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Al-Shawabkeh AF. Thermodynamic characteristics of the aliphatic polyamide crystal structures: Enhancement of nylon 66α, 610α and 77γ polymers. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21042. [PMID: 37916125 PMCID: PMC10616352 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the polymer industry's reliance on nylon polymers, numerous questions remain about their crystal structures, modeling, and other features. This work discusses the thermodynamic properties and molecular modeling of a polyamides nylon 66α, 610α, and 77γ crystal structure systems for use in various electronics and Nano-devices that feature distinct properties such as exceptional optoelectronic properties at a low cost compared to other structures. This study looked at the crystal structure of a linear polyamide chain made up of repeating units. The influence of the thermal expansion coefficient and thermodynamic parameters on crystal structures' characteristics at different temperatures has previously been explored. The findings of this study demonstrate, on the one hand, the influence of the amorphous phase on the final thermodynamic characteristics of semi-crystalline polymers and, on the other hand, pave the way for greater improvement in the durability of these polymers by increasing their crystalline features. The values of the thermodynamic parameters for nylon 66α, 610α and 77γ such as enthalpy (ΔHExp.) were 35.08, 40.25, and 1.44 kJ/mol, entropy (ΔSExp.) 113.75, 128.84, and 15.10 J/mol-K, free energy (ΔGExp.) was -44.57, -46.62, and -6.86 kJ/mol, respectively. When the nylon data is compared, the nylon 610α exhibits a significantly higher free energy, at high temperatures, the process is spontaneous and exergonic, making it a potentially viable material for use as fibers and engineering thermoplastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali F. Al-Shawabkeh
- Department of Scientific Basic Sciences, Faculty of Engineering Technology, Al-Balqa Applied University, Amman 11134 Jordan
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An Efficient Composite Modifier Prepared for Enhancing the Crystallization and Flame-Retardancy of Poly(m-xylylene adipamide). Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14173626. [PMID: 36080701 PMCID: PMC9460067 DOI: 10.3390/polym14173626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(m-xylylene adipamide) (MXD6) has good gas barrier properties and high mechanical strength. However, in nature, this resin has a low rate of crystallization. In order to overcome this obstacle in its applications, this study prepares a new, efficient modifier for MXD6 by combining the synthesized DOPO derivative (DT) and P22. It is found that the use of the binary modifier exhibits obvious effects on the crystallization of MXD6. When 11.0 wt.% DT is added together with 0.1 wt.% P22 (DT/P22), the crystallization temperature of MXD6 shifts to a higher temperature of 19.7 °C, and the crystallinity degree of MXD6 is significantly increased by 60%. Meanwhile, this modifier exhibits obviously intumescent flame-retardancy on MXD6 by increasing the limited oxygen index (LOI) from 26.4% to 33.4%. The results of the cone calorimeter test (CCT) reveal that the peak heat release rate (PHRR), total heat release (THR) and average effective heat release (av-EHC) are obviously suppressed due to the use of this modifier. Moreover, the influences of this modifier on the crystal structures, mechanical and rheological properties of MXD6 are analyzed in detail. This study can provide an efficient modifier for MXD6.
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Wang Z, Song M, Li X, Chen J, Liang T, Chen X, Yan Y. Copolymerization-Regulated Hydrogen Bonds: A New Routine for High-Strength Copolyamide 6/66 Fibers. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14173517. [PMID: 36080592 PMCID: PMC9460282 DOI: 10.3390/polym14173517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen bond interactions are important for nylon fibers, which improve its mechanical properties and crystallization behavior, while hindering the movement and orientation of the molecular chain during the drawn process. In this study, hexamethylene adipamide was used as the second monomer in copolymerization with ε-caprolactam to obtain copolyamide 6/66 (CoPA), and high-tenacity fibers with a maximum value up to 8.0 cN/dtex were achieved by a multi-step drawn and thermal setting process. Results show that the hexamethylene–adipamide ratio affected the draw ratio (DR) of the as-spun fiber, on the tenacity of final high-performance fiber, and on crystalline. Both DR and tenacity showed evident increases with the hexamethylene–adipamide ratio up to 6% in CoPA and then changed smoothly. However, XRD and DSC results illustrate a decreased tendency with regard to crystallinity. The attenuated in-site total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectra were used to study the hydrogen bond interaction between the C=O group and N–H group and the crystal form of the fiber. Results show that the copolymerization destroyed the regularity of the main chain of CoPA and reduces the interaction of interstrand hydrogen bonds, facilitating the formation of the γ-crystalline form in as-spun fibers, fulfilling the transition from the γ to α crystalline form during the fiber-drawing step because of the release of the C=O group and N–H group from the hydrogen bond interaction at an elevated temperature close to the molten temperature of CoPA, and then reforming during the thermal-setting step which soiled the crystalline and improved the tenacity of the fiber. The copolymerization with a homologous monomer regulates the hydrogen bond interaction, fulfills the high drawn ratio and high tenacity fiber, and provides a new route for high-performance fiber preparation using traditional fiber formation of polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zichao Wang
- School of Material Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Ming Song
- Guangdong Xinhui Meida Nylon Co., Ltd., Jiangmen 529100, China
| | - Xilin Li
- Guangdong Xinhui Meida Nylon Co., Ltd., Jiangmen 529100, China
| | - Jizong Chen
- Guangdong Xinhui Meida Nylon Co., Ltd., Jiangmen 529100, China
| | - Tiexian Liang
- Guangdong Xinhui Meida Nylon Co., Ltd., Jiangmen 529100, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Guangdong Xinhui Meida Nylon Co., Ltd., Jiangmen 529100, China
| | - Yurong Yan
- School of Material Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Key Lab of Guangdong High Property & Functional Polymer Materials, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Correspondence:
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Chen Y, Lee Y, Rwei S. Synthesis and characterization of trace aromatic copolyamide 6 with tunable mechanical and viscoelastic behavior. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu‐Hao Chen
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology National Taipei University of Technology Taipei City Taiwan
| | - Yi‐Huan Lee
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology National Taipei University of Technology Taipei City Taiwan
| | - Syang‐Peng Rwei
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology National Taipei University of Technology Taipei City Taiwan
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Malucelli G. “Polymer Analysis” Section, in Journal Polymers. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12112748. [PMID: 33233649 PMCID: PMC7699807 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Malucelli
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, and Local INSTM Unit, Viale Teresa Michel 5, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
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Gonçalves NI, Münchow EA, Santos JD, Sato TP, de Oliveira LR, de Arruda Paes-Junior TJ, Bottino MC, Borges ALS. The role of polymeric nanofibers on the mechanical behavior of polymethyl methacrylate resin. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 112:104072. [PMID: 32911228 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.104072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to synthesize and characterize non-woven acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polyamide-6 (P6), and polystyrene (PS) nanofibers, and evaluate their effects on the flexural strength and fracture resistance of fiber-modified polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) resin. ABS, P6, and PS polymer solutions were prepared and electrospun into fiber mats, which were characterized by means of morphological, chemical, physical, and mechanical analyses. The fiber mats were then used to modify a thermally-activated PMMA resin, resulting in four testing groups: one unmodified group (control) and three fiber-modified groups incorporated with ABS, P6, or PS fiber mats. Flexural strength, work of fracture, and fractographic analysis were performed for all groups. Data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis or ANOVA tests (α = 0.05). The fiber diameter decreased, respectively, as follows: ABS > P6 > PS. Only the P6 fiber mats demonstrated a crystalline structure. Wettability was similar among the distinct fiber mats, although tensile strength was significantly greater for P6, followed by ABS, and then PS mats. Flexural strength of the fiber-modified PMMA resins was similar to the control, except for the weaker P6-based material. The work of fracture seemed to be greater and lower when the P6 and PS fibers were used, respectively. The fiber-modified groups exhibited a rougher pattern in the fractured surfaces when compared to the control, which may suggest that the presence of fibers deviates the direction of crack propagation, making the fracture mechanism of the PMMA resin more dynamic. While the neat PMMA showed a typical brittle response, the fiber-modified PMMA resins demonstrated a ductile response, combined with voids, suggesting large shear deformation during fracture. Altogether, despite the lack of direct reinforcement in the mechanical strength of the PMMA resin, the use of electrospun fibers showed promising application for the improvement of fracture behavior of PMMA resins, turning them into more compliant materials, although this effect may depend on the fiber composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália I Gonçalves
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Eliseu A Münchow
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Jéssica D Santos
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Tabata P Sato
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Letícia R de Oliveira
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Marco C Bottino
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences, and Endodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Alexandre L S Borges
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Institute of Science and Technology, UNESP, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil.
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