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Nallbani BG, Kahraman MV, Degirmenci I. Computational Study on Radical-Mediated Thiol-Epoxy Reactions. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:8050-8058. [PMID: 37737119 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c03234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Radical-mediated thiol-epoxy reactions were elucidated for analyzing the overlap problem of the thiol-ene/thiol-epoxy systems using computational approaches. Nine epoxy model molecules were evaluated to mimic the chemical structures and reactivity of some industrial epoxy molecules. Modeling reaction mechanisms was conducted through density functional theory (DFT) calculations using the M06-2X/6-31+G(d,p) level at 1.0 atm and 298.15 K. An analog thiol-ene mechanism was proposed for radical-mediated thiol-epoxide reactions. Unlike the thiol-ene reactions, the addition reaction to epoxides is relatively slow (rate constants <10-4 M-1 s-1). However, the chain transfer, which paves the way for the overlapping of dual curing systems, is quite fast (rate constants >101 M-1 s-1). High stability of thiyl radicals, epoxy ring strain, and the instability of formed alkoxy radical from addition reaction were emphasized as the main driving forces for the reaction energetics and kinetics. Control of temperature and using certain thiols are strongly recommended to avoid curing step overlap based on the findings in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Memet Vezir Kahraman
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Marmara University, 34722 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Isa Degirmenci
- Chemical Engineering Department, Ondokuz Mayıs University, 55139 Samsun, Turkey
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2
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Jašek V, Fučík J, Melcova V, Figalla S, Mravcova L, Krobot Š, Přikryl R. Synthesis of Bio-Based Thermoset Mixture Composed of Methacrylated Rapeseed Oil and Methacrylated Methyl Lactate: One-Pot Synthesis Using Formed Methacrylic Acid as a Continual Reactant. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15081811. [PMID: 37111957 PMCID: PMC10146403 DOI: 10.3390/polym15081811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Methacrylated vegetable oils are promising bio-based polymerizable precursors for potential material application in several fields, such as coating technologies or 3D printing. The reactants' availability for their production is an enormous advantage, but the modified oils also exhibit high apparent viscosity values and poor mechanical properties. This work focuses on a way to produce oil-based polymerizable material precursors in a mixture with a viscosity modifier in a one-batch process. The required methacrylic acid for the modification of epoxidized vegetable oils can be obtained as a secondary product of the methacrylation of methyl lactate forming a polymerizable monomer along with the acid. This reaction results in a yield of over 98% of methacrylic acid. Epoxidized vegetable oil can be added into the same batch using acid for oil modification which results in the one-pot mixture of both methacrylated oil and methyl lactate. The structural verifications of products were provided via FT-IR, 1H NMR, and volumetric methods. This two-step reaction process produces a thermoset mixture with a lower apparent viscosity of 142.6 mPa·s in comparison with methacrylated oil exhibiting a value of 1790.2 mPa·s. Other physical-chemical properties of the resin mixture such as storage modulus (E' = 1260 MPa), glass transition temperature (Tg = 50.0 °C), or polymerization activation energy (17.3 kJ/mol) are enhanced in comparison with the methacrylated vegetable oil. The synthesized one-pot mixture does not require additional methacrylic acid due to the use of the one formed in the first step of the reaction, while the eventual thermoset mixture exhibits enhanced material properties compared to the methacrylated vegetable oil itself. Precursors synthesized in this work may find their purpose in the field of coating technologies, since these applications require detailed viscosity modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vojtěch Jašek
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Fučík
- Institute of Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Melcova
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Silvestr Figalla
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ludmila Mravcova
- Institute of Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Štěpán Krobot
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Přikryl
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic
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3
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Hu J, Feng H, Rong Y, Wang S, Jin D, Chen Q, Dai J, Liu X. Recyclable bio‐based epoxy resins containing hybrid cross‐linking networks. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingyuan Hu
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo People's Republic of China
| | - Haoyang Feng
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo People's Republic of China
| | - Yangke Rong
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies of Zhejiang Province Ningbo People's Republic of China
| | - Shuaipeng Wang
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies of Zhejiang Province Ningbo People's Republic of China
| | - Dandan Jin
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies of Zhejiang Province Ningbo People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Chen
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo People's Republic of China
| | - Jinyue Dai
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies of Zhejiang Province Ningbo People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqing Liu
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies of Zhejiang Province Ningbo People's Republic of China
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4
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Optimization of vanillin bis epoxy coating properties by changing resin composition and photocuring conditions. Polym Bull (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-022-04656-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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5
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Bonamigo Moreira V, Rintjema J, Bravo F, Kleij AW, Franco L, Puiggalí J, Alemán C, Armelin E. Novel Biobased Epoxy Thermosets and Coatings from Poly(limonene carbonate) Oxide and Synthetic Hardeners. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2022; 10:2708-2719. [PMID: 35360277 PMCID: PMC8938888 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.1c07665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
In the area of coating development, it is extremely difficult to find a substitute for bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (DGEBA), the classical petroleum-based raw material used for the formulation of epoxy thermosets. This epoxy resin offers fast curing reaction with several hardeners and the best thermal and chemical resistance properties for applications in coatings and adhesive technologies. In this work, a new biobased epoxy, derived from poly(limonene carbonate) oxide (PLCO), was combined with polyetheramine and polyamineamide curing agents, offering a spectrum of thermal and mechanical properties, superior to DGEBA-based thermosets. The best formulation was found to be a combination of PLCO and a commercial curing agent (Jeffamine) in a stoichiometric 1:1 ratio. Although PLCO is a solid due to its high molecular weight, it was possible to create a two-component partially biobased epoxy paint without the need of volatile organic compounds (i.e., solvent-free formulation), intended for use in coating technology to partially replace DGEBA-based thermosets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor Bonamigo Moreira
- Departament
d’Enginyeria Química, Universitat
Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Campus Diagonal Besòs (EEBE), C/Eduard Maristany,
10-14, Building I, 2nd Floor, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
- Programa
de Pós-graduação em Engenharias de Minas, Metalúrgica
e de Materiais (PPGE3M), Universidade Federal
do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre, 91501-970 Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Barcelona
Research Center for Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Campus Diagonal Besòs (EEBE),
C/Eduard Maristany, 10-14, Building I, Basement Floor, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jeroen Rintjema
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Fernando Bravo
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Arjan W. Kleij
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Catalan
Institute of Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Pg. Lluis Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lourdes Franco
- Departament
d’Enginyeria Química, Universitat
Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Campus Diagonal Besòs (EEBE), C/Eduard Maristany,
10-14, Building I, 2nd Floor, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
- Barcelona
Research Center for Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Campus Diagonal Besòs (EEBE),
C/Eduard Maristany, 10-14, Building I, Basement Floor, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Puiggalí
- Departament
d’Enginyeria Química, Universitat
Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Campus Diagonal Besòs (EEBE), C/Eduard Maristany,
10-14, Building I, 2nd Floor, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
- Barcelona
Research Center for Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Campus Diagonal Besòs (EEBE),
C/Eduard Maristany, 10-14, Building I, Basement Floor, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Alemán
- Departament
d’Enginyeria Química, Universitat
Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Campus Diagonal Besòs (EEBE), C/Eduard Maristany,
10-14, Building I, 2nd Floor, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
- Barcelona
Research Center for Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Campus Diagonal Besòs (EEBE),
C/Eduard Maristany, 10-14, Building I, Basement Floor, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute
for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elaine Armelin
- Departament
d’Enginyeria Química, Universitat
Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Campus Diagonal Besòs (EEBE), C/Eduard Maristany,
10-14, Building I, 2nd Floor, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
- Barcelona
Research Center for Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Campus Diagonal Besòs (EEBE),
C/Eduard Maristany, 10-14, Building I, Basement Floor, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
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Vegetable Oil-Based Thiol-Ene/Thiol-Epoxy Resins for Laser Direct Writing 3D Micro-/Nano-Lithography. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13060872. [PMID: 33809044 PMCID: PMC8000864 DOI: 10.3390/polym13060872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of renewable sources for optical 3D printing instead of petroleum-based materials is increasingly growing. Combinations of photo- and thermal polymerization in dual curing processes can enhance the thermal and mechanical properties of the synthesized thermosets. Consequently, thiol-ene/thiol-epoxy polymers were obtained by combining UV and thermal curing of acrylated epoxidized soybean oil and epoxidized linseed oil with thiols, benzene-1,3-dithiol and pentaerythritol tetra(3-mercaptopropionate). Thiol-epoxy reaction was studied by calorimetry. The changes of rheological properties were examined during UV, thermal and dual curing to select the most suitable formulations for laser direct writing (LDW). The obtained polymers were characterized by dynamic-mechanical thermal analysis, thermogravimetry, and mechanical testing. The selected dual curable mixture was tested in LDW 3D lithography for validating its potential in optical micro- and nano-additive manufacturing. The obtained results demonstrated the suitability of epoxidized linseed oil as a biobased alternative to bisphenol A diglycidyl ether in thiol-epoxy thermal curing reactions. Dual cured thermosets showed higher rigidity, tensile strength, and Young’s modulus values compared with UV-cured thiol-ene polymers and the highest thermal stability from all prepared polymers. LDW results proved their suitability for high resolution 3D printing—individual features reaching an unprecedented 100 nm for plant-based materials. Finally, the biobased resin was tested for thermal post-treatment and 50% feature downscaling was achieved.
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7
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Wan J, Zhao J, Zhang X, Fan H, Zhang J, Hu D, Jin P, Wang DY. Epoxy thermosets and materials derived from bio-based monomeric phenols: Transformations and performances. Prog Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2020.101287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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8
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Konuray O, Fernández-Francos X, De la Flor S, Ramis X, Serra À. The Use of Click-Type Reactions in the Preparation of Thermosets. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1084. [PMID: 32397509 PMCID: PMC7285069 DOI: 10.3390/polym12051084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Click chemistry has emerged as an effective polymerization method to obtain thermosets with enhanced properties for advanced applications. In this article, commonly used click reactions have been reviewed, highlighting their advantages in obtaining homogeneous polymer networks. The basic concepts necessary to understand network formation via click reactions, together with their main characteristics, are explained comprehensively. Some of the advanced applications of thermosets obtained by this methodology are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osman Konuray
- Thermodynamics Laboratory, ETSEIB Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Av. Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (O.K.); (X.F.-F.); (X.R.)
| | - Xavier Fernández-Francos
- Thermodynamics Laboratory, ETSEIB Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Av. Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (O.K.); (X.F.-F.); (X.R.)
| | - Silvia De la Flor
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain;
| | - Xavier Ramis
- Thermodynamics Laboratory, ETSEIB Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Av. Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (O.K.); (X.F.-F.); (X.R.)
| | - Àngels Serra
- Department of Analytical and Organic Chemistry, University Rovira i Virgili, c/ Marcel·lí Domingo 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
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Santiago D, Guzmán D, Ferrando F, Serra À, De la Flor S. Bio-Based Epoxy Shape-Memory Thermosets from Triglycidyl Phloroglucinol. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12030542. [PMID: 32131508 PMCID: PMC7182903 DOI: 10.3390/polym12030542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of bio-based epoxy shape-memory thermosetting polymers were synthesized starting from a triglycidyl phloroglucinol (3EPOPh) and trimethylolpropane triglycidyl ether (TPTE) as epoxy monomers and a polyetheramine (JEF) as crosslinking agent. The evolution of the curing process was studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and the materials obtained were characterized by means of DSC, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), stress-strain tests, and microindentation. Shape-memory properties were evaluated under free and totally constrained conditions. All results were compared with an industrial epoxy thermoset prepared from standard diglycidyl ether of Bisphenol A (DGEBA). Results revealed that materials prepared from 3EPOPh were more reactive and showed a tighter network with higher crosslinking density and glass transition temperatures than the prepared from DGEBA. The partial substitution of 3EPOPh by TPTE as epoxy comonomer caused an increase in the molecular mobility of the materials but without worsening the thermal stability. The shape-memory polymers (SMPs) prepared from 3EPOPh showed good mechanical properties as well as an excellent shape-memory performance. They showed almost complete shape-recovery and shape-fixation, fast shape-recovery rates, and recovery stress up to 7 MPa. The results obtained in this study allow us to conclude that the triglycidyl phloroglucinol derivative of eugenol is a safe and environmentally friendly alternative to DGEBA for preparing thermosetting shape-memory polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Santiago
- Eurecat—Chemical Technologies Unit, c/Marcel·lí Domingo 2, 43007 Tarragona, Spain;
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (F.F.); (S.D.l.F.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Dailyn Guzmán
- Eurecat—Chemical Technologies Unit, c/Marcel·lí Domingo 2, 43007 Tarragona, Spain;
| | - Francesc Ferrando
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (F.F.); (S.D.l.F.)
| | - Àngels Serra
- Department of Analytical and Organic Chemistry, University Rovira i Virgili, c/Marcel·lí Domingo 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain;
| | - Silvia De la Flor
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (F.F.); (S.D.l.F.)
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