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Kolya H, Kang CW. Eco-Friendly Polymer Nanocomposite Coatings for Next-Generation Fire Retardants for Building Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:2045. [PMID: 39065362 PMCID: PMC11280874 DOI: 10.3390/polym16142045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The increasing global commitment to carbon neutrality has propelled a heightened focus on sustainable construction materials, with wood emerging as pivotal due to its environmental benefits. This review explores the development and application of eco-friendly polymer nanocomposite coatings to enhance wood's fire resistance, addressing a critical limitation in its widespread adoption. These nanocomposites demonstrate improved thermal stability and char formation properties by integrating nanoparticles, such as nano-clays, graphene oxide, and metal oxides, into biopolymer matrices. This significantly mitigates the flammability of wood substrates, creating a robust barrier against heat and oxygen. The review provides a comprehensive examination of these advanced coatings' synthesis, characterization, and performance. By emphasizing recent innovations and outlining future research directions, this review underscores the potential of eco-friendly polymer nanocomposite coatings as next-generation fire retardants. This advancement supports the expanded utilization of wood in sustainable construction practices and aligns with global initiatives toward achieving carbon neutrality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chun-Won Kang
- Department of Housing Environmental Design, Research Institute of Human Ecology, College of Human Ecology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea;
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2
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Marques AC, Costa PC, Velho S, Amaral MH. Analytical Techniques for Characterizing Tumor-Targeted Antibody-Functionalized Nanoparticles. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:489. [PMID: 38672759 PMCID: PMC11051252 DOI: 10.3390/life14040489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The specific interaction between cell surface receptors and corresponding antibodies has driven opportunities for developing targeted cancer therapies using nanoparticle systems. It is challenging to design and develop such targeted nanomedicines using antibody ligands, as the final nanoconjugate's specificity hinges on the cohesive functioning of its components. The multicomponent nature of antibody-conjugated nanoparticles also complicates the characterization process. Regardless of the type of nanoparticle, it is essential to perform physicochemical characterization to establish a solid foundation of knowledge and develop suitable preclinical studies. A meaningful physicochemical evaluation of antibody-conjugated nanoparticles should include determining the quantity and orientation of the antibodies, confirming the antibodies' integrity following attachment, and assessing the immunoreactivity of the obtained nanoconjugates. In this review, the authors describe the various techniques (electrophoresis, spectroscopy, colorimetric assays, immunoassays, etc.) used to analyze the physicochemical properties of nanoparticles functionalized with antibodies and discuss the main results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Camila Marques
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, MEDTECH, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Paulo C. Costa
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, MEDTECH, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sérgia Velho
- i3S—Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- IPATIMUP—Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Helena Amaral
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, MEDTECH, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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3
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Nabil M, Megahed F. Quantum Dot Nanomaterials: Preparation, Characterization, Advanced Bio-Imaging and Therapeutic Applications. J Fluoresc 2023:10.1007/s10895-023-03472-0. [PMID: 37878236 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-023-03472-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
The bio-imaging technology is one of the most significant modern applications used in several fields, including early diagnosis of many illnesses that are most important diseases facing humanity and other vital uses. The primary advancement in nanotechnology is the creation of innovative fluorescence probes called quantum dots (QDs). The use of molecular tagging in research, in vivo, and in vitro studies is revolutionized by quantum dots. The application of QD indicates conversion in natural imaging and photography has demonstrated extraordinary appropriateness in bio-imaging, the discovery of novel drugs, and delivery of targeted genes, biosensing, photodynamic therapy, and diagnosis. New potential methods of early cancer detection and treatment management are being researched as a result of the special physical and chemical characteristics of QD probes. The bio-imaging technique depends on the fluorescent emission of the used materials, which is paired with living cells that are easy to see it in 3D without any surgical intervention. Therefore, the use of QDs many types that have unique and appropriate properties for use in that application; In terms of fluorescent emission strength, duration and luminosity.This review article displays some methods of preparation for QDs nanomaterials and the devices used in this. In addition, it presentssome of challenges that must be avoided for the possibility of using them in the bio-imaging field; as toxicity, bio-compatibility, and hydrophilization. It's reviewed some of the devices that use QDs in bio-imaging technique, the QDs application in cell analysis-imaging, and QDs application in vivo imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Nabil
- Department of Electronic Materials Researches, Advanced Technology and New Materials Research Institute, City for Scientific, Research and Technology Applications, Alexandria, 21934, Egypt.
| | - Fayed Megahed
- Nucleic Acid Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, Alexandria, 21934, Egypt
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4
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Sansul S, Yousif E, Ahmed DS, El-Hiti GA, Kariuki BM, Hashim H, Ahmed A. Pendant Modification of Poly(methyl methacrylate) to Enhance Its Stability against Photoirradiation. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2989. [PMID: 37514379 PMCID: PMC10386564 DOI: 10.3390/polym15142989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Photostabilization of functional polymeric materials is important for protection against aging and ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. There is, therefore, the impetus to modify polymers to increase their resistance to photodegradation and photooxidation on extended exposure to UV light in harsh conditions. Various polymeric additives have been designed and synthesized in recent years, and their potential as photostabilizers has been explored. Reported here is the effect of pendant functionalization of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) through organometallic moiety incorporation into the polymer's backbone. The reaction of PMMA with ethylenediamine leads to the formation of an amino residue that can react with salicylaldehyde to produce the corresponding Schiff base. Adding metal chlorides (zinc, copper, nickel, and cobalt) led to the formation of organometallic residues on the polymeric chains. Thin films of modified and unmodified PMMA were produced and irradiated with UV light to determine the effect of pendant modification on photostability. The photostabilization of PMMA was assessed using a range of methods, including infrared spectroscopy, weight loss, decomposition rate constant, and surface morphology. The modified PMMA incorporating organic Schiff base metal complexes showed less photodecomposition than the unmodified polymer or one containing the Schiff base only. Thus, the metals significantly reduced the photodegradation of polymeric materials. The polymer containing the Schiff base-cobalt unit showed the least damage in the PMMA surface due to photoirradiation, followed by those containing nickel, zinc, and copper, in that order.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaymaa Sansul
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq
| | - Emad Yousif
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq
| | - Dina S Ahmed
- Department of Chemical Industries, Institute of Technology-Baghdad, Middle Technical University, Baghdad 10074, Iraq
| | - Gamal A El-Hiti
- Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia
| | - Benson M Kariuki
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Hassan Hashim
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq
| | - Ahmed Ahmed
- Polymer Research Unit, College of Science, Al-Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad 10052, Iraq
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5
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Grzęda D, Węgrzyk G, Nowak A, Idaszek J, Szczepkowski L, Ryszkowska J. Cytotoxic Properties of Polyurethane Foams for Biomedical Applications as a Function of Isocyanate Index. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2754. [PMID: 37376400 DOI: 10.3390/polym15122754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyurethane foams are widely used in biomedical applications due to their desirable mechanical properties and biocompatibility. However, the cytotoxicity of its raw materials can limit their use in certain applications. In this study, a group of open-cell polyurethane foams were investigated for their cytotoxic properties as a function of the isocyanate index, a critical parameter in the synthesis of polyurethanes. The foams were synthesized using a variety of isocyanate indices and characterized for their chemical structure and cytotoxicity. This study indicates that the isocyanate index highly influences the chemical structure of polyurethane foams, also causing changes in cytotoxicity. These findings have important implications for designing and using polyurethane foams as composite matrices in biomedical applications, as careful consideration of the isocyanate index is necessary to ensure biocompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Grzęda
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Wołoska 141, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Węgrzyk
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Wołoska 141, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adriana Nowak
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska 171/173, 90-530 Lodz, Poland
| | - Joanna Idaszek
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Wołoska 141, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Joanna Ryszkowska
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Wołoska 141, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland
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6
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Klose L, Meyer-Heydecke N, Wongwattanarat S, Chow J, Pérez García P, Carré C, Streit W, Antranikian G, Romero AM, Liese A. Towards Sustainable Recycling of Epoxy-Based Polymers: Approaches and Challenges of Epoxy Biodegradation. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2653. [PMID: 37376299 DOI: 10.3390/polym15122653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Epoxy resins are highly valued for their remarkable mechanical and chemical properties and are extensively used in various applications such as coatings, adhesives, and fiber-reinforced composites in lightweight construction. Composites are especially important for the development and implementation of sustainable technologies such as wind power, energy-efficient aircrafts, and electric cars. Despite their advantages, their non-biodegradability raises challenges for the recycling of polymer and composites in particular. Conventional methods employed for epoxy recycling are characterized by their high energy consumption and the utilization of toxic chemicals, rendering them rather unsustainable. Recent progress has been made in the field of plastic biodegradation, which is considered more sustainable than energy-intensive mechanical or thermal recycling methods. However, the current successful approaches in plastic biodegradation are predominantly focused on polyester-based polymers, leaving more recalcitrant plastics underrepresented in this area of research. Epoxy polymers, characterized by their strong cross-linking and predominantly ether-based backbone, exhibit a highly rigid and durable structure, placing them within this category. Therefore, the objective of this review paper is to examine the various approaches that have been employed for the biodegradation of epoxy so far. Additionally, the paper sheds light on the analytical techniques utilized in the development of these recycling methods. Moreover, the review addresses the challenges and opportunities entailed in epoxy recycling through bio-based approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon Klose
- Institute of Technical Biocatalysis, Hamburg University of Technology, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Neele Meyer-Heydecke
- Institute of Technical Biocatalysis, Hamburg University of Technology, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sasipa Wongwattanarat
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Hamburg, 22609 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jennifer Chow
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Hamburg, 22609 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Pablo Pérez García
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Hamburg, 22609 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Camille Carré
- Airbus Defence and Space GmbH, Central Research and Technology, 81663 Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Streit
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Hamburg, 22609 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Garabed Antranikian
- Institute of Technical Biocatalysis, Hamburg University of Technology, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ana Malvis Romero
- Institute of Technical Biocatalysis, Hamburg University of Technology, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Liese
- Institute of Technical Biocatalysis, Hamburg University of Technology, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
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7
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Oyetade JA, Machunda RL, Hilonga A. Functional impacts of polyaniline in composite matrix of photocatalysts: an instrumental overview. RSC Adv 2023; 13:15467-15489. [PMID: 37223409 PMCID: PMC10201395 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra01243c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The challenges associated with photocatalysts including their agglomeration, electron-hole recombination and limited optoelectronic reactivity to visible light during the photocatalysis of dye-laden effluent make it necessary to fabricate versatile polymeric composite photocatalysts, and in this case the incredibly reactive conducting polyaniline can be employed. The selection of polyaniline among the conducting polymers is based on its proficient functional impacts in composite blends and proficient synergism with other nanomaterials, especially semiconductor catalysts, resulting in a high photocatalytic performance for the degradation of dyes. However, the impacts of PANI in the composite matrix, which result in the desired photocatalytic activities, can only be assessed using multiple characterization techniques, involving both microscopic and spectroscopic assessment. The characterization results play a significant role in the detection of possible points of agglomeration, surface tunability and improved reactivity during the fabrication of composites, which are necessary to improve their performance in the photocatalysis of dyes. Accordingly, studies revealed the functional impacts of polyaniline in composites including morphological transformation, improved surface functionality, reduction in agglomeration and lowered bandgap potential employing different characterization techniques. In this review, we present the most proficient fabrication techniques based on the in situ approach to achieve improved functional and reactive features and efficiencies of 93, 95, 96, 98.6 and 99% for composites in dye photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Akinropo Oyetade
- School of Materials, Energy, Water and Environmental Science, Nelson Mandela African of Institution of Sciences and Technology PO Box 447 Arusha Tanzania
| | - Revocatus Lazaro Machunda
- School of Materials, Energy, Water and Environmental Science, Nelson Mandela African of Institution of Sciences and Technology PO Box 447 Arusha Tanzania
| | - Askwar Hilonga
- School of Materials, Energy, Water and Environmental Science, Nelson Mandela African of Institution of Sciences and Technology PO Box 447 Arusha Tanzania
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8
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Emad N, El-Hiti GA, Yousif E, Kariuki BM. Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Containing Clotrimazole to Suppress Photodegradation of Poly(Vinyl Chloride) Thin Films. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15071632. [PMID: 37050246 PMCID: PMC10096931 DOI: 10.3390/polym15071632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Pol(vinyl chloride) or PVC has functional properties that enable its use in many industrial applications. It suffers from aging, however, in harsh conditions (e.g., elevated temperature or high humidity levels) if oxygen is present. One way to enhance the photostability of PVC is to blend it with additives. Thus, thin films were made by mixing PVC with clotrimazole, and five metal oxide (titanium, copper, cobalt, chromium, and nickel oxides) additives. The metal oxides and clotrimazole were added at concentrations of 0.1 and 0.5% by weight, respectively. The effect of the metal oxide nanoparticles accompanied by clotrimazole on the photodegradation of PVC was then assessed. The results indicated that the additives have a stabilizing effect and protect PVC against photodegradation significantly. The formation of polymeric fragments of small molecular weight containing carbon-carbon double bonds and carbonyl groups was lower in the blends containing metal oxide nanoparticles and clotrimazole than in unblended PVC. Similarly, the decrease in weight was much less for the films blended with additives. Additionally, surface analysis of the irradiated polymeric films showed significantly lower damage in the materials containing additives. The most effective additive in the stabilization of PVC was nickel oxide nanoparticles. The metal oxides are highly alkaline and act as scavengers for the hydrogen chloride produced during the photodegradation of PVC. They additionally act as peroxide decomposers. In contrast, clotrimazole can absorb harmful radiation and act as an ultraviolet absorber due to its heteroatom and aromatic content. Thus, the use of a combination of metal oxide nanoparticles and clotrimazole led to significant improvement in the resistance of PVC toward photodegradation.
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Enhancement of Photostabilization of Poly(Vinyl Chloride) in the Presence of Tin-Cephalexin Complexes. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15030550. [PMID: 36771851 PMCID: PMC9918989 DOI: 10.3390/polym15030550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC, has many attractive properties, including low cost of manufacture, resistance to acid and alkali corrosion, and ease of molding. However, PVC suffers from aging in harsh conditions, leading to the shortening of its useful life. Stability to irradiation, for example, can be improved through the incorporation of additives to PVC. The design, synthesis, and application of new stabilizers continue to attract attention. The current work investigates the effect of three tin-cephalexin complexes on the stability of PVC on irradiation with ultraviolet (UV) light (λ = 313 nm) at 25 °C for a long duration. The PVC was blended with tin-cephalexin complexes at low concentrations (0.5% by weight), and thin films (around 40 µm) were made from the mixed materials. Various methods, including weight loss, infrared spectroscopy, and surface inspection of irradiated films were used to investigate the role played by these additives in the inhibition of PVC photodecomposition. The results confirmed that the additives led to a significant reduction in the rate of photodecomposition of the PVC blends. Tin-cephalexin complexes can absorb harmful radiation, deactivate hydrogen chloride, and scavenge high-energy species such as peroxides, therefore acting as stabilizers for PVC.
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10
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A New Mediterranean Flour Moth-Derived Chitosan: Characterization and Co-electrospun Hybrid Fabrication. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 195:3047-3066. [PMID: 36508074 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-04246-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the chitin of adult Mediterranean flour moth (Ephestia kuheniella) (Cht) was extracted and then converted to chitosan by deacetylation process to achieve the chitosan derived from E. kuheniella (Chsfm). The new chitosan-based scaffold was produced using the polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) co-electrospinning technique. The degree of deacetylation was obtained using the distillation-titration and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The surface morphology and crystallinity index of Chsfm were observed using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis, respectively, and compared with the commercial chitosan (Chsc). Thermogravimetric analysis was used to estimate two chitosans' water content and thermal stability. The average molecular mass analysis was performed using viscometry. Moreover, the minimum inhibitory concentration and DPPH assay were used to study the antimicrobial activity and antioxidant potential of the Chsfm, respectively. Accordingly, Chsfm was smoother with fewer pores and flakes than Chsc, and its crystallinity index was higher than Chsc. The water content and thermal stability were lower and similar for Chsfm compared to Chsc. The average molecular mass of Chsfm was ~ 5.8 kDa, making it classified as low molecular weight chitosan. The antimicrobial activity of Chsfm against a representative Gram-negative bacteria; E. coli resulted to be the same as Chsc. However, less effective than Chsc against a representative Gram-positive bacteria is S. aureus. The Chsfm/PVA ratio scaffold was optimized at 30:70 to fabricate a uniform nanofiber scaffold.
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Biopolymer composites for removal of toxic organic compounds in pharmaceutical effluents – a review. CARBOHYDRATE POLYMER TECHNOLOGIES AND APPLICATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carpta.2022.100239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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12
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Dangi D, Mattoo M, Kumar V, Sharma P. Synthesis and characterization of galactomannan polymer hydrogel and sustained drug delivery. CARBOHYDRATE POLYMER TECHNOLOGIES AND APPLICATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carpta.2022.100230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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13
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Design-of-Experiments (DoE)-Assisted Fabrication of Quercetin-Loaded Nanoemulgel and Its Evaluation against Human Skin Cancer Cell Lines. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14112517. [PMID: 36432708 PMCID: PMC9692577 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Quercetin (QCT) is a natural polyphenolic flavonoid showing great potential in the treatment of skin cancer. However, its use is limited owing to its poor water solubility, poor absorption, quick metabolism and excretion, as well as low stability. Preparation of nanoemulgel has been proven to be an effective approach to deliver the drugs topically due to various advantages associated with it. Objectives: This study aimed to prepare stable nanoemulgel of QCT using a Design-of-Experiments (DoE) tool for optimization, to characterize and to assess its in vivo toxicity and efficacy against human cancer cell lines in vitro. Methods: An ultrasonication emulsification method was used for the preparation of QCT-loaded nanoemulsion (QCT@NE). Box-Behnken design was used for the optimization of developed nanoemulgel. Then, in vitro characterization of prepared nanoemulsion was performed using Fourier Transform-Infra Red (FT-IR) spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), particle size analysis, determination of zeta potential and entrapment efficiency (%EE). Further, the developed QCT-loaded nanoemulgel (QCT@NG) was characterized in vitro using texture profile analysis, viscosity and pH determination. Eventually, the cell cytotoxicity studies of the prepared nanoemulgel were performed on the skin cancer cell lines A431 followed by an acute toxicity and skin irritation study on male wistar rats in vivo. Results: The developed QCT@NE was found to be nanometric in size (173.1 ± 1.2 nm) with low polydispersity index (0.353 ± 0.13), zeta potential (-36.1 ± 5.9 mV), and showed good %EE (90.26%). The QCT@NG was found to be substantially more effective against the human skin carcinoma (A431) cell lines as compared to plain QCT with IC50 values of 108.5 and 579.0 µM, respectively. Skin irritation study showed no sign of toxicity and ensured safety for topical application. Hematological analysis revealed no significant differences between the treatment and control group in any biochemical parameter. In the nanoemulgel treatment group, there were no discernible differences in the liver enzymes, bilirubin, hemoglobin, total leukocyte and platelet counts as compared to the control group. Conclusions: The optimized QCT@NG was found to be an ideal and promising formulation for the treatment of skin cancer without showing skin irritation and organ toxicity.
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14
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Yaashikaa PR, Senthil Kumar P, Karishma S. Review on biopolymers and composites - Evolving material as adsorbents in removal of environmental pollutants. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 212:113114. [PMID: 35331699 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The presence of pollutants and toxic contaminants in water sources makes it unfit to run through. Though various conventional techniques are on deck, development of new technologies are vital for wastewater treatment and recycling. Polymers have been intensively utilized recently in many industries owing to their unique characteristics. Biopolymers resembles natural alternative to synthetic polymers that can be prepared by linking the monomeric units covalently. Despite the obvious advantages of biopolymers, few reviews have been conducted. This review focuses on biopolymers and composites as suitable adsorbent material for removing pollutants present in environment. The classification of biopolymers and their composites based on the sources, methods of preparation and their potential applications are discussed in detail. Biopolymers have the potentiality of substituting conventional adsorbents due to its unique characteristics. Biopolymer based membranes and effective methods of utilization of biopolymers as suitable adsorbent materials are also briefly elaborated. The mechanism of biopolymers and their membrane-based adsorption has been briefly reviewed. In addition, the methods of regeneration and reuse of used biopolymer based adsorbents are highlighted. The comprehensive content on fate of biopolymer after adsorption is given in brief. Finally, this review concludes the future investigations in recent trends in application of biopolymer in various fields in view of eco-friendly and economic perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Yaashikaa
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai, 602105, India
| | - P Senthil Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Chennai, 603110, India; Centre of Excellence in Water Research (CEWAR), Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Chennai, 603110, India.
| | - S Karishma
- Department of Biotechnology, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Chennai, 602105, India
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15
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Recent innovations in bionanocomposites-based food packaging films – A comprehensive review. Food Packag Shelf Life 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2022.100877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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16
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Ju DB, Lee JC, Hwang SK, Cho CS, Kim HJ. Progress of Polysaccharide-Contained Polyurethanes for Biomedical Applications. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2022; 19:891-912. [PMID: 35819712 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-022-00464-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyurethane (PU) has been widely examined and used for biomedical applications, such as catheters, blood oxygenators, stents, cardiac valves, drug delivery carriers, dialysis devices, wound dressings, adhesives, pacemaker, tissue engineering, and coatings for breast implants due to its mechanical flexibility, high tear strength, biocompatibility, and tailorable foams although bio-acceptability, biodegradability and controlled drug delivery to achieve the desired properties should be considered. Especially, during the last decade, the development of bio-based PUs has raised public awareness because of the concern with global plastic waste for creating more environmentally friended materials. Therefore, it is desirable to discuss polysaccharide (PS)-contained PU for the wound dressing and bone tissue engineering among bio-based PUs because PS has several advantages, such as biocompatibility, reproducibility from the natural resources, degradability, ease of incorporation of bioactive agents, ease of availability and cost-effectiveness, and structural feature of chemical modification to meet the desired needs to overcome the disadvantages of PU itself by containing the PS into the PU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do-Bin Ju
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08824, Korea
| | - Jeong-Cheol Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08824, Korea
| | - Soo-Kyung Hwang
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08824, Korea
- Program in Environmental Materials Science, Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08824, Korea
| | - Chong-Su Cho
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08824, Korea.
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08824, Korea.
| | - Hyun-Joong Kim
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08824, Korea.
- Program in Environmental Materials Science, Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08824, Korea.
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17
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Monitoring physicochemical properties of transparent PVC films containing captopril and metal oxide nanoparticles to assess UV blocking. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-03097-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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18
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Pandey M, Deshmukh K. Fabrication of flexible ternary polymer blends comprising polypyrrole, polyvinylalcohol, and poly(4‐styrenesulfonic acid): Study of structural, morphological, and dielectric properties. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mayank Pandey
- Department of Electronics Kristu Jayanti College (Autonomous) Bangalore India
| | - Kalim Deshmukh
- New Technologies ‐ Research Center University of West Bohemia Plzeň Czech Republic
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19
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Pinto E, Aggrey WN, Boakye P, Amenuvor G, Sokama-Neuyam YA, Fokuo MK, Karimaie H, Sarkodie K, Adenutsi CD, Erzuah S, Rockson MAD. Cellulose processing from biomass and its derivatization into carboxymethylcellulose: A review. SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2021.e01078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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20
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Khorsandi Z, Keshavarzipour F, Varma RS, Hajipour AR, Sadeghi-Aliabadi H. Sustainable synthesis of potential antitumor new derivatives of Abemaciclib and Fedratinib via C-N cross coupling reactions using Pd/Cu-free Co-catalyst. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2021.112011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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21
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Shellaiah M, Sun KW. Diamond-Based Electrodes for Detection of Metal Ions and Anions. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 12:nano12010064. [PMID: 35010014 PMCID: PMC8746347 DOI: 10.3390/nano12010064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Diamond electrodes have long been a well-known candidate in electrochemical analyte detection. Nano- and micro-level modifications on the diamond electrodes can lead to diverse analytical applications. Doping of crystalline diamond allows the fabrication of suitable electrodes towards specific analyte monitoring. In particular, boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrodes have been reported for metal ions, anions, biomolecules, drugs, beverage hazards, pesticides, organic molecules, dyes, growth stimulant, etc., with exceptional performance in discriminations. Therefore, numerous reviews on the diamond electrode-based sensory utilities towards the specified analyte quantifications were published by many researchers. However, reviews on the nanodiamond-based electrodes for metal ions and anions are still not readily available nowadays. To advance the development of diamond electrodes towards the detection of diverse metal ions and anions, it is essential to provide clear and focused information on the diamond electrode synthesis, structure, and electrical properties. This review provides indispensable information on the diamond-based electrodes towards the determination of metal ions and anions.
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22
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El-Hiti GA, Ahmed DS, Yousif E, Al-Khazrajy OSA, Abdallh M, Alanazi SA. Modifications of Polymers through the Addition of Ultraviolet Absorbers to Reduce the Aging Effect of Accelerated and Natural Irradiation. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 14:20. [PMID: 35012042 PMCID: PMC8747282 DOI: 10.3390/polym14010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The photooxidative degradation process of plastics caused by ultraviolet irradiation leads to bond breaking, crosslinking, the elimination of volatiles, formation of free radicals, and decreases in weight and molecular weight. Photodegradation deteriorates both the mechanical and physical properties of plastics and affects their predicted life use, in particular for applications in harsh environments. Plastics have many benefits, while on the other hand, they have numerous disadvantages, such as photodegradation and photooxidation in harsh environments and the release of toxic substances due to the leaching of some components, which have a negative effect on living organisms. Therefore, attention is paid to the design and use of safe, plastic, ultraviolet stabilizers that do not pose a danger to the environment if released. Plastic ultraviolet photostabilizers act as efficient light screeners (absorbers or pigments), excited-state deactivators (quenchers), hydroperoxide decomposers, and radical scavengers. Ultraviolet absorbers are cheap to produce, can be used in low concentrations, mix well with polymers to produce a homogenous matrix, and do not alter the color of polymers. Recently, polyphosphates, Schiff bases, and organometallic complexes were synthesized and used as potential ultraviolet absorbers for polymeric materials. They reduced the damage caused by accelerated and natural ultraviolet aging, which was confirmed by inspecting the surface morphology of irradiated polymeric films. For example, atomic force microscopy revealed that the roughness factor of polymers' irradiated surfaces was improved significantly in the presence of ultraviolet absorbers. In addition, the investigation of the surface of irradiated polymers using scanning electron microscopy showed a high degree of homogeneity and the appearance of pores that were different in size and shape. The current work surveys for the first time the use of newly synthesized, ultraviolet absorbers as additives to enhance the photostability of polymeric materials and, in particular, polyvinyl chloride and polystyrene, based mainly on our own recent work in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamal A. El-Hiti
- Cornea Research Chair, Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Dina S. Ahmed
- Department of Medical Instrumentation Engineering, Al-Mansour University College, Baghdad 64021, Iraq;
| | - Emad Yousif
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq; (E.Y.); (M.A.)
| | - Omar S. A. Al-Khazrajy
- Department of Chemistry, College of Education for Pure Science (Ibn Al-Haytham), University of Baghdad, Baghdad 64021, Iraq;
| | - Mustafa Abdallh
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq; (E.Y.); (M.A.)
| | - Saud A. Alanazi
- Cornea Research Chair, Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia;
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23
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Assessment of behavioral changes and antitumor effects of silver nanoparticles synthesized using diosgenin in mice model. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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24
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Hadi AG, Baqir SJ, Ahmed DS, El-Hiti GA, Hashim H, Ahmed A, Kariuki BM, Yousif E. Substituted Organotin Complexes of 4-Methoxybenzoic Acid for Reduction of Poly(vinyl Chloride) Photodegradation. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13223946. [PMID: 34833244 PMCID: PMC8621606 DOI: 10.3390/polym13223946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(vinyl chloride) suffers from degradation through oxidation and decomposition when exposed to radiation and high temperatures. Stabilizers are added to polymeric materials to inhibit their degradation and enable their use for a longer duration in harsh environments. The design of new additives to stabilize poly(vinyl chloride) is therefore desirable. The current study includes the synthesis of new tin complexes of 4-methoxybenzoic acid and investigates their potential as photostabilizers for poly(vinyl chloride). The reaction of 4-methoxybenzoic acid and substituted tin chlorides gave the corresponding substituted tin complexes in good yields. The structures of the complexes were confirmed using analytical and spectroscopic methods. Poly(vinyl chloride) was doped with a small quantity (0.5%) of the tin complexes and homogenous thin films were made. The effects of the additives on the stability of the polymeric material on irradiation with ultraviolet light were assessed using different methods. Weight loss, production of small polymeric fragments, and drops in molecular weight were lower in the presence of the additives. The surface of poly(vinyl chloride), after irradiation, showed less damage in the films containing additives. The additives, in particular those containing aromatic (phenyl groups) substitutes, inhibited the photodegradation of polymeric films significantly. Such additives act as efficient ultraviolet absorbers, peroxide quenchers, and hydrogen chloride scavengers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angham G. Hadi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Babylon, Babylon 51002, Iraq;
| | - Sadiq J. Baqir
- Medical Laboratories Techniques Department, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon 51002, Iraq;
| | - Dina S. Ahmed
- Department of Medical Instrumentation Engineering, Al-Mansour University College, Baghdad 64021, Iraq;
| | - Gamal A. El-Hiti
- Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +966-11469-3778; Fax: +966-11469-3536
| | - Hassan Hashim
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 10052, Iraq;
| | - Ahmed Ahmed
- Polymer Research Unit, College of Science, Al-Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad 10052, Iraq;
| | - Benson M. Kariuki
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK;
| | - Emad Yousif
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq;
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25
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Venkateshaiah A, Havlíček K, Timmins RL, Röhrl M, Wacławek S, Nguyen NHA, Černík M, Padil VVT, Agarwal S. Alkenyl succinic anhydride modified tree-gum kondagogu: A bio-based material with potential for food packaging. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 266:118126. [PMID: 34044942 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tree gums are a class of abundantly available carbohydrate polymers that have not been explored thoroughly in film fabrication for food packaging. Films obtained from pristine tree gums are often brittle, hygroscopic, and lack mechanical strength. This study focuses on the chemical modification of gum kondagogu using long-chain alkenyl groups of dodecenyl succinic anhydride (DDSA), an esterifying agent that introduces a 12-carbon hydrophobic chain to the kondagogu structure. The esterification reaction was confirmed by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The effect of nano-cellulose as an additive on various film properties was investigated. The developed films were characterized for their mechanical, morphological, optical, barrier, antibacterial, and biodegradable properties. The inclusion of long-chain carbon groups acted as internal plasticizers and resulted in an amorphous structure with better film-forming ability, improved hydrophobicity, and higher elongation at break values. The modified films exhibited antibacterial properties and excellent biodegradability under aerobic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhilash Venkateshaiah
- Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation (CXI), Technical University of Liberec (TUL), Studentská 1402/2, Liberec 1 461 17, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Havlíček
- Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation (CXI), Technical University of Liberec (TUL), Studentská 1402/2, Liberec 1 461 17, Czech Republic
| | - Renee L Timmins
- Inorganic Chemistry I, University of Bayreuth, Universittsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Maximilian Röhrl
- Inorganic Chemistry I, University of Bayreuth, Universittsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Stanisław Wacławek
- Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation (CXI), Technical University of Liberec (TUL), Studentská 1402/2, Liberec 1 461 17, Czech Republic
| | - Nhung H A Nguyen
- Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation (CXI), Technical University of Liberec (TUL), Studentská 1402/2, Liberec 1 461 17, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Černík
- Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation (CXI), Technical University of Liberec (TUL), Studentská 1402/2, Liberec 1 461 17, Czech Republic
| | - Vinod V T Padil
- Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation (CXI), Technical University of Liberec (TUL), Studentská 1402/2, Liberec 1 461 17, Czech Republic.
| | - Seema Agarwal
- Macromolecular Chemistry II, University of Bayreuth, Universittsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany.
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26
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Abstract
Abstract
Deep learning is transforming most areas of science and technology, including electron microscopy. This review paper offers a practical perspective aimed at developers with limited familiarity. For context, we review popular applications of deep learning in electron microscopy. Following, we discuss hardware and software needed to get started with deep learning and interface with electron microscopes. We then review neural network components, popular architectures, and their optimization. Finally, we discuss future directions of deep learning in electron microscopy.
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27
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Aryal GM, Aryal B, Kandel KP, Neupane BB. Cellulose-based micro-fibrous materials imaged with a home-built smartphone microscope. Microsc Res Tech 2021; 84:1794-1801. [PMID: 33608938 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Micro-fibrous materials are one of the highly explored materials and form a major component of composite materials. In resource-limited settings, an affordable and easy to implement method that can characterize such material would be important. In this study, we report on a smartphone microscopic system capable of imaging a sample in transmission mode. As a proof of concept, we implemented the method to image handmade paper samples-cellulosic micro-fibrous material of different thickness. With 1 mm diameter ball lens, individual cellulose fibers, fiber web, and micro-porous regions were resolved in the samples. Imaging performance of the microscopic system was also compared with a commercial bright field microscope. For thin samples, we found the image quality comparable to commercial system. Also, the diameter of cellulose fiber measured from both methods was found to be similar. We also used the system to image surfaces of a three ply surgical facemask. Finally, we explored the application of the system in the study of chemical induced fiber damage. This study suggested that the smartphone microscope system can be an affordable alternative in imaging thin micro-fibrous material in resource limited setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girja Mani Aryal
- Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal.,Research Centre for Applied Science and Technology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Bishwa Aryal
- Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
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28
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Singh SV, Vishakantaiah J, Meka JK, Sivaprahasam V, Chandrasekaran V, Thombre R, Thiruvenkatam V, Mallya A, Rajasekhar BN, Muruganantham M, Datey A, Hill H, Bhardwaj A, Jagadeesh G, Reddy KPJ, Mason NJ, Sivaraman B. Shock Processing of Amino Acids Leading to Complex Structures-Implications to the Origin of Life. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25235634. [PMID: 33265981 PMCID: PMC7730583 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The building blocks of life, amino acids, are believed to have been synthesized in the extreme conditions that prevail in space, starting from simple molecules containing hydrogen, carbon, oxygen and nitrogen. However, the fate and role of amino acids when they are subjected to similar processes largely remain unexplored. Here we report, for the first time, that shock processed amino acids tend to form complex agglomerate structures. Such structures are formed on timescales of about 2 ms due to impact induced shock heating and subsequent cooling. This discovery suggests that the building blocks of life could have self-assembled not just on Earth but on other planetary bodies as a result of impact events. Our study also provides further experimental evidence for the ‘threads’ observed in meteorites being due to assemblages of (bio)molecules arising from impact-induced shocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surendra V. Singh
- Atomic Molecular and Optical Physics Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad 380009, India; (S.V.S.); (J.K.M.)
- Discipline of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar 382355, India
| | - Jayaram Vishakantaiah
- Solid State & Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India;
| | - Jaya K. Meka
- Atomic Molecular and Optical Physics Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad 380009, India; (S.V.S.); (J.K.M.)
| | - Vijayan Sivaprahasam
- Planetary Science Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad 380009, India; (V.S.); (A.B.)
| | | | - Rebecca Thombre
- Department of Biotechnology, Modern College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Pune 411005, India;
| | - Vijay Thiruvenkatam
- Discipline of Biological Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar 382355, India;
| | - Ambresh Mallya
- Centre for Nano Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India;
| | | | | | - Akshay Datey
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India; (A.D.); (G.J.); (K.P.J.R.)
| | - Hugh Hill
- Physical Sciences, International Space University, 67400 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France;
| | - Anil Bhardwaj
- Planetary Science Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad 380009, India; (V.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Gopalan Jagadeesh
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India; (A.D.); (G.J.); (K.P.J.R.)
| | - Kalidevapura P. J. Reddy
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India; (A.D.); (G.J.); (K.P.J.R.)
| | - Nigel J. Mason
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NZ, UK
- Correspondence: (N.J.M.); (B.S.)
| | - Bhalamurugan Sivaraman
- Atomic Molecular and Optical Physics Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad 380009, India; (S.V.S.); (J.K.M.)
- Correspondence: (N.J.M.); (B.S.)
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29
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Rusu LC, Ardelean LC, Jitariu AA, Miu CA, Streian CG. An Insight into the Structural Diversity and Clinical Applicability of Polyurethanes in Biomedicine. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1197. [PMID: 32456335 PMCID: PMC7285236 DOI: 10.3390/polym12051197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to their mechanical properties, ranging from flexible to hard materials, polyurethanes (PUs) have been widely used in many industrial and biomedical applications. PUs' characteristics, along with their biocompatibility, make them successful biomaterials for short and medium-duration applications. The morphology of PUs includes two structural phases: hard and soft segments. Their high mechanical resistance featuresare determined by the hard segment, while the elastomeric behaviour is established by the soft segment. The most important biomedical applications of PUs include antibacterial surfaces and catheters, blood oxygenators, dialysis devices, stents, cardiac valves, vascular prostheses, bioadhesives/surgical dressings/pressure-sensitive adhesives, drug delivery systems, tissue engineering scaffolds and electrospinning, nerve generation, pacemaker lead insulation and coatings for breast implants. The diversity of polyurethane properties, due to the ease of bulk and surface modification, plays a vital role in their applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura-Cristina Rusu
- Department of Oral Pathology, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 2 Eftimie Murgu sq, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Lavinia Cosmina Ardelean
- Department of Technology of Materials and Devices in Dental Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 2 Eftimie Murgu sq, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Adriana-Andreea Jitariu
- Department of Microscopic Morphology/Histology and Angiogenesis Research Center Timisoara, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 2 Eftimie Murgu sq, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Catalin Adrian Miu
- 3rd Department of Orthopaedics-Traumatology, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 2 Eftimie Murgu sq, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Caius Glad Streian
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 2 Eftimie Murgu sq, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
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