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Le HP, Hassan K, Ramezanpour M, Campbell JA, Tung TT, Vreugde S, Losic D. Development of novel iron(III) crosslinked bioinks comprising carboxymethyl cellulose, xanthan gum, and hyaluronic acid for soft tissue engineering applications. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:6627-6642. [PMID: 38752707 DOI: 10.1039/d4tb00142g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
The advent of three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting offers a feasible approach to construct complex structures for soft tissue regeneration. Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) has been emerging as a very promising biomaterial for 3D bioprinting. However, due to the inability to maintain the post-printed stability, CMC needs to be physically blended and/or chemically crosslinked with other polymers. In this context, this study presents the combination of CMC with xanthan gum (XG) and hyaluronic acid (HA) to formulate a multicomponent bioink, leveraging the printability of CMC and XG, as well as the cellular support properties of HA. The ionic crosslinking of printed constructs with iron(III) via the metal-ion coordination between ferric cations and carboxylate groups of the three polymers was introduced to induce improved mechanical strength and long-term stability. Moreover, immortalized human epidermal keratinocytes (HaCaT) and human foreskin fibroblasts (HFF) encapsulated within iron-crosslinked printed hydrogels exhibited excellent cell viability (more than 95%) and preserved morphology. Overall, the presented study highlights that the combination of these three biopolymers and the ionic crosslinking with ferric ions is a valuable strategy to be considered for the development of new and advanced hydrogel-based bioinks for soft tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hien-Phuong Le
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia.
| | - Kamrul Hassan
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia.
| | - Mahnaz Ramezanpour
- Department of Surgery-Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Adelaide, Woodville South, Australia
| | - Jonathan A Campbell
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, 5041, Australia
| | - Tran Thanh Tung
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia.
| | - Sarah Vreugde
- Department of Surgery-Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Adelaide, Woodville South, Australia
| | - Dusan Losic
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia.
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2
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Puertas-Bartolomé M, Venegas-Bustos D, Acosta S, Rodríguez-Cabello JC. Contribution of the ELRs to the development of advanced in vitro models. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1363865. [PMID: 38650751 PMCID: PMC11033926 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1363865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Developing in vitro models that accurately mimic the microenvironment of biological structures or processes holds substantial promise for gaining insights into specific biological functions. In the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, in vitro models able to capture the precise structural, topographical, and functional complexity of living tissues, prove to be valuable tools for comprehending disease mechanisms, assessing drug responses, and serving as alternatives or complements to animal testing. The choice of the right biomaterial and fabrication technique for the development of these in vitro models plays an important role in their functionality. In this sense, elastin-like recombinamers (ELRs) have emerged as an important tool for the fabrication of in vitro models overcoming the challenges encountered in natural and synthetic materials due to their intrinsic properties, such as phase transition behavior, tunable biological properties, viscoelasticity, and easy processability. In this review article, we will delve into the use of ELRs for molecular models of intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs), as well as for the development of in vitro 3D models for regenerative medicine. The easy processability of the ELRs and their rational design has allowed their use for the development of spheroids and organoids, or bioinks for 3D bioprinting. Thus, incorporating ELRs into the toolkit of biomaterials used for the fabrication of in vitro models, represents a transformative step forward in improving the accuracy, efficiency, and functionality of these models, and opening up a wide range of possibilities in combination with advanced biofabrication techniques that remains to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Puertas-Bartolomé
- Technical Proteins Nanobiotechnology, S.L. (TPNBT), Valladolid, Spain
- Bioforge Lab (Group for Advanced Materials and Nanobiotechnology), CIBER's Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Edificio LUCIA, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Desiré Venegas-Bustos
- Bioforge Lab (Group for Advanced Materials and Nanobiotechnology), CIBER's Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Edificio LUCIA, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Sergio Acosta
- Bioforge Lab (Group for Advanced Materials and Nanobiotechnology), CIBER's Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Edificio LUCIA, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - José Carlos Rodríguez-Cabello
- Bioforge Lab (Group for Advanced Materials and Nanobiotechnology), CIBER's Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Edificio LUCIA, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
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3
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Ardika KAR, Marzaman ANF, Kaharuddin KM, Parenden MDK, Karimah A, Musfirah CA, Pakki E, Permana AD. Development of chitosan-hyaluronic acid based hydrogel for local delivery of doxycycline hyclate in an ex vivo skin infection model. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE. POLYMER EDITION 2023; 34:2274-2290. [PMID: 37410591 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2023.2234181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Doxycycline hyclate (DOXY) is a tetracycline derivative known as the broad-spectrum bacteriostatic drug. DOXY has been suggested as the first-line antibiotic for diabetic foot ulcers (DFU). Unfortunately, the long-term availability of DOXY in both oral and conventional topical dosage forms reduces its therapeutic effectiveness, which is closely linked to gastrointestinal side effects and acute pain during therapy, as well as uncontrolled DOXY release at the wound site. To address these shortcomings, we present for the first time a DOXY hydrogel system (DHs) built on crosslinks between carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) and aldehyde hyaluronic acid (AHA). Three formulations of DHs were developed with different ratios of CMC and AHA, consisting of F1 (3:7, w/w), F2 (5:5, w/w), and F3 (7:3, w/w). Viscosity, rheology, gel strength, pH, swelling, gel fraction, wettability, stability, in vitro drug release, ex vivo antibacterial, and dermatokinetic studies were used to evaluate the DHs. According to the in vitro release study, up to 85% of DOXY was released from DHs via the Fickian diffusion mechanism in the Korsmeyer-Peppas model (n < 0.45), which provides controlled drug delivery. Because of its excellent physicochemical characteristics, F2 was chosen as the best DHs formulation in this study. Essentially, the optimum DHs formulation could greatly improve DOXY's ex vivo dermatokinetic profile while also providing excellent antibacterial activity. As a consequence, this study had promising outcome as a proof of concept for increasing the efficacy of DOXY in clinical therapy. Further extensive in vivo studies are required to evaluate the efficacy of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Aulia Karimah
- Faculty of Mathemathics and Natural Science, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | | | - Ermina Pakki
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
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4
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Hu T, Cai Z, Yin R, Zhang W, Bao C, Zhu L, Zhang H. 3D Embedded Printing of Complex Biological Structures with Supporting Bath of Pluronic F-127. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3493. [PMID: 37688119 PMCID: PMC10490391 DOI: 10.3390/polym15173493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofabrication is crucial in contemporary tissue engineering. The primary challenge in biofabrication lies in achieving simultaneous replication of both external organ geometries and internal structures. Particularly for organs with high oxygen demand, the incorporation of a vascular network, which is usually intricate, is crucial to enhance tissue viability, which is still a difficulty in current biofabrication technology. In this study, we address this problem by introducing an innovative three-dimensional (3D) printing strategy using a thermo-reversible supporting bath which can be easily removed by decreasing the temperature. This technology is capable of printing hydrated materials with diverse crosslinked mechanisms, encompassing gelatin, hyaluronate, Pluronic F-127, and alginate. Furthermore, the technology can replicate the external geometry of native tissues and organs from computed tomography data. The work also demonstrates the capability to print lines around 10 μm with a nozzle with a diameter of 60 μm due to the extra force exerted by the supporting bath, by which the line size was largely reduced, and this technique can be used to fabricate intricate capillary networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianzhou Hu
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200231, China; (T.H.); (R.Y.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A2, Canada;
| | - Zhengwei Cai
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200231, China; (Z.C.); (L.Z.)
| | - Ruixue Yin
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200231, China; (T.H.); (R.Y.)
| | - Wenjun Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A2, Canada;
| | - Chunyan Bao
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200231, China; (Z.C.); (L.Z.)
| | - Linyong Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200231, China; (Z.C.); (L.Z.)
| | - Honbo Zhang
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200231, China; (T.H.); (R.Y.)
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5
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Bercea M. Rheology as a Tool for Fine-Tuning the Properties of Printable Bioinspired Gels. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062766. [PMID: 36985738 PMCID: PMC10058016 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, efforts have been oriented toward the development of suitable gels for 3D printing, with controlled morphology and shear-thinning behavior in well-defined conditions. As a multidisciplinary approach to the fabrication of complex biomaterials, 3D bioprinting combines cells and biocompatible materials, which are subsequently printed in specific shapes to generate 3D structures for regenerative medicine or tissue engineering. A major interest is devoted to the printing of biomimetic materials with structural fidelity after their fabrication. Among some requirements imposed for bioinks, such as biocompatibility, nontoxicity, and the possibility to be sterilized, the nondamaging processability represents a critical issue for the stability and functioning of the 3D constructs. The major challenges in the field of printable gels are to mimic at different length scales the structures existing in nature and to reproduce the functions of the biological systems. Thus, a careful investigation of the rheological characteristics allows a fine-tuning of the material properties that are manufactured for targeted applications. The fluid-like or solid-like behavior of materials in conditions similar to those encountered in additive manufacturing can be monitored through the viscoelastic parameters determined in different shear conditions. The network strength, shear-thinning, yield point, and thixotropy govern bioprintability. An assessment of these rheological features provides significant insights for the design and characterization of printable gels. This review focuses on the rheological properties of printable bioinspired gels as a survey of cutting-edge research toward developing printed materials for additive manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bercea
- "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41-A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania
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6
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Li R, Zhao Y, Zheng Z, Liu Y, Song S, Song L, Ren J, Dong J, Wang P. Bioinks adapted for in situ bioprinting scenarios of defect sites: a review. RSC Adv 2023; 13:7153-7167. [PMID: 36875875 PMCID: PMC9982714 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra07037e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In situ bioprinting provides a reliable solution to the problem of in vitro tissue culture and vascularization by printing tissue directly at the site of injury or defect and maturing the printed tissue using the natural cell microenvironment in vivo. As an emerging field, in situ bioprinting is based on computer-assisted scanning results of the defect site and is able to print cells directly at this site with biomaterials, bioactive factors, and other materials without the need to transfer prefabricated grafts as with traditional in vitro 3D bioprinting methods, and the resulting grafts can accurately adapt to the target defect site. However, one of the important reasons hindering the development of in situ bioprinting is the absence of suitable bioinks. In this review, we will summarize bioinks developed in recent years that can adapt to in situ printing scenarios at the defect site, considering three aspects: the in situ design strategy of bioink, the selection of commonly used biomaterials, and the application of bioprinting to different treatment scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruojing Li
- Department of Emergency Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University 16 Jiangsu Road Qingdao 266000 China
| | - Yeying Zhao
- Department of Emergency Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University 16 Jiangsu Road Qingdao 266000 China
| | - Zhiqiang Zheng
- Department of Emergency Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University 16 Jiangsu Road Qingdao 266000 China
| | - Yangyang Liu
- Department of Emergency Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University 16 Jiangsu Road Qingdao 266000 China
| | - Shurui Song
- Department of Emergency Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University 16 Jiangsu Road Qingdao 266000 China
| | - Lei Song
- Department of Emergency Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University 16 Jiangsu Road Qingdao 266000 China
| | - Jianan Ren
- Department of Emergency Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University 16 Jiangsu Road Qingdao 266000 China .,Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated General Hospital of Nanjing Military Region 305 Zhongshan East Road Nanjing 210016 China
| | - Jing Dong
- Department of Emergency Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University 16 Jiangsu Road Qingdao 266000 China .,Special Medicine Department, Medical College, Qingdao University Qingdao 266071 China
| | - Peige Wang
- Department of Emergency Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University 16 Jiangsu Road Qingdao 266000 China
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7
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Flores-Jiménez MS, Garcia-Gonzalez A, Fuentes-Aguilar RQ. Review on Porous Scaffolds Generation Process: A Tissue Engineering Approach. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:1-23. [PMID: 36599046 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Porous scaffolds have been widely explored for tissue regeneration and engineering in vitro three-dimensional models. In this review, a comprehensive literature analysis is conducted to identify the steps involved in their generation. The advantages and disadvantages of the available techniques are discussed, highlighting the importance of considering pore geometrical parameters such as curvature and size, and summarizing the requirements to generate the porous scaffold according to the desired application. This paper considers the available design tools, mathematical models, materials, fabrication techniques, cell seeding methodologies, assessment methods, and the status of pore scaffolds in clinical applications. This review compiles the relevant research in the field in the past years. The trends, challenges, and future research directions are discussed in the search for the generation of a porous scaffold with improved mechanical and biological properties that can be reproducible, viable for long-term studies, and closer to being used in the clinical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana S Flores-Jiménez
- Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey Campus Guadalajara, Av. Gral. Ramon Corona No 2514, Colonia Nuevo México, 45121Zapopan, Jalisco, México
| | - Alejandro Garcia-Gonzalez
- Escuela de Medicina, Tecnologico de Monterrey Campus Guadalajara, Av. Gral. Ramon Corona No 2514, Colonia Nuevo México, 45121Zapopan, Jalisco, México
| | - Rita Q Fuentes-Aguilar
- Institute of Advanced Materials and Sustainable Manufacturing, Tecnologico de Monterrey Campus Guadalajara, Av. Gral. Ramon Corona No 2514, Colonia Nuevo México, 45121Zapopan, Jalisco, México
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8
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Duceac IA, Coseri S. Chitosan Schiff-Base Hydrogels-A Critical Perspective Review. Gels 2022; 8:gels8120779. [PMID: 36547302 PMCID: PMC9777561 DOI: 10.3390/gels8120779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan is quite a unique polysaccharide due to the presence of the amine groups naturally occurring in its structure. This feature renders it into a polycation which makes it appealing for preparing polyelectrolyte complexes or imine bonds gels. Therefore, the vast majority of hydrogels prepared using Schiff base chemistry have chitosan as one component. Usually, the counterpart is a low molecular weight aldehyde or a macromolecular periodate-oxidized polysaccharide, i.e., cellulose, pullulan, starch, alginate, hyaluronic acid, etc. Indisputable advantages of hydrogels include their quick gelation, no need for crosslinking agents, and self-healing and injectability properties. This gives grounds for further research, both fundamental in materials science and applicative in various domains. This article is a critical assessment of the most relevant aspects of this topic. It also provides a short review of some of the most interesting research reported in the literature supporting the main observations of this perspective.
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9
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Carranza T, Zalba-Balda M, Baraibar MJB, de la Caba K, Guerrero P. Effect of sterilization processes on alginate/gelatin inks for three-dimensional printing. Int J Bioprint 2022; 9:645. [PMID: 36844236 PMCID: PMC9947484 DOI: 10.18063/ijb.v9i1.645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
309Sterilization is a crucial step in the process of developing bioinks for tissue engineering applications. In this work, alginate/gelatin inks were subjected to three sterilization methods: ultraviolet (UV) radiation, filtration (FILT), and autoclaving (AUTO). In addition, to simulate the sterilization effect in a real environment, inks were formulated in two different media, specifically, Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM) and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). First, rheological tests were performed to evaluate the flow properties of the inks, and we observed that UV samples showed shear thinning behavior, which was favorable for three-dimensional (3D) printing. Furthermore, the 3D-printed constructs developed with UV inks showed better shape and size fidelity than those obtained with FILT and AUTO. In order to relate this behavior to the material structure, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis was carried out and the predominant conformation in protein was determined by deconvolution of the amide I band, which confirmed that the prevalence of a-helix structure was greater for UV samples. This work highlights the relevance of sterilization processes, which are essential for biomedical applications, in the research field of bioinks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Carranza
- BIOMAT Research Group, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Escuela de Ingenieríade Gipuzkoa, Plaza de Europa 1, Donostia-San Sebastián, 20018, Spain,Domotek SL, B° Santa Luzia 17, Tolosa, 20400, Spain
| | - Martin Zalba-Balda
- Tknika, Basque VET Applied Research Centre, Barrio Zamalbide s/n, Errenteria, 20100, Spain,University of Mondragon (MU), Faculty of Engineering (MGEP), Loramendi 4, Arrasate-Mondragon, 20500, Spain
| | | | - Koro de la Caba
- BIOMAT Research Group, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Escuela de Ingenieríade Gipuzkoa, Plaza de Europa 1, Donostia-San Sebastián, 20018, Spain,BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, Leioa, 48940, Spain,Corresponding author: Pedro Guerrero () Koro de la Caba ()
| | - Pedro Guerrero
- BIOMAT Research Group, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Escuela de Ingenieríade Gipuzkoa, Plaza de Europa 1, Donostia-San Sebastián, 20018, Spain,BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, Leioa, 48940, Spain,Proteinmat Materials SL, Avenida de Tolosa 72, Donostia-San Sebastián, 20018, Spain,Corresponding author: Pedro Guerrero () Koro de la Caba ()
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10
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Stretchable and self-healable hyaluronate-based hydrogels for three-dimensional bioprinting. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 295:119846. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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11
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Abstract
Extrusion-based three-dimensional (3D) printing has recently become a major field that provides significant benefits, as it is principally employed to fabricate 3D scaffolds, exploiting soft biomaterials. The 3D printing hydrogel-based ink requires crucial properties, such as printability and printing fidelity to fabricate the appropriate structure. However, it typically uses trial and error techniques to achieve a three-dimensional structure, which wastes material and time. This study employed multiphysics simulation to predicate the potential printability of chitosan hydrogel as a desirable biomaterial used in tissue engineering. The flow was presumed to be laminar and two-phased in the simulations. Furthermore, the impact of different velocities and viscosities in extrusion-based chitosan 3D printing was investigated. Moreover, the model validation of the printed chitosan hydrogel was investigated to confirm the simulation outcomes for high-quality printing. The effect of different printing settings was studied during the experimental test. The results obtained from the simulation and experiments provide information for deciding the optimum parameters for printing chitosan-based ink with high quality.
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12
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Gretzinger S, Schmieg B, Guthausen G, Hubbuch J. Virtual Reality as Tool for Bioprinting Quality Inspection: A Proof of Principle. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:895842. [PMID: 35757809 PMCID: PMC9218671 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.895842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As virtual reality (VR) has drastically evolved over the past few years, the field of applications of VR flourished way beyond the gaming industry. While commercial VR solutions might be available, there is a need to develop a workflow for specific applications. Bioprinting represents such an example. Here, complex 3D data is generated and needs to be visualized in the context of quality control. We demonstrate that the transfer to a commercially available VR software is possible by introducing an optimized workflow. In the present work, we developed a workflow for the visualization of the critical quality attribute (cQA) cell distribution in bioprinted (extrusion-based) samples in VR. The cQA cell distribution is directly influenced by the pre-processing step mixing of cell material in the bioink. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) was used as an analytical tool to generate spatially resolved 2.5 and 3D data of the bioprinted objects. A sample with poor quality in respect of the cQA cell distribution was identified as its inhomogeneous cell distribution could be displayed spatially resolved in VR. The described workflow facilitates the usage of VR as a tool for quality inspection in the field of bioprinting and represents a powerful tool for visualization of complex 3D MRI data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Gretzinger
- Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institute of Engineering in Life Sciences, Section IV: Molecular Separation Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Barbara Schmieg
- Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institute of Engineering in Life Sciences, Section IV: Molecular Separation Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Gisela Guthausen
- Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany.,Engler Bunte Institute Water Chemistry and Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jürgen Hubbuch
- Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institute of Engineering in Life Sciences, Section IV: Molecular Separation Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
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13
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Teixeira MC, Lameirinhas NS, Carvalho JPF, Silvestre AJD, Vilela C, Freire CSR. A Guide to Polysaccharide-Based Hydrogel Bioinks for 3D Bioprinting Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126564. [PMID: 35743006 PMCID: PMC9223682 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting is an innovative technology in the biomedical field, allowing the fabrication of living constructs through an approach of layer-by-layer deposition of cell-laden inks, the so-called bioinks. An ideal bioink should possess proper mechanical, rheological, chemical, and biological characteristics to ensure high cell viability and the production of tissue constructs with dimensional stability and shape fidelity. Among the several types of bioinks, hydrogels are extremely appealing as they have many similarities with the extracellular matrix, providing a highly hydrated environment for cell proliferation and tunability in terms of mechanical and rheological properties. Hydrogels derived from natural polymers, and polysaccharides, in particular, are an excellent platform to mimic the extracellular matrix, given their low cytotoxicity, high hydrophilicity, and diversity of structures. In fact, polysaccharide-based hydrogels are trendy materials for 3D bioprinting since they are abundant and combine adequate physicochemical and biomimetic features for the development of novel bioinks. Thus, this review portrays the most relevant advances in polysaccharide-based hydrogel bioinks for 3D bioprinting, focusing on the last five years, with emphasis on their properties, advantages, and limitations, considering polysaccharide families classified according to their source, namely from seaweed, higher plants, microbial, and animal (particularly crustaceans) origin.
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14
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Mueller E, Poulin I, Bodnaryk WJ, Hoare T. Click Chemistry Hydrogels for Extrusion Bioprinting: Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:619-640. [PMID: 34989569 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c01105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of 3D bioprinting has allowed a variety of hydrogel-based "bioinks" to be printed in the presence of cells to create precisely defined cell-loaded 3D scaffolds in a single step for advancing tissue engineering and/or regenerative medicine. While existing bioinks based primarily on ionic cross-linking, photo-cross-linking, or thermogelation have significantly advanced the field, they offer technical limitations in terms of the mechanics, degradation rates, and the cell viabilities achievable with the printed scaffolds, particularly in terms of aiming to match the wide range of mechanics and cellular microenvironments. Click chemistry offers an appealing solution to this challenge given that proper selection of the chemistry can enable precise tuning of both the gelation rate and the degradation rate, both key to successful tissue regeneration; simultaneously, the often bio-orthogonal nature of click chemistry is beneficial to maintain high cell viabilities within the scaffolds. However, to date, relatively few examples of 3D-printed click chemistry hydrogels have been reported, mostly due to the technical challenges of controlling mixing during the printing process to generate high-fidelity prints without clogging the printer. This review aims to showcase existing cross-linking modalities, characterize the advantages and disadvantages of different click chemistries reported, highlight current examples of click chemistry hydrogel bioinks, and discuss the design of mixing strategies to enable effective 3D extrusion bioprinting of click hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Mueller
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Isabelle Poulin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - William James Bodnaryk
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Todd Hoare
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada
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15
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Guo W, Jiang Z, Zhang C, Zhao L, Jiang Z, Li X, Chen G. Fabrication process of smooth functionally graded materials through a real-time inline control of the component ratio. Ann Ital Chir 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2021.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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16
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Homogeneous and Reproducible Mixing of Highly Viscous Biomaterial Inks and Cell Suspensions to Create Bioinks. Gels 2021; 7:gels7040227. [PMID: 34842704 PMCID: PMC8628813 DOI: 10.3390/gels7040227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly viscous bioinks offer great advantages for the three-dimensional fabrication of cell-laden constructs by microextrusion printing. However, no standardised method of mixing a high viscosity biomaterial ink and a cell suspension has been established so far, leading to non-reproducible printing results. A novel method for the homogeneous and reproducible mixing of the two components using a mixing unit connecting two syringes is developed and investigated. Several static mixing units, based on established mixing designs, were adapted and their functionality was determined by analysing specific features of the resulting bioink. As a model system, we selected a highly viscous ink consisting of fresh frozen human blood plasma, alginate, and methylcellulose, and a cell suspension containing immortalized human mesenchymal stem cells. This bioink is crosslinked after fabrication. A pre-crosslinked gellan gum-based bioink providing a different extrusion behaviour was introduced to validate the conclusions drawn from the model system. For characterisation, bioink from different zones within the mixing device was analysed by measurement of its viscosity, shape fidelity after printing and visual homogeneity. When taking all three parameters into account, a comprehensive and reliable comparison of the mixing quality was possible. In comparison to the established method of manual mixing inside a beaker using a spatula, a significantly higher proportion of viable cells was detected directly after mixing and plotting for both bioinks when the mixing unit was used. A screw-like mixing unit, termed “HighVisc”, was found to result in a homogenous bioink after a low number of mixing cycles while achieving high cell viability rates.
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17
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Xue W, Shi W, Kong Y, Kuss M, Duan B. Anisotropic scaffolds for peripheral nerve and spinal cord regeneration. Bioact Mater 2021; 6:4141-4160. [PMID: 33997498 PMCID: PMC8099454 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment of long-gap (>10 mm) peripheral nerve injury (PNI) and spinal cord injury (SCI) remains a continuous challenge due to limited native tissue regeneration capabilities. The current clinical strategy of using autografts for PNI suffers from a source shortage, while the pharmacological treatment for SCI presents dissatisfactory results. Tissue engineering, as an alternative, is a promising approach for regenerating peripheral nerves and spinal cords. Through providing a beneficial environment, a scaffold is the primary element in tissue engineering. In particular, scaffolds with anisotropic structures resembling the native extracellular matrix (ECM) can effectively guide neural outgrowth and reconnection. In this review, the anatomy of peripheral nerves and spinal cords, as well as current clinical treatments for PNI and SCI, is first summarized. An overview of the critical components in peripheral nerve and spinal cord tissue engineering and the current status of regeneration approaches are also discussed. Recent advances in the fabrication of anisotropic surface patterns, aligned fibrous substrates, and 3D hydrogel scaffolds, as well as their in vitro and in vivo effects are highlighted. Finally, we summarize potential mechanisms underlying the anisotropic architectures in orienting axonal and glial cell growth, along with their challenges and prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Xue
- Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Wen Shi
- Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Yunfan Kong
- Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Mitchell Kuss
- Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Bin Duan
- Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
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18
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Farahani M, Shafiee A. Wound Healing: From Passive to Smart Dressings. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2100477. [PMID: 34174163 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The universal increase in the number of patients with nonhealing skin wounds imposes a huge social and economic burden on the patients and healthcare systems. Although, the application of traditional wound dressings contributes to an effective wound healing outcome, yet, the complexity of the healing process remains a major health challenge. Recent advances in materials and fabrication technologies have led to the fabrication of dressings that provide proper conditions for effective wound healing. The 3D-printed wound dressings, biomolecule-loaded dressings, as well as smart and flexible bandages are among the recent alternatives that have been developed to accelerate wound healing. Additionally, the new generation of wound dressings contains a variety of microelectronic sensors for real-time monitoring of the wound environment and is able to apply required actions to support the healing progress. Moreover, advances in manufacturing flexible microelectronic sensors enable the development of the next generation of wound dressing substrates, known as electronic skin, for real-time monitoring of the whole physiochemical markers in the wound environment in a single platform. The current study reviews the importance of smart wound dressings as an emerging strategy for wound care management and highlights different types of smart dressings for promoting the wound healing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Farahani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Amirkabir University of Technology Tehran 1591634311 Iran
| | - Abbas Shafiee
- UQ Diamantina Institute Translational Research Institute The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4102 Australia
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19
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Valachová K, Šoltés L. Hyaluronan as a Prominent Biomolecule with Numerous Applications in Medicine. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7077. [PMID: 34209222 PMCID: PMC8269271 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA) is a natural glycosaminoglycan present in many tissues of all vertebrates. HA has various biological functions, which are dependent on its molar mass. High-molar-mass HA has anti-angiogenic, immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory properties, while low-molar-mass HA has opposite effects. HA has also antioxidative properties, however on the other hand it can be readily degraded by reactive oxygen species. For many years it has been used in treatment of osteoarthritis, cosmetics and in ophthalmology. In the last years there has been a growing interest of HA to also be applied in other fields of medicine such as skin wound healing, tissue engineering, dentistry and gene delivery. In this review we summarize information on modes of HA administration, properties and effects of HA in various fields of medicine including recent progress in the investigation of HA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarína Valachová
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84104 Bratislava, Slovakia;
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20
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Kuzucu M, Vera G, Beaumont M, Fischer S, Wei P, Shastri VP, Forget A. Extrusion-Based 3D Bioprinting of Gradients of Stiffness, Cell Density, and Immobilized Peptide Using Thermogelling Hydrogels. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:2192-2197. [PMID: 33970597 PMCID: PMC8207502 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
To study biological processes in vitro, biomaterials-based engineering solutions to reproduce the gradients observed in tissues are necessary. We present a platform for the 3D bioprinting of functionally graded biomaterials based on carboxylated agarose, a bioink amendable by extrusion bioprinting. Using this bioink, objects with a gradient of stiffness and gradient of cell concentration were printed. Functionalization of carboxylated agarose with maleimide moieties that react in minutes with a cysteine-terminated cell-adhesion peptide allowed us to print objects with a gradient of an immobilized peptide. This approach paves the way toward the development of tissue mimics with gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Kuzucu
- Institute
for Macromolecular Chemistry, University
of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Grace Vera
- Institute
for Macromolecular Chemistry, University
of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marco Beaumont
- School
of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University
of Technology, 2 George
St, Brisbane City, Queensland 4000, Australia
- Institute
of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University
of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Sascha Fischer
- Institute
for Macromolecular Chemistry, University
of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Pan Wei
- Institute
for Macromolecular Chemistry, University
of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - V. Prasad Shastri
- Institute
for Macromolecular Chemistry, University
of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS,
Centre for Cell Signalling Studies, Schänzlestr. 18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Aurelien Forget
- Institute
for Macromolecular Chemistry, University
of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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21
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Rizwan M, Baker AEG, Shoichet MS. Designing Hydrogels for 3D Cell Culture Using Dynamic Covalent Crosslinking. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2100234. [PMID: 33987970 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Designing simple biomaterials to replicate the biochemical and mechanical properties of tissues is an ongoing challenge in tissue engineering. For several decades, new biomaterials have been engineered using cytocompatible chemical reactions and spontaneous ligations via click chemistries to generate scaffolds and water swollen polymer networks, known as hydrogels, with tunable properties. However, most of these materials are static in nature, providing only macroscopic tunability of the scaffold mechanics, and do not reflect the dynamic environment of natural extracellular microenvironment. For more complex applications such as organoids or co-culture systems, there remain opportunities to investigate cells that locally remodel and change the physicochemical properties within the matrices. In this review, advanced biomaterials where dynamic covalent chemistry is used to produce stable 3D cell culture models and high-resolution constructs for both in vitro and in vivo applications, are discussed. The implications of dynamic covalent chemistry on viscoelastic properties of in vitro models are summarized, case studies in 3D cell culture are critically analyzed, and opportunities to further improve the performance of biomaterials for 3D tissue engineering are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Rizwan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry University of Toronto Toronto Ontario M5S 3E5 Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering University of Toronto Toronto Ontario M5S 3G9 Canada
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research University of Toronto Toronto Ontario M5S 3E1 Canada
| | - Alexander E. G. Baker
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry University of Toronto Toronto Ontario M5S 3E5 Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering University of Toronto Toronto Ontario M5S 3G9 Canada
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research University of Toronto Toronto Ontario M5S 3E1 Canada
| | - Molly S. Shoichet
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry University of Toronto Toronto Ontario M5S 3E5 Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering University of Toronto Toronto Ontario M5S 3G9 Canada
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research University of Toronto Toronto Ontario M5S 3E1 Canada
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22
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Mohd Basri MS, Liew Min Ren B, A. Talib R, Zakaria R, Kamarudin SH. Novel Mangosteen-Leaves-Based Marker Ink: Color Lightness, Viscosity, Optimized Composition, and Microstructural Analysis. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13101581. [PMID: 34069259 PMCID: PMC8156445 DOI: 10.3390/polym13101581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dry mangosteen leaves are one of the raw materials used to produce marker ink. However, research using this free and abundant resource is rather limited. The less efficient one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) approach was mostly used in past studies on plant-based marker ink. The use of statistical analysis and the regression coefficient model (mathematical model) was considered essential in predicting the best combination of factors in formulating mangosteen leaf-based marker ink. Ideally, ink should have maximum color lightness, minimum viscosity, and fast-drying speed. The objective of this study to study the effect of glycerol and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) on the color lightness and viscosity of mangosteen-leaves-based marker ink. The viscosity, color lightness, and drying properties of the ink were tested, the significant effect of glycerol and CMC (responses) on ink properties was identified and the prediction model on the optimum value of the responses was developed by using response surface methodology (RSM). The microstructure of mangosteen leaves was analyzed to study the surface morphology and cell structure during dye extraction. A low amount of glycerol used was found to increase the value of color lightness. A decrease in CMC amounts resulted in low viscosity of marker ink. The optimum formulation for the ink can be achieved when the weight percents of glycerol, benzalkonium chloride, ferrous sulphate, and CMC are set at 5, 5, 1, and 3, respectively. SEM micrographs showed the greatest amount of cell wall structure collapse on samples boiled with the lowest amount of glycerol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Salahuddin Mohd Basri
- Department of Process and Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (B.L.M.R.); (R.A.T.); (R.Z.)
- Laboratory of Halal Science Research, Halal Products Research Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Laboratory of Biopolymer and Derivatives, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence:
| | - Brenda Liew Min Ren
- Department of Process and Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (B.L.M.R.); (R.A.T.); (R.Z.)
| | - Rosnita A. Talib
- Department of Process and Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (B.L.M.R.); (R.A.T.); (R.Z.)
| | - Rabitah Zakaria
- Department of Process and Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (B.L.M.R.); (R.A.T.); (R.Z.)
| | - Siti Hasnah Kamarudin
- School of Industrial Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Shah Alam 40450, Selangor, Malaysia;
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23
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Puertas-Bartolomé M, Mora-Boza A, García-Fernández L. Emerging Biofabrication Techniques: A Review on Natural Polymers for Biomedical Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1209. [PMID: 33918049 PMCID: PMC8069319 DOI: 10.3390/polym13081209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural polymers have been widely used for biomedical applications in recent decades. They offer the advantages of resembling the extracellular matrix of native tissues and retaining biochemical cues and properties necessary to enhance their biocompatibility, so they usually improve the cellular attachment and behavior and avoid immunological reactions. Moreover, they offer a rapid degradability through natural enzymatic or chemical processes. However, natural polymers present poor mechanical strength, which frequently makes the manipulation processes difficult. Recent advances in biofabrication, 3D printing, microfluidics, and cell-electrospinning allow the manufacturing of complex natural polymer matrixes with biophysical and structural properties similar to those of the extracellular matrix. In addition, these techniques offer the possibility of incorporating different cell lines into the fabrication process, a revolutionary strategy broadly explored in recent years to produce cell-laden scaffolds that can better mimic the properties of functional tissues. In this review, the use of 3D printing, microfluidics, and electrospinning approaches has been extensively investigated for the biofabrication of naturally derived polymer scaffolds with encapsulated cells intended for biomedical applications (e.g., cell therapies, bone and dental grafts, cardiovascular or musculoskeletal tissue regeneration, and wound healing).
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Affiliation(s)
- María Puertas-Bartolomé
- INM—Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Ana Mora-Boza
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive, 2310 IBB Building, Atlanta, GA 30332-0363, USA
- Institute of Polymer Science and Technology (ICTP-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis García-Fernández
- Institute of Polymer Science and Technology (ICTP-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Networking Biomedical Research Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Pabellón 11, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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24
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A structure-supporting, self-healing, and high permeating hydrogel bioink for establishment of diverse homogeneous tissue-like constructs. Bioact Mater 2021; 6:3580-3595. [PMID: 33869899 PMCID: PMC8024533 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The ready-to-use, structure-supporting hydrogel bioink can shorten the time for ink preparation, ensure cell dispersion, and maintain the preset shape/microstructure without additional assistance during printing. Meanwhile, ink with high permeability might facilitate uniform cell growth in biological constructs, which is beneficial to homogeneous tissue repair. Unfortunately, current bioinks are hard to meet these requirements simultaneously in a simple way. Here, based on the fast dynamic crosslinking of aldehyde hyaluronic acid (AHA)/N-carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) and the slow stable crosslinking of gelatin (GEL)/4-arm poly(ethylene glycol) succinimidyl glutarate (PEG-SG), we present a time-sharing structure-supporting (TSHSP) hydrogel bioink with high permeability, containing 1% AHA, 0.75% CMC, 1% GEL and 0.5% PEG-SG. The TSHSP hydrogel can facilitate printing with proper viscoelastic property and self-healing behavior. By crosslinking with 4% PEG-SG for only 3 min, the integrity of the cell-laden construct can last for 21 days due to the stable internal and external GEL/PEG-SG networks, and cells manifested long-term viability and spreading morphology. Nerve-like, muscle-like, and cartilage-like in vitro constructs exhibited homogeneous cell growth and remarkable biological specificities. This work provides not only a convenient and practical bioink for tissue engineering, targeted cell therapy, but also a new direction for hydrogel bioink development. A time-sharing structure-supporting (TSHSP) bioink based on gelation time difference between two gelling systems. The high permeability of TSHSP hydrogel is the basis for effective matter exchange. The TSHSP hydrogel facilitates room temperature printing with proper viscoelastic property and self-healing behavior. Cells manifest long-term viability and spreading morphology in bioprinted TSHSP constructs. In vitro tissue-like TSHSP constructs exhibit homogeneous cell growth and remarkable biological specificities.
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25
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Lee SJ, Seok JM, Lee JH, Lee J, Kim WD, Park SA. Three-Dimensional Printable Hydrogel Using a Hyaluronic Acid/Sodium Alginate Bio-Ink. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:794. [PMID: 33807639 PMCID: PMC7961573 DOI: 10.3390/polym13050794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bio-ink properties have been extensively studied for use in the three-dimensional (3D) bio-printing process for tissue engineering applications. In this study, we developed a method to synthesize bio-ink using hyaluronic acid (HA) and sodium alginate (SA) without employing the chemical crosslinking agents of HA to 30% (w/v). Furthermore, we evaluated the properties of the obtained bio-inks to gauge their suitability in bio-printing, primarily focusing on their viscosity, printability, and shrinkage properties. Furthermore, the bio-ink encapsulating the cells (NIH3T3 fibroblast cell line) was characterized using a live/dead assay and WST-1 to assess the biocompatibility. It was inferred from the results that the blended hydrogel was successfully printed for all groups with viscosities of 883 Pa∙s (HA, 0% w/v), 1211 Pa∙s (HA, 10% w/v), and 1525 Pa∙s, (HA, 30% w/v) at a 0.1 s-1 shear rate. Their structures exhibited no significant shrinkage after CaCl2 crosslinking and maintained their integrity during the culture periods. The relative proliferation rate of the encapsulated cells in the HA/SA blended bio-ink was 70% higher than the SA-only bio-ink after the fourth day. These results suggest that the 3D printable HA/SA hydrogel could be used as the bio-ink for tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Jeong Lee
- Medical Device Convergence Center, Konyang University Hospital, Daejeon 35365, Korea;
| | - Ji Min Seok
- Department of Nature-Inspired System and Application, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM), Daejeon 34103, Korea; (J.M.S.); (J.H.L.)
| | - Jun Hee Lee
- Department of Nature-Inspired System and Application, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM), Daejeon 34103, Korea; (J.M.S.); (J.H.L.)
| | - Jaejong Lee
- Department of Nano Manufacturing Technology, Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials (KIMM), Daejeon 34103, Korea;
| | - Wan Doo Kim
- Department of Nature-Inspired System and Application, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM), Daejeon 34103, Korea; (J.M.S.); (J.H.L.)
| | - Su A Park
- Department of Nature-Inspired System and Application, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM), Daejeon 34103, Korea; (J.M.S.); (J.H.L.)
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26
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Duarte Campos DF, De Laporte L. Digitally Fabricated and Naturally Augmented In Vitro Tissues. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2001253. [PMID: 33191651 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Human in vitro tissues are extracorporeal 3D cultures of human cells embedded in biomaterials, commonly hydrogels, which recapitulate the heterogeneous, multiscale, and architectural environment of the human body. Contemporary strategies used in 3D tissue and organ engineering integrate the use of automated digital manufacturing methods, such as 3D printing, bioprinting, and biofabrication. Human tissues and organs, and their intra- and interphysiological interplay, are particularly intricate. For this reason, attentiveness is rising to intersect materials science, medicine, and biology with arts and informatics. This report presents advances in computational modeling of bioink polymerization and its compatibility with bioprinting, the use of digital design and fabrication in the development of fluidic culture devices, and the employment of generative algorithms for modeling the natural and biological augmentation of in vitro tissues. As a future direction, the use of serially linked in vitro tissues as human body-mimicking systems and their application in drug pharmacokinetics and metabolism, disease modeling, and diagnostics are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela F. Duarte Campos
- Department of Advanced Materials for Biomedicine Institute of Applied Medical Engineering RWTH Aachen University Aachen 52074 Germany
| | - Laura De Laporte
- Department of Advanced Materials for Biomedicine Institute of Applied Medical Engineering RWTH Aachen University Aachen 52074 Germany
- DWI—Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials Aachen 52074 Germany
- Department of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Aachen 52074 Germany
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