechanical properties of the POM/Ag/MAH-g-POE ternary nanocomposites. When the Ag/MAH-g-POE content was 1 wt.%, the tensile strength reached the maximum value of 54.78 MPa. In addition, when the Ag/MAH-g-POE content increased to 15wt.%, the elongation at break reached the maximum value of 64.02%. However, when the Ag/MAH-g-POE content further increased to 20 wt.%, the elongation at break decreased again, which could be attributed to the aggregation of excessive Ag nanoparticles forming local defects in the POM/Ag/MAH-g-POE ternary nanocomposites. Furthermore, when the Ag/MAH-g-POE content was 20 wt.%, the maximum decomposition temperature of POM/Ag/MAH-g-POE ternary nanocomposites was 398.22 °C, which was 71.39 °C higher than that of pure POM. However, compared with POM, the storage modulus of POM/Ag/MAH-g-POE ternary nanocomposites decreased with the Ag/MAH-g-POE content, because the MAH-g-POE elastomer could reduce the rigidity of POM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Oceanic and Polar Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China; (Y.L.); (X.Z.); (Q.G.); (H.H.); (Y.L.)
- Joint Laboratory for Open Sea Fishery Engineering, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center for Rope & Net, Hunan Xinhai Co., Ltd., Yiyang 413100, China
| | - Xun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Oceanic and Polar Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China; (Y.L.); (X.Z.); (Q.G.); (H.H.); (Y.L.)
- Joint Laboratory for Open Sea Fishery Engineering, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Quanxin Gao
- Key Laboratory of Oceanic and Polar Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China; (Y.L.); (X.Z.); (Q.G.); (H.H.); (Y.L.)
- College of Life Science, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Hongliang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Oceanic and Polar Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China; (Y.L.); (X.Z.); (Q.G.); (H.H.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yongli Liu
- Key Laboratory of Oceanic and Polar Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China; (Y.L.); (X.Z.); (Q.G.); (H.H.); (Y.L.)
| | - Minghua Min
- Key Laboratory of Oceanic and Polar Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China; (Y.L.); (X.Z.); (Q.G.); (H.H.); (Y.L.)
- Joint Laboratory for Open Sea Fishery Engineering, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Lumin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Oceanic and Polar Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China; (Y.L.); (X.Z.); (Q.G.); (H.H.); (Y.L.)
- Joint Laboratory for Open Sea Fishery Engineering, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
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13
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Jiang G, Zhang J, Ding J, Chen Y. Design of
PLA
/
ENR
thermoplastic vulcanizates with balanced stiffness‐toughness based on rubber reinforcement and selective distribution of modified silica. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Jiang
- College of Material Science and Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
| | - Jiahao Zhang
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
| | - Jianping Ding
- College of Material Science and Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
| | - Yukun Chen
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
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Biocomposites of Epoxidized Natural Rubber/Poly(Lactic Acid) Modified with Natural Substances: Influence of Biomolecules on the Aging Properties (Part II). Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13111677. [PMID: 34064033 PMCID: PMC8196701 DOI: 10.3390/polym13111677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to present the possible influence of natural substances on the aging properties of epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) and poly(lactic acid) (PLA) eco-friendly elastic blends. Therefore, the ENR/PLA blends were filled with natural pro-health substances of potentially antioxidative behavior, namely, δ-tocopherol (vitamin E), curcumin, β-carotene and quercetin. In this way, the material biodeterioration potential was maintained and the material’s lifespan was prolonged while subjected to increased temperatures or high-energy UVA irradiation (340 nm). The investigation of the samples’ properties indicated that curcumin and quercetin are the most promising natural additives that may contribute to the delay of ENR/PLA degradation under the above-mentioned conditions. The efficiency of the proposed new natural anti-aging additives was proven with static mechanical analysis, color change investigation, as well as mass loss during a certain aging. The aging coefficient, which compares the mechanical properties before and after the aging process, indicated that the ENR/PLA performance after 200 h of accelerated aging might decrease only by approximately 30% with the blend loaded with quercetin. This finding paves new opportunities for bio-based and green anti-aging systems employed in polymer technology.
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Andrzejewski J, Nowakowski M. Development of Toughened Flax Fiber Reinforced Composites. Modification of Poly(lactic acid)/Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) Blends by Reactive Extrusion Process. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:1523. [PMID: 33804651 PMCID: PMC8003650 DOI: 10.3390/ma14061523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The presented study focuses on the development of flax fiber (FF) reinforced composites prepared with the use of poly(lactic acid)/poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)-PLA/PBAT blend system. This type of modification was aimed to increase impact properties of PLA-based composites, which are usually characterized by high brittleness. The PLA/PBAT blends preparation was carried out using melt blending technique, while part of the samples was prepared by reactive extrusion process with the addition of chain extender (CE) in the form of epoxy-functionalized oligomer. The properties of unreinforced blends was evaluated using injection molded samples. The composite samples were prepared by compression molding technique, while flax fibers reinforcement was in the form of plain fabric. The properties of the laminated sheets were investigated during mechanical test measurements (tensile, flexural, impact). Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis was used to determine the thermal properties, while dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) and heat deflection temperature (HDT) measurements were conducted in order to measure the thermomechanical properties. Research procedure was supplemented with structure evaluation using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. The comparative study reveals that the properties of PLA/PBAT-based composites were more favorable, especially in the context of impact resistance improvement. However, for CE modified samples also the modulus and strength was improved. Structural observations after the impact tests confirmed the presence of the plastic deformation of PLA/PBAT matrix, which confirmed the favorable properties of the developed materials. The use of PBAT phase as the impact modifier strongly reduced the PLA brittleness, while the reactive extrusion process improves the fiber-matrix interactions leading to higher stiffness and strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Andrzejewski
- Polymer Processing Division, Institute of Materials Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, ul. Piotrowo 3, 61-138 Poznan, Poland
- MATRIX Students Club, Polymer Processing Division, Poznan University of Technology, ul. Piotrowo 3, 61-138 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Michał Nowakowski
- MATRIX Students Club, Polymer Processing Division, Poznan University of Technology, ul. Piotrowo 3, 61-138 Poznan, Poland;
- Faculty of Materials Engineering and Technical Physics, Poznan University of Technology, ul. Piotrowo 3, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
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16
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Biocomposites of Epoxidized Natural Rubber/Poly(lactic acid) Modified with Natural Fillers (Part I). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063150. [PMID: 33808768 PMCID: PMC8003495 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to prepare sustainable and degradable elastic blends of epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) with poly(lactic acid) (PLA) that were reinforced with flax fiber (FF) and montmorillonite (MMT), simultaneously filling the gap in the literature regarding the PLA-containing polymer blends filled with natural additives. The performed study reveals that FF incorporation into ENR/PLA blend may cause a significant improvement in tensile strength from (10 ± 1) MPa for the reference material to (19 ± 2) MPa for the fibers-filled blend. Additionally, it was found that MMT employment in the role of the filler might contribute to ENR/PLA plasticization and considerably promote the blend elongation up to 600%. This proves the successful creation of the unique and eco-friendly PLA-containing polymer blend exhibiting high elasticity. Moreover, thanks to the performed accelerated thermo-oxidative and ultraviolet (UV) aging, it was established that MMT incorporation may delay the degradation of ENR/PLA blends under the abovementioned conditions. Additionally, mold tests revealed that plant-derived fiber addition might highly enhance the ENR/PLA blend’s biodeterioration potential enabling faster and more efficient growth of microorganisms. Therefore, materials presented in this research may become competitive and eco-friendly alternatives to commonly utilized petro-based polymeric products.
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17
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Barczewski M, Mysiukiewicz O, Lewandowski K, Nowak D, Matykiewicz D, Andrzejewski J, Skórczewska K, Piasecki A. Effect of Basalt Powder Surface Treatments on Mechanical and Processing Properties of Polylactide-Based Composites. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E5436. [PMID: 33260378 PMCID: PMC7730719 DOI: 10.3390/ma13235436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Legislative restrictions and the needs of consumers have created a demand for sustainable materials. Polylactide (PLA) is a biodegradable polyester with advantageous mechanical properties, however, due to its low crystallization rate, it also has low thermomechanical stability. Its range of application temperatures can be widened using nucleating agents and fillers including basalt powder (BP), a waste product from the mining industry. This study analyzed the possibility of enhancing the properties of a PLA-BP composite by chemically treating the filler. Basalt powder was subjected to silanization with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane or γ-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane and mixed with PLA at 5-20 wt%. The nucleating effect of a potassium salt of 3,5-bis(methoxycarbonyl) (LAK-301) in the silanized composite was also evaluated. The properties of the materials with silanized BP were compared with the unmodified basalt powder. The miscibility of the filler and the polymer was assessed by oscillatory rheometry. The structure of the composites was studied using scanning electron microscopy and their thermomechanical properties were analyzed using dynamic mechanical thermal analysis. Mechanical properties such as tensile strength, hardness and impact strength, and heat deflection temperature of the materials were also determined. It was concluded that BP-filled nucleated PLA composites presented satisfactory thermomechanical stability without silanization, but chemical treatment could improve the matrix-filler interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Barczewski
- Institute of Materials Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 61-138 Poznan, Poland; (O.M.); (D.N.); (D.M.); (J.A.)
| | - Olga Mysiukiewicz
- Institute of Materials Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 61-138 Poznan, Poland; (O.M.); (D.N.); (D.M.); (J.A.)
| | - Krzysztof Lewandowski
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, UTP University of Science and Technology, Seminaryjna 3, 85-326 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (K.L.); (K.S.)
| | - Daniel Nowak
- Institute of Materials Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 61-138 Poznan, Poland; (O.M.); (D.N.); (D.M.); (J.A.)
| | - Danuta Matykiewicz
- Institute of Materials Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 61-138 Poznan, Poland; (O.M.); (D.N.); (D.M.); (J.A.)
| | - Jacek Andrzejewski
- Institute of Materials Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 61-138 Poznan, Poland; (O.M.); (D.N.); (D.M.); (J.A.)
| | - Katarzyna Skórczewska
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, UTP University of Science and Technology, Seminaryjna 3, 85-326 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (K.L.); (K.S.)
| | - Adam Piasecki
- Institute of Materials Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Jana Pawła II 24, 60-965 Poznan, Poland;
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Wei Fang, Fan X, Jin Z, Li R, Zhou T. Reactive Compatibilization of Multi-Hydroxy Functional Compound Based on Polyoxymethylene/Thermoplastic Polyether Elastomer Blends. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES B 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1560090420060032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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19
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Poly( l-Lactic Acid)/Pine Wood Bio-Based Composites. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13173776. [PMID: 32859082 PMCID: PMC7503300 DOI: 10.3390/ma13173776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Bio-based composites made of poly(l-lactic acid) (PLLA) and pine wood were prepared by melt extrusion. The composites were compatibilized by impregnation of wood with γ-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APE). Comparison with non-compatibilized formulation revealed that APE is an efficient compatibilizer for PLLA/wood composites. Pine wood particles dispersed within PLLA act as nucleating agents able to start the growth of PLLA crystals, resulting in a faster crystallization rate and increased crystal fraction. Moreover, the composites have a slightly lower thermal stability compared to PLLA, proportional to filler content, due to the lower thermal stability of wood. Molecular dynamics was investigated using the solid-state 1H NMR technique, which revealed restrictions in the mobility of polymer chains upon the addition of wood, as well as enhanced interfacial adhesion between the filler and matrix in the composites compatibilized with APE. The enhanced interfacial adhesion in silane-treated composites was also proved by scanning electron microscopy and resulted in slightly improved deformability and impact resistance of the composites.
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20
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Mysiukiewicz O, Barczewski M, Skórczewska K, Matykiewicz D. Correlation between Processing Parameters and Degradation of Different Polylactide Grades during Twin-Screw Extrusion. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12061333. [PMID: 32545388 PMCID: PMC7362239 DOI: 10.3390/polym12061333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This article presents the effect of twin-screw extrusion processing parameters, including temperature and rotational speed of screws, on the structure and properties of four grades of polylactide (PLA). To evaluate the critical processing parameters for PLA and the possibilities for oxidative and thermomechanical degradation, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), oscillatory rheological analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements were used. The influence of degradation induced by processing temperature and high shearing conditions on the quality of the biodegradable polyesters with different melt flow indexes (MFIs)was investigated by color analysis within the CIELab scale. The presented results indicate that considering the high-temperature processing of PLA, the high mass flow index and low viscosity of the polymer reduce its time of residence in the plastifying unit and therefore limit discoloration and reduction of molecular weight due to the degradation process during melt mixing, whereas the initial molecular weight of the polymer is not an essential factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Mysiukiewicz
- Institute of Materials Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 61-138 Poznan, Poland;
- Correspondence: (O.M.); (M.B.); Tel.: +48-61-647-5858 (M.B.)
| | - Mateusz Barczewski
- Institute of Materials Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 61-138 Poznan, Poland;
- Correspondence: (O.M.); (M.B.); Tel.: +48-61-647-5858 (M.B.)
| | - Katarzyna Skórczewska
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, UTP University of Science and Technology, Seminaryjna 3, 85-326 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
| | - Danuta Matykiewicz
- Institute of Materials Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 61-138 Poznan, Poland;
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21
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Development of Thermal Resistant FDM Printed Blends. The Preparation of GPET/PC Blends and Evaluation of Material Performance. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13092057. [PMID: 32365536 PMCID: PMC7254323 DOI: 10.3390/ma13092057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The paper discusses the preparation of polymer blends based on the polyethylene terephthalate copolymer/polycarbonate (GPET/PC). Materials have been prepared in order to assess their applicability in the fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing process. The tested key feature was the thermomechanical resistance, measured by head deflection temperature (HDT) and Vicat softening temperature (VST), the mechanical tests and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) were also performed. A clear relationship between the increasing content of PC in the blend properties was observed. DMTA analysis revealed significant changes in the glass transition temperature, which indicates the miscibility of this type of polymer system. The mechanical tests indicate a clear trend of stiffness and strength improvement along with the increasing share of PC phase in the structure. The increase in impact strength is also clear, however, compared to the results for a pure PC, the results obtained for GPET/PC blends are significantly lower. As part of the research, reference samples based on polyethylene terephthalate homopolymer (PET) and composite samples with addition of 10% talc were also prepared. The structure analysis for PET/PC(50/50) samples did not show miscibility. However, due to the formation of the PET crystalline phase, the thermomechanical resistance of these materials was visibly higher. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis confirmed a high degree of compatibility of the GPET/PC blend structure as indicated by the lack of visible signs of phase separation. This phenomenon is not observed for PET/PC blends, which confirms the different thermomechanical interactions of both tested polymer systems.
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