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Lugo FA, Edeleva M, Van Steenberge PHM, Sabbe MK. Improved Approach for ab Initio Calculations of Rate Coefficients for Secondary Reactions in Acrylate Free-Radical Polymerization. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:872. [PMID: 38611129 PMCID: PMC11013146 DOI: 10.3390/polym16070872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Secondary reactions in radical polymerization pose a challenge when creating kinetic models for predicting polymer structures. Despite the high impact of these reactions in the polymer structure, their effects are difficult to isolate and measure to produce kinetic data. To this end, we used solvation-corrected M06-2X/6-311+G(d,p) ab initio calculations to predict a complete and consistent data set of intrinsic rate coefficients of the secondary reactions in acrylate radical polymerization, including backbiting, β-scission, radical migration, macromonomer propagation, mid-chain radical propagation, chain transfer to monomer and chain transfer to polymer. Two new approaches towards computationally predicting rate coefficients for secondary reactions are proposed: (i) explicit accounting for all possible enantiomers for reactions involving optically active centers; (ii) imposing reduced flexibility if the reaction center is in the middle of the polymer chain. The accuracy and reliability of the ab initio predictions were benchmarked against experimental data via kinetic Monte Carlo simulations under three sufficiently different experimental conditions: a high-frequency modulated polymerization process in the transient regime, a low-frequency modulated process in the sliding regime at both low and high temperatures and a degradation process in the absence of free monomers. The complete and consistent ab initio data set compiled in this work predicts a good agreement when benchmarked via kMC simulations against experimental data, which is a technique never used before for computational chemistry. The simulation results show that these two newly proposed approaches are promising for bridging the gap between experimental and computational chemistry methods in polymer reaction engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando A. Lugo
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles, and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 125, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; (F.A.L.); (P.H.M.V.S.)
| | - Mariya Edeleva
- Center for Polymer and Material Technology (CPMT), Department of Materials, Textiles, and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 130, 9052 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Paul H. M. Van Steenberge
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles, and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 125, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; (F.A.L.); (P.H.M.V.S.)
| | - Maarten K. Sabbe
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles, and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 125, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; (F.A.L.); (P.H.M.V.S.)
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Maw MR, Tanas AK, Dashtimoghadam E, Nikitina EA, Ivanov DA, Dobrynin AV, Vatankhah-Varnosfaderani M, Sheiko SS. Bottlebrush Thermoplastic Elastomers as Hot-Melt Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:41870-41879. [PMID: 37625250 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c07821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Hot-melt pressure-sensitive adhesives (HMPSAs) are used in applications from office supplies to biomedical adhesives. The major component in HMPSA formulations is thermoplastic elastomers, such as styrene-based block copolymers, that provide both mechanical integrity and moldability. Since neat polymer networks are unable to establish an adhesive bond, large quantities of plasticizers and tackifiers are added. These additives enhance the adhesive performance but complicate the phase behavior and property stability of the pressure-sensitive adhesive. Herein, we introduce an alternative additive-free approach to HMPSA design based on self-assembly of bottlebrush graft-copolymers, where side chains behave as softness, strength, and viscoelasticity mediators. These systems maintain moldability of conventional thermoplastic elastomers, while architecturally disentangled bottlebrush network strands empower several benefits such as extreme softness for substrate wetting, low melt viscosity for molding and 3D-printing, and a broad frequency range of viscoelastic responses for adhesion regulation within almost four orders of magnitude. The brush graft-copolymers implement five independently controlled architectural parameters to regulate the Rouse time, work of adhesion, and debonding mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell R Maw
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Alexander K Tanas
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Erfan Dashtimoghadam
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Evgeniia A Nikitina
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Dimitri A Ivanov
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
- Institut de Sciences des Matériaux de Mulhouse-IS2M, CNRS UMR 7361, 15, Rue Jean Starcky, F-68057 Mulhouse, France
- Sirius University of Science and Technology, 1 Olympic Avenue, 354340 Sochi, Russian Federation
| | - Andrey V Dobrynin
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | | | - Sergei S Sheiko
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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Márquez I, Paredes N, Alarcia F, Velasco JI. Influence of Acrylonitrile Content on the Adhesive Properties of Water-Based Acrylic Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14050909. [PMID: 35267732 PMCID: PMC8912703 DOI: 10.3390/polym14050909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSA) were prepared by emulsion polymerization in order to obtain a PSA that meet with the current label market requirements. For it, the effect of the incorporation of acrylonitrile (ACN) as hard monomer was investigated in a n-butyl acrylate (n-BA) and acrylic acid (AA) system. Great differences were found in the adhesive performance according to the ACN weight ratio. Its increased resulted in a considerable rise in the average sol molecular weight and in the glass transition temperature. This was reflected in a decrease of adhesion forces (peel resistance and tack) and an increase of the cohesion forces (shear resistance). Moreover, the incorporation of the minimum amount of ACN studied showed a great change in the elastic modulus determined by dynamic shear resistance with respect to the based formulation that did not contain ACN. Finally, the ice bucket test was carried out to check the adhesive performance in cold and wet environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Márquez
- Lubrizol Advanced Materials, Applications Department, Camí de Can Calders, 13, 08173 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain; (I.M.); (N.P.)
- Poly2 Group, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC BarcelonaTech), ESEIAAT, Carrer de Colom, 11, 08222 Terrassa, Spain;
| | - Núria Paredes
- Lubrizol Advanced Materials, Applications Department, Camí de Can Calders, 13, 08173 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain; (I.M.); (N.P.)
| | - Felipe Alarcia
- Poly2 Group, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC BarcelonaTech), ESEIAAT, Carrer de Colom, 11, 08222 Terrassa, Spain;
| | - José Ignacio Velasco
- Poly2 Group, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC BarcelonaTech), ESEIAAT, Carrer de Colom, 11, 08222 Terrassa, Spain;
- Correspondence:
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The Effect of Type-I Photoinitiators on the Kinetics of the UV-Induced Cotelomerization Process of Acrylate Monomers and Properties of Obtained Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14164563. [PMID: 34443085 PMCID: PMC8398243 DOI: 10.3390/ma14164563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
A new method of solvent-free acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSAs) based on UV-induced cotelomerization products was presented. The key acrylic monomers (i.e., n-butyl acrylate and acrylic acid) with copolymerizable photoinitiator 4-acrylooxybenzophenone in the presence of a selected chain transfer agent (tetrabromomethane, TBM) were used in the UV-cotelomerization process. Moreover, two kinds of UV-photoinitiators (α-hydroxyalkylphenones, HPs and acylphosphine oxides, APOs) were tested. Photo-DSC, viscosity, thermogravimetric, and GPC measurements for cotelomers were performed. The kinetics study revealed that the systems with APOs, especially Omnirad 819 and Omnirad TPO, were characterized by a much higher reaction rate and greater initiation efficiency than HPs systems were. Additionally, the APO-based syrups exhibited a higher solid content (ca. 60–96 wt%), a higher dynamic viscosity (5–185 Pa·s), but slightly lower molecular weights (Mn and Mw) compared to HP syrups. However, better self-adhesive features (i.e., adhesion and tack) were observed for PSAs based on cotelomers syrups obtained using APOs with lower solid contents (55–80 wt%). It was found that as the solids content (i.e., monomers conversion) increased the adhesion, the tack and glass transition temperature decreased and the type and amount of photoinitiator had no effect on polydispersity. Most of the obtained PSAs were characterized by excellent cohesion, both at 20 °C and 70 °C.
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Márquez I, Paredes N, Alarcia F, Velasco JI. Adhesive Performance of Acrylic Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives from Different Preparation Processes. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13162627. [PMID: 34451167 PMCID: PMC8398658 DOI: 10.3390/polym13162627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSAs) was prepared using a constant monomeric composition and different preparation processes to investigate the best combination to obtain the best balance between peel resistance, tack, and shear resistance. The monomeric composition was a 1:1 combination of two different water-based acrylic polymers-one with a high shear resistance (A) and the other with a high peel resistance and tack (B). Two different strategies were applied to prepare the adhesives: physical blending of polymers A and B and in situ emulsion polymerization of A + B, either in one or two steps; in this last case, by polymerizing A or B first. To characterize the polymer, the average particle size and viscosity were analyzed. The glass transition temperature (Tg) was determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The tetrahydrofuran (THF) insoluble polymer fraction was used to calculate the gel content, and the soluble part was used to determine the average sol molecular weight by means of gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The adhesive performance was assessed by measuring tack as well as peel and shear resistance. The mechanical properties were obtained by calculating the shear modulus and determination of maximum stress and the deformation energy. Moreover, an adhesive performance index (API) was designed to determine which samples are closest to the requirements demanded by the self-adhesive label market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Márquez
- Applications Department, Lubrizol Advanced Materials, Camí de Can Calders, 13, 08173 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain; (I.M.); (N.P.)
- Poly2 Group, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC BarcelonaTech), ESEIAAT, Carrer de Colom, 11, 08222 Terrassa, Spain;
| | - Núria Paredes
- Applications Department, Lubrizol Advanced Materials, Camí de Can Calders, 13, 08173 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain; (I.M.); (N.P.)
| | - Felipe Alarcia
- Poly2 Group, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC BarcelonaTech), ESEIAAT, Carrer de Colom, 11, 08222 Terrassa, Spain;
| | - José Ignacio Velasco
- Poly2 Group, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC BarcelonaTech), ESEIAAT, Carrer de Colom, 11, 08222 Terrassa, Spain;
- Correspondence:
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Zhang L, Bai Y, Yin B, Peng H, Ji C, Zhang W. Water‐based poly(2‐ethylhexyl acrylate‐itaconic acid) removable adhesives with frost resistance for digital inkjet printing. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- School of Materials and Environmental Engineering Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology Loudi China
| | - Yongping Bai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin China
| | - Bin Yin
- School of Materials and Environmental Engineering Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology Loudi China
| | - Hongxia Peng
- School of Materials and Environmental Engineering Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology Loudi China
| | - Changyan Ji
- School of Materials and Environmental Engineering Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology Loudi China
| | - Wang Zhang
- School of Materials and Environmental Engineering Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology Loudi China
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Kowalczyk A, Weisbrodt M, Schmidt B, Gziut K. Influence of Acrylic Acid on Kinetics of UV-Induced Cotelomerization Process and Properties of Obtained Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E5661. [PMID: 33322468 PMCID: PMC7763448 DOI: 10.3390/ma13245661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A new environmentally friendly method of photoreactive pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSAs) preparation was demonstrated. PSAs based on n-butyl acrylate (BA), acrylic acid (AA) and 4-acryloyloxy benxophenone (ABP) were prepared via the UV-induced cotelomerization process in the presence of a radical photoinitiator (acylphosphine oxide) and telogen (tetrabromomethane). Hydroxyterminated polybutadiene was used as a crosslinking agent. Influence of AA concentration (0-10 wt %) on kinetics of the cotelomerization process was investigated using a photodifferential scanning calorimetry method, selected physicochemical features of obtained photoreactive BA/AA/ABP cotelomers (molecular masses, polydispersity, monomers conversion and dynamic viscosity) and self-adhesive properties of obtained PSAs (adhesion, tack and cohesion) were studied, as well. It turned out that AA content is the important factor that influences monomers conversion (thereby the volatile parts content in prepolymer) and PSAs' properties. As the acrylic acid content increases, the reaction rate increases, but the total monomers conversion and the solid content of the prepolymer decreases. Additionally, the adhesion and cohesion of PSAs were grown up, and their tackiness decreased. However, the AA content has no effect on molecular weights (Mw and Mn) and polydispersity (c.a. 1.5) of photoreactive cotelomers. The optimal AA content necessary to obtain a prepolymer with low volatile parts content and good PSA properties was determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Kowalczyk
- Department of Chemical Organic Technology and Polymeric Materials, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, 70-322 Szczecin, Poland; (M.W.); (B.S.); (K.G.)
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Kausar A. Emulsion polymer derived nanocomposite: a review on design and tailored attributes. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2020.1765383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Kausar
- Nanosciences Division, National Center For Physics, Quaid-i-Azam University Campus , Islamabad, Pakistan
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