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Șerban AM, Nacu I, Rosca I, Ghilan A, Rusu AG, Niță LE, Darie-Niță RN, Chiriac AP. Preparation and Characterization of Polymeric Microparticles Based on Poly(ethylene brassylate-co-squaric Acid) Loaded with Norfloxacin. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:550. [PMID: 38675211 PMCID: PMC11053867 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16040550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, increasing interest has been accorded to polyester-based polymer microstructures, driven by their promising potential as advanced drug delivery systems. This study presents the preparation and characterization of new polymeric microparticles based on poly(ethylene brassylate-co-squaric acid) loaded with norfloxacin, a broad-spectrum antibiotic. Polymacrolactone was synthesised in mild conditions through the emulsion polymerization of bio-based and renewable monomers, ethylene brassylate, and squaric acid. The microparticles were obtained using the precipitation technique and subsequently subjected to comprehensive characterization. The impact of the copolymer/drug ratio on various properties of the new system was systematically evaluated, confirming the structure of the copolymer and the encapsulation of norfloxacin. The microspheres are approximately spherical and predominantly homogeneously distributed. The average hydrodynamic diameter of the microparticles falls between 400 and 2000 nm, a decrease that is observed with the increase in norfloxacin content. All samples showed good encapsulation efficiency and drug loading capacity, with the highest values obtained for microparticles synthesised using an equal ratio of copolymer and drug. In vitro drug release results disclose that norfloxacin molecules are released in a sustained biphasic manner for up to 24 h. Antimicrobial activity was also studied, with samples showing very good activity against E. coli and moderate activity against S. aureus and E. faecalis. In addition, HDFA human fibroblast cell cultures demonstrated the cytocompatibility of the microparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru-Mihail Șerban
- Department of Natural Polymers, Bioactive and Biocompatible Materials, "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41-A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania
| | - Isabella Nacu
- Department of Natural Polymers, Bioactive and Biocompatible Materials, "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41-A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania
- Biomedical Sciences Department, Faculty of Medical Bioengineering, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Iasi, 9-13 Kogalniceanu Street, 700454 Iasi, Romania
| | - Irina Rosca
- Center of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers, "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41-A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania
| | - Alina Ghilan
- Department of Natural Polymers, Bioactive and Biocompatible Materials, "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41-A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania
| | - Alina Gabriela Rusu
- Department of Natural Polymers, Bioactive and Biocompatible Materials, "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41-A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania
| | - Loredana Elena Niță
- Department of Natural Polymers, Bioactive and Biocompatible Materials, "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41-A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania
| | - Raluca Nicoleta Darie-Niță
- Physical Chemistry of Polymers Department, "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41-A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania
| | - Aurica P Chiriac
- Department of Natural Polymers, Bioactive and Biocompatible Materials, "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41-A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania
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Samwang T, Watanabe NM, Okamoto Y, Srinives S, Umakoshi H. Study of Chemical Polymerization of Polypyrrole with SDS Soft Template: Physical, Chemical, and Electrical Properties. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:48946-48957. [PMID: 38162777 PMCID: PMC10753705 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c06511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Polypyrrole (PPy) is a conductive polymer known for its biocompatibility and ease of synthesis. Chemically polymerized PPy was synthesized in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), showing correlations among chemical properties, physical morphology, and electrical properties. Focused synthesis parameters included the pyrrole (Py) concentration, SDS concentration, and ammonium persulfate (APS)/Py ratio. The addition of SDS during chemical polymerization influenced the physical morphology of PPy by altering the self-assembling process via micelle formation, yielding sheet-like morphologies. However, the phenomenon also relied heavily on other synthesis parameters. Varying SDS concentrations within the 0.01 to 0.30 M window produced PPy sheets with no significant difference in optical band gap or physical size. While using 0.10 M SDS, an increase in Py concentration from 0.10 to 0.30 M yielded a larger size of PPy as the morphology changed from sheet-like to irregular shape. The band gap dropped from 2.35 to 1.10 eV, and the conductivity rose from 6.80 × 10-1 to 9.40 × 10-1 S/m. With an increase in the APS/Py ratio, the PPy product changed from a random to a sheet-like form. The product provided a larger average size, a decreased band gap, and increased electrical conductivity. Py polymerization in the absence of SDS revealed no significant change in shape or size as the Py concentration increased from 0.10 to 0.30 M; only a sphere-like form was observed, with a large band gap and small conductivity. Results from Raman spectral analysis indicated a correlation between optical band gap, physical morphology, and bipolaron/polaron ratio, mainly at the wavelengths associated with C-C stretching and C-H deformation. The increase in average size was associated with a decrease in band gap and resistance as well as an increase in the bipolaron/polaron ratio. This work indicates a strong correlation between size, morphology, electrical properties, and the bipolaron/polaron ratio of PPy in the presence of SDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaneeya Samwang
- Division
of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyamacho, Toyonaka 560-8531, Osaka, Japan
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phuttamonthon, 25/25 Phuttamonthon 4 Road, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Nozomi Morishita Watanabe
- Division
of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyamacho, Toyonaka 560-8531, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Okamoto
- Division
of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyamacho, Toyonaka 560-8531, Osaka, Japan
| | - Sira Srinives
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phuttamonthon, 25/25 Phuttamonthon 4 Road, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Hiroshi Umakoshi
- Division
of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyamacho, Toyonaka 560-8531, Osaka, Japan
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Barbero CA. Functional Materials Made by Combining Hydrogels (Cross-Linked Polyacrylamides) and Conducting Polymers (Polyanilines)-A Critical Review. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2240. [PMID: 37242814 PMCID: PMC10221099 DOI: 10.3390/polym15102240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels made of cross-linked polyacrlyamides (cPAM) and conducting materials made of polyanilines (PANIs) are both the most widely used materials in each category. This is due to their accessible monomers, easy synthesis and excellent properties. Therefore, the combination of these materials produces composites which show enhanced properties and also synergy between the cPAM properties (e.g., elasticity) and those of PANIs (e.g., conductivity). The most common way to produce the composites is to form the gel by radical polymerization (usually by redox initiators) then incorporate the PANIs into the network by oxidative polymerization of anilines. It is often claimed that the product is a semi-interpenetrated network (s-IPN) made of linear PANIs penetrating the cPAM network. However, there is evidence that the nanopores of the hydrogel become filled with PANIs nanoparticles, producing a composite. On the other hand, swelling the cPAM in true solutions of PANIs macromolecules renders s-IPN with different properties. Technological applications of the composites have been developed, such as photothermal (PTA)/electromechanical actuators, supercapacitors, movement/pressure sensors, etc. PTA devices rely on the absorption of electromagnetic radiation (light, microwaves, radiofrequency) by PANIs, which heats up the composite, triggering the phase transition of a thermosensitive cPAM. Therefore, the synergy of properties of both polymers is beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar A Barbero
- Research Institute for Energy Technologies and Advanced Materials (IITEMA), National University of Río Cuarto (UNRC)-National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Río Cuarto 5800, Argentina
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Direksilp C, Parinyanitikul N, Ariyasajjamongkol N, Sirivat A. A label-free electrochemical immunosensor based on 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid grafted chitosan and poly(N-methylaniline) for the detection of carcinoembryonic antigen. Bioelectrochemistry 2023; 152:108446. [PMID: 37084572 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2023.108446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is a cancer marker used for monitoring cancer treatment. Herein, a label-free electrochemical immunosensor for determining CEA concentration composed of the thiolated chitosan (tCHI) and the doped poly(N-methylaniline) (dPNMA) is proposed. The tCHI served as a support matrix for the immobilization of CEA antibodies (anti-CEA) and was prepared by using 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (MUA) as a grafting agent on chitosan (CHI). The excellent electrical conductivity of the dPNMA was utilized as an electron transfer layer for the proposed immunosensor. The successful preparation of the tCHI was confirmed by the attenuated-total reflection Fourier transform spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were used to illustrate the performance of the proposed immunosensor. The determination of CEA concentration was relied on the decrease in the DPV current response with increasing CEA concentration from the creation of the antigen-antibody immunocomplex. The proposed immunosensor demonstrated a broad concentration range of 0.01 to 30 ng mL-1 with a low limit of detection (LOD) of 0.01 ng mL-1. In addition, the present sensor exhibited excellent selectivity, reproducibility, and long-term stability, suggesting its potential use to determine CEA in clinical immunoassay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chatrawee Direksilp
- The Conductive and Electroactive Polymer Research Unit, The Petroleum and Petrochemical College, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Petrochemical and Materials Technology (PETROMAT), Chulalongkorn University Research Building, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Napa Parinyanitikul
- Medical Oncology Unit, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand
| | - Nuttha Ariyasajjamongkol
- The Conductive and Electroactive Polymer Research Unit, The Petroleum and Petrochemical College, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Petrochemical and Materials Technology (PETROMAT), Chulalongkorn University Research Building, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Anuvat Sirivat
- The Conductive and Electroactive Polymer Research Unit, The Petroleum and Petrochemical College, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Petrochemical and Materials Technology (PETROMAT), Chulalongkorn University Research Building, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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5
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Preparation of an Antioxidant Assembly Based on a Copolymacrolactone Structure and Erythritol following an Eco-Friendly Strategy. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11122471. [PMID: 36552679 PMCID: PMC9774145 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11122471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The study presents the achievement of a new assembly with antioxidant behaviour based on a copolymacrolactone structure that encapsulates erythritol (Eryt). Poly(ethylene brassylate-co-squaric acid) (PEBSA) was synthesised in environmentally friendly conditions, respectively, through a process in suspension in water by opening the cycle of ethylene brassylate macrolactone, followed by condensation with squaric acid. The compound synthesised in suspension was characterised by comparison with the polymer obtained by polymerisation in solution. The investigations revealed that, with the exception of the molecular masses, the compounds generated by the two synthetic procedures present similar properties, including good thermal stability, with a Tpeak of 456 °C, and the capacity for network formation. In addition, the investigation by dynamic light scattering techniques evidenced a mean diameter for PEBSA particles of around 596 nm and a zeta potential of -25 mV, which attests to their stability. The bio-based copolymacrolactone was used as a matrix for erythritol encapsulation. The new PEBSA-Eryt compound presented an increased sorption/desorption process, compared with the PEBSA matrix, and a crystalline morphology confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis. The bioactive compound was also characterised in terms of its biocompatibility and antioxidant behaviour.
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Kesornsit S, Direksilp C, Phasuksom K, Thummarungsan N, Sakunpongpitiporn P, Rotjanasuworapong K, Sirivat A, Niamlang S. Synthesis of Highly Conductive Poly(3-hexylthiophene) by Chemical Oxidative Polymerization Using Surfactant Templates. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14183860. [PMID: 36146004 PMCID: PMC9503232 DOI: 10.3390/polym14183860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) was systematically synthesized by chemical oxidative polymerization in chloroform with ferric chloride (FeCl3) as the oxidizing agent and various surfactants of the shape templates. The effects of 3HT: FeCl3 mole ratios, polymerization times, and surfactant types and concentrations on the electrical conductivity, particle shape and size were systematically investigated. Furthermore, dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (DBSA), p-toluenesulfonic acid (PTSA), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate (AOT) were utilized as the surfactant templates. The P3HT synthesized with DBSA at 6 CMC, where CMC stands for the Critical Micelle Concentration of surfactant, provided a higher electrical conductivity than those with PTSA, SDS and AOT. The highest electrical conductivity of P3HT using DBSA was 16.21 ± 1.55 S cm−1 in which the P3HT particle shape was spherical with an average size of 1530 ± 227 nm. The thermal analysis indicated that the P3HT synthesized with the surfactants yielded higher stability and char yields than that of P3HT without. The P3HT_DBSA electrical conductivity was further enhanced by de-doping and doping with HClO4. At the 10:1 doping mole ratio, the electrical conductivity of dP3HT_DBSA increased by one order of magnitude relative to P3HT_DBSA prior to the de-doping. The highest electrical conductivity of dP3HT_DBSA obtained was 172 ± 5.21 S cm−1 which is the highest value relative to previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanhanut Kesornsit
- Conductive and Electroactive Polymers Research Unit, The Petroleum and Petrochemical College, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Chatrawee Direksilp
- Conductive and Electroactive Polymers Research Unit, The Petroleum and Petrochemical College, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Petrochemical and Materials Technology (PETROMAT), Chulalongkorn University Research Building, Soi Chula 12, Phayathai Road, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Katesara Phasuksom
- Conductive and Electroactive Polymers Research Unit, The Petroleum and Petrochemical College, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Petrochemical and Materials Technology (PETROMAT), Chulalongkorn University Research Building, Soi Chula 12, Phayathai Road, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Natlita Thummarungsan
- Conductive and Electroactive Polymers Research Unit, The Petroleum and Petrochemical College, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Petrochemical and Materials Technology (PETROMAT), Chulalongkorn University Research Building, Soi Chula 12, Phayathai Road, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Phimchanok Sakunpongpitiporn
- Conductive and Electroactive Polymers Research Unit, The Petroleum and Petrochemical College, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Kornkanok Rotjanasuworapong
- Conductive and Electroactive Polymers Research Unit, The Petroleum and Petrochemical College, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Anuvat Sirivat
- Conductive and Electroactive Polymers Research Unit, The Petroleum and Petrochemical College, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Petrochemical and Materials Technology (PETROMAT), Chulalongkorn University Research Building, Soi Chula 12, Phayathai Road, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (S.N.); Tel.: +66-2-218-4131 (A.S.); Fax: +66-2-611-7221 (A.S.)
| | - Sumonman Niamlang
- Department of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi, Pathumthani 12110, Thailand
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (S.N.); Tel.: +66-2-218-4131 (A.S.); Fax: +66-2-611-7221 (A.S.)
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Gunasekaran R, Charles J. Synthesis, structural, morphological and optical analyses of new Prussian blue, ruthenium oxide and polyindole (PIn-PB-RuO2) nanocomposite. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-03192-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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8
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Mažeikienė R, Niaura G, Malinauskas A. Raman spectroelectrochemical study of poly(N-methylaniline) at UV, blue, red, and NIR laser line excitations in solutions of different pH. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 274:121109. [PMID: 35286889 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A detailed study on Raman spectroelectrochemistry of poly(N-methylaniline) (PNMA) layer deposited at a gold electrode was performed. Raman spectra were excited by four different laser wavelengths: UV line at 325 nm, a blue line at 442 nm, a red line at 633 nm, and a NIR line at 785 nm in solutions of different pH ranging from 1 to 9, and at different electrode potentials ranging from -0.5 V to 0.8 V. UV excitation reveals features characteristic for the reduced form of PNMA, even within the electrochemical potential range where oxidized forms of this polymer prevail. At a blue laser excitation, again, features of the reduced form are revealed, along with indications on the appearance of some kind of intermediate redox state within a definite potential window. Both red and NIR laser line excitations result in rich Raman features, disclosing all major redox forms as well as their interconversions by changing of electrode potential. The presence of polaronic form of PNMA even in pH-neutral and alkaline solutions has been disclosed. A detailed analysis of Raman vibrational bands is presented for different excitation wavelengths, different electrode potentials, and different solution acidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Mažeikienė
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology (FTMC), Sauletekio av. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Gediminas Niaura
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology (FTMC), Sauletekio av. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Albertas Malinauskas
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology (FTMC), Sauletekio av. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania.
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9
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Effect of surfactants addition on physical, structure and antimicrobial activity of (Na-CMC/Na–Alg) biofilms. Polym Bull (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-022-04189-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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10
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Direksilp C, Scheiger JM, Ariyasajjamongkol N, Sirivat A. A highly selective and sensitive electrochemical sensor for dopamine based on a functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotube and poly( N-methylaniline) composite. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:469-479. [PMID: 35029250 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay01943k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) is an important neurotransmitter used for diagnosing various diseases from its abnormal concentrations in human fluids. Herein, an electrochemical sensor based on a composite of re-doped poly(N-methylaniline) (rePNMA) and modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes (fMWCNTs), termed fMWCNT-rePNMA, was developed to measure DA concentration. The successful modification of the fMWCNT surface was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Cyclic voltammetry (CV) displayed an excellent electrocatalytic activity of the fMWCNTs-rePNMA composite towards the oxidation of DA. The developed fMWCNTs-rePNMA composite demonstrated a broad linear range from 5 to 90 μmol L-1 with a low limit of detection (LOD) value of 2.23 μmol L-1, and a fast response with a high sensitivity of 251.5 nA μmol-1 L as determined from the calibration curve of the DA determination. In addition, the fMWCNTs-rePNMA composite selectively identified and quantified DA in the presence of ascorbic acid (AA) and uric acid (UA). Therefore, the fMWCNTs-rePNMA composite sensor shows potential to determine the level of DA in human urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chatrawee Direksilp
- The Conductive and Electroactive Polymer Research Unit, The Petroleum and Petrochemical College, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
- Center of Excellence on Petrochemical and Materials Technology (PETROMAT), Chulalongkorn University Research Building, Soi Chula 12, Phayathai Road, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Johannes M Scheiger
- Institute of Technical Chemistry and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 20, Karlsruhe 76131, Germany
| | - Nuttha Ariyasajjamongkol
- The Conductive and Electroactive Polymer Research Unit, The Petroleum and Petrochemical College, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Anuvat Sirivat
- The Conductive and Electroactive Polymer Research Unit, The Petroleum and Petrochemical College, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
- Center of Excellence on Petrochemical and Materials Technology (PETROMAT), Chulalongkorn University Research Building, Soi Chula 12, Phayathai Road, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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