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Lim JW, Kim SJ, Jeong J, Shin SG, Woo C, Jung W, Jeong JH. Regulated Self-Folding in Multi-Layered Hydrogels Considered with an Interfacial Layer. Gels 2024; 10:48. [PMID: 38247771 PMCID: PMC10815678 DOI: 10.3390/gels10010048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Multi-layered hydrogels consisting of bi- or tri-layers with different swelling ratios are designed to soft hydrogel actuators by self-folding. The successful use of multi-layered hydrogels in this application greatly relies on the precise design and fabrication of the curvature of self-folding. In general, however, the self-folding often results in an undesired mismatch with the expecting value. To address this issue, this study introduces an interfacial layer formed between each layered hydrogel, and this layer is evaluated to enhance the design and fabrication precision. By considering the interfacial layer, which forms through diffusion, as an additional layer in the multi-layered hydrogel, the degree of mismatch in the self-folding is significantly reduced. Experimental results show that as the thickness of the interfacial layer increases, the multi-layered hydrogel exhibits a 3.5-fold increase in its radius of curvature during the self-folding. In addition, the diffusion layer is crucial for creating robust systems by preventing the separation of layers in the muti-layered hydrogel during actuation, thereby ensuring the integrity of the system in operation. This new strategy for designing multi-layered hydrogels including an interfacial layer would greatly serve to fabricate precise and robust soft hydrogel actuators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Woo Lim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Republic of Korea; (J.W.L.); (S.J.K.); (J.J.); (S.G.S.); (C.W.)
| | - Sang Jin Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Republic of Korea; (J.W.L.); (S.J.K.); (J.J.); (S.G.S.); (C.W.)
| | - Jimin Jeong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Republic of Korea; (J.W.L.); (S.J.K.); (J.J.); (S.G.S.); (C.W.)
| | - Sung Gyu Shin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Republic of Korea; (J.W.L.); (S.J.K.); (J.J.); (S.G.S.); (C.W.)
| | - Chaewon Woo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Republic of Korea; (J.W.L.); (S.J.K.); (J.J.); (S.G.S.); (C.W.)
| | - Woonggyu Jung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hyun Jeong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Republic of Korea; (J.W.L.); (S.J.K.); (J.J.); (S.G.S.); (C.W.)
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2
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Ramey-Ward A, Dong Y, Yang J, Ogasawara H, Bremer-Sai EC, Brazhkina O, Franck C, Davis M, Salaita K. Optomechanically Actuated Hydrogel Platform for Cell Stimulation with Spatial and Temporal Resolution. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023; 9:5361-5375. [PMID: 37604774 PMCID: PMC10498418 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c00516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Cells exist in the body in mechanically dynamic environments, yet the vast majority of in vitro cell culture is conducted on static materials such as plastic dishes and gels. To address this limitation, we report an approach to transition widely used hydrogels into mechanically active substrates by doping optomechanical actuator (OMA) nanoparticles within the polymer matrix. OMAs are composed of gold nanorods surrounded by a thermoresponsive polymer shell that rapidly collapses upon near-infrared (NIR) illumination. As a proof of concept, we crosslinked OMAs into laminin-gelatin hydrogels, generating up to 5 μm deformations triggered by NIR pulsing. This response was tunable by NIR intensity and OMA density within the gel and is generalizable to other hydrogel materials. Hydrogel mechanical stimulation enhanced myogenesis in C2C12 myoblasts as evidenced by ERK signaling, myocyte fusion, and sarcomeric myosin expression. We also demonstrate rescued differentiation in a chronic inflammation model as a result of mechanical stimulation. This work establishes OMA-actuated biomaterials as a powerful tool for in vitro mechanical manipulation with broad applications in the field of mechanobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison
N. Ramey-Ward
- Wallace
H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Yixiao Dong
- Department
of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Jin Yang
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
Wisconsin − Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Hiroaki Ogasawara
- Department
of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Elizabeth C. Bremer-Sai
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
Wisconsin − Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Olga Brazhkina
- Wallace
H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Christian Franck
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
Wisconsin − Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Michael Davis
- Wallace
H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Khalid Salaita
- Wallace
H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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3
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Hendrawan H, Aziz HA, Haryati N, Khoerunnisa F. Poly(vinyl alcohol)/Premna Oblongifolia Merr. Extract/Glutaraldehyde/Carbon Nanotube (VOGC)-Based Composite Hydrogel: A Potential Candidate for Controlled-Release Materials. ChemistryOpen 2023; 12:e202200239. [PMID: 36797074 PMCID: PMC9935295 DOI: 10.1002/open.202200239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
A hydrogel based on poly(vinyl alcohol) (V), Premna Oblongifolia Merr. extract (O), glutaraldehyde (G), and carbon nanotubes (C) has been synthesized in search of candidates to develop controlled-release fertilizers (CRF). Referring to previous studies, O and C can be considered as two materials that have potential as modifiers in synthesizing CRF. This work is comprised of hydrogel synthesis, their characterisation, including measuring swelling ratio (SR) and water retention (WR) of VOGm , VOGe , VOGm C3 , VOGm C5 , VOGm C7 , VOGm C7 -KCl, and release behaviour of KCl from VOGm C7 -KCl. We found that C interacts physically with VOG, increased the surface roughness of VOGm , and reduced the VOGm crystallite size. The addition of KCl into VOGm C7 reduced the pore size and increased the structural density of VOGm C7 . The thickness and the C content of VOG affected its SR and WR. The addition of KCl into VOGm C7 reduced its SR, but did not significantly affect its WR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrawan Hendrawan
- Department of ChemistryUniversitas Pendidikan IndonesiaJl, Dr. Setiabudhi No. 229 Bandung40154.Jawa BaratIndonesia
| | - Hafiz Aji Aziz
- Department of ChemistryUniversitas Pendidikan IndonesiaJl, Dr. Setiabudhi No. 229 Bandung40154.Jawa BaratIndonesia
| | - Nina Haryati
- Department of ChemistryUniversitas Pendidikan IndonesiaJl, Dr. Setiabudhi No. 229 Bandung40154.Jawa BaratIndonesia
| | - Fitri Khoerunnisa
- Department of ChemistryUniversitas Pendidikan IndonesiaJl, Dr. Setiabudhi No. 229 Bandung40154.Jawa BaratIndonesia
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4
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High Throughput Fabrication of Flexible Top-Driven Sensing Probe. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14235124. [PMID: 36501518 PMCID: PMC9738077 DOI: 10.3390/polym14235124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, considering the current status of conservative and complicated traditional thrombosis treatment methods, a kind of flexible intelligent probe (FIP) with a top-driven sensing strategy is proposed to realize the expected function of thrombosis accurate localization in a liquid flow environment. After throughput fabrication, we find that the FIP has excellent electrical conductivity and mechanical properties. Notable, our FIP with the principle of piezo-resistive sensing has a quasi-linear sensitivity (approx. 0.325 L per minute) to flow sensing in the low flow velocity range (0-1 L per minute). Via the well-designed magnetically driven method, our FIP has a maximum deflection output force of 443.264 mN, a maximum deflection angle of 43°, and a maximum axial force of 54.176 mN. We demonstrate that the FIP is capable of completing the specified command actions relatively accurately and has a good response to real-time sensing feedback performance, which has broad application prospects in thrombus localization detection.
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Zhang Y, Habibovic P. Delivering Mechanical Stimulation to Cells: State of the Art in Materials and Devices Design. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2110267. [PMID: 35385176 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202110267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Biochemical signals, such as growth factors, cytokines, and transcription factors are known to play a crucial role in regulating a variety of cellular activities as well as maintaining the normal function of different tissues and organs. If the biochemical signals are assumed to be one side of the coin, the other side comprises biophysical cues. There is growing evidence showing that biophysical signals, and in particular mechanical cues, also play an important role in different stages of human life ranging from morphogenesis during embryonic development to maturation and maintenance of tissue and organ function throughout life. In order to investigate how mechanical signals influence cell and tissue function, tremendous efforts have been devoted to fabricating various materials and devices for delivering mechanical stimuli to cells and tissues. Here, an overview of the current state of the art in the design and development of such materials and devices is provided, with a focus on their design principles, and challenges and perspectives for future research directions are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonggang Zhang
- Department of Instructive Biomaterials Engineering, Maastricht University, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Universiteitssingel 40, Maastricht, 6229 ER, The Netherlands
| | - Pamela Habibovic
- Department of Instructive Biomaterials Engineering, Maastricht University, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Universiteitssingel 40, Maastricht, 6229 ER, The Netherlands
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6
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Zhu X, Yang C, Jian Y, Deng H, Du Y, Shi X. Ion-responsive chitosan hydrogel actuator inspired by carrotwood seed pod. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 276:118759. [PMID: 34823783 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Inspired by the gradient hygroscopic structure of carrotwood seed pod, patterned anisotropic structure was created in polysaccharide hydrogel by an anodic electrical writing process. Locally released Fe2+ was oxidized to Fe3+ and chelated with chitosan chains in the written area, resulting in a gradient structure in the hydrogel. The asymmetrical stress generated by the different swelling of the gradient structure enables the hydrogel to bend autonomously. The hydrogel shows opposite bending in deionized water and NaCl solution. The physicochemical properties of the hydrogel are characterized by tensile test, SEM, EDS, XRD, TGA, DTG and FT-IR. SEM and EDS show that the written hydrogel has a structural gradient and a concentration gradient of Fe3+ vertically. Moreover, anodic electrical writing increases the flexibility of chitosan hydrogel due to decreased crystallinity. This controllable electrical writing technique is convenient to create patterned anisotropic structure and provide a novel design concept for natural hydrogel actuators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Zhu
- School of Resource and Environmental Science, Hubei Engineering Center of Natural Polymers-Based Medical Materials, Hubei Biomass-Resource Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology Key Laboratory, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Sustainable Resource and Energy, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Chen Yang
- School of Resource and Environmental Science, Hubei Engineering Center of Natural Polymers-Based Medical Materials, Hubei Biomass-Resource Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology Key Laboratory, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Sustainable Resource and Energy, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Yinghao Jian
- School of Resource and Environmental Science, Hubei Engineering Center of Natural Polymers-Based Medical Materials, Hubei Biomass-Resource Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology Key Laboratory, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Sustainable Resource and Energy, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Hongbing Deng
- School of Resource and Environmental Science, Hubei Engineering Center of Natural Polymers-Based Medical Materials, Hubei Biomass-Resource Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology Key Laboratory, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Sustainable Resource and Energy, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Yumin Du
- School of Resource and Environmental Science, Hubei Engineering Center of Natural Polymers-Based Medical Materials, Hubei Biomass-Resource Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology Key Laboratory, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Sustainable Resource and Energy, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Xiaowen Shi
- School of Resource and Environmental Science, Hubei Engineering Center of Natural Polymers-Based Medical Materials, Hubei Biomass-Resource Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology Key Laboratory, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Sustainable Resource and Energy, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China.
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7
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Dong Y, Ramey-Ward AN, Salaita K. Programmable Mechanically Active Hydrogel-Based Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2006600. [PMID: 34309076 PMCID: PMC8595730 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202006600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Programmable mechanically active materials (MAMs) are defined as materials that can sense and transduce external stimuli into mechanical outputs or conversely that can detect mechanical stimuli and respond through an optical change or other change in the appearance of the material. Programmable MAMs are a subset of responsive materials and offer potential in next generation robotics and smart systems. This review specifically focuses on hydrogel-based MAMs because of their mechanical compliance, programmability, biocompatibility, and cost-efficiency. First, the composition of hydrogel MAMs along with the top-down and bottom-up approaches used for programming these materials are discussed. Next, the fundamental principles for engineering responsivity in MAMS, which includes optical, thermal, magnetic, electrical, chemical, and mechanical stimuli, are considered. Some advantages and disadvantages of different responsivities are compared. Then, to conclude, the emerging applications of hydrogel-based MAMs from recently published literature, as well as the future outlook of MAM studies, are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixiao Dong
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States, 30322
| | - Allison N. Ramey-Ward
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology/Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Khalid Salaita
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States, 30322
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Kahl M, Schneidereit D, Bock N, Friedrich O, Hutmacher DW, Meinert C. MechAnalyze: An Algorithm for Standardization and Automation of Compression Test Analysis. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2021; 27:529-542. [PMID: 34541882 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2021.0170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanical properties of hydrogels, as well as native and engineered tissues are key parameters frequently assessed in biomaterial science and tissue engineering research. However, a lack of standardized methods and user-independent data analysis has impacted the research community for many decades and contributes to poor reproducibility and comparability of datasets, representing a significant issue often neglected in publications. In this study, we provide a software package, MechAnalyze, facilitating the standardized and automated analysis of force-displacement data generated in unconfined compression tests. Using comparative studies of datasets analyzed manually and with MechAnalyze, we demonstrate that the software reliably determines the compressive moduli, failure stress and failure strain of hydrogels, as well as engineered and native tissues, while providing an intuitive user interface that requires minimal user input. MechAnalyze provides a fast and user-independent data analysis method and advances process standardization, reproducibility, and comparability of data for the mechanical characterization of biomaterials as well as native and engineered tissues. Impact statement Mechanical properties of hydrogels are crucial parameters in the development of new materials for tissue engineering. However, manual assessment is tedious, not standardized and suffers under user-to-user bias. Hence, the here presented stand-alone software package provides analysis and statistics of force-displacement and material geometry data to determine the compressive moduli, failure stress, and failure strain in a standardized, robust, and automated fashion. MechAnalyze will substantially support biomechanical testing of hydrogels as well as engineered and native tissues and will thus, be of appreciable value to a broad target group in regenerative medicine, tissue engineering, but also life sciences and biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Kahl
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Centre in Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.,Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Dominik Schneidereit
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nathalie Bock
- Centre in Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.,Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.,Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba, Australia
| | - Oliver Friedrich
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Centre for Biomedical Technologies, Science and Engineering Faculty, School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Dietmar W Hutmacher
- Centre in Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.,Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.,Centre for Biomedical Technologies, Science and Engineering Faculty, School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.,ARC ITTC in Additive Biomanufacturing, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.,ARC Training Centre for Cell and Tissue Engineering Technologies, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Christoph Meinert
- Centre in Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.,Centre for Biomedical Technologies, Science and Engineering Faculty, School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.,Herston Biofabrication Institute, Metro North Hospital and Health Services, Brisbane, Australia
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Experimental Study on Thermosensitive Hydrogel Used to Extinguish Class A Fire. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13030367. [PMID: 33498926 PMCID: PMC7865667 DOI: 10.3390/polym13030367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels are crosslinked polymers that become fully swollen when placed in aqueous environments. They are widely used in the field of firefighting because they can remarkably increase the viscosity and wettability of water. In this study, a thermosensitive hydrogel used to effectively suppress class A fire was synthesized by using methylcellulose, sodium polyacrylate, and magnesium chloride. The structure, surface activity and viscosity of the hydrogel were characterized. Fire extinguishing performance was evaluated based on small-scale and large-scale experiments. The results showed that a phase transition of the hydrogel occurred when the temperature rose from 50 °C to 80 °C. After the phase transition, the hydrogel showed a higher viscosity and lower surface tension, which was conducive to attach to the surface of the burning material and acting as an effective barrier to isolate oxygen. The small-scale fire extinguishing tests indicated that the concentration of the hydrogel solution has an eminent influence on fire extinguishing performance. The optimum concentration for extinguishing performance was around 6 wt%. The large-scale experiments demonstrated that the fire-extinguishing performance of this thermosensitive hydrogel was superior to the two other commercial water-based fire extinguishing agents, as it prevented re-ignition highly efficiently.
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