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Douglas T, Singh N, Riaz U. Experimental and Theoretical Studies on Indigo-Dye-Modified Conjugated Polymers. Molecules 2024; 29:3200. [PMID: 38999152 PMCID: PMC11243738 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29133200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The present work reports the synthesis of indigo-dye-incorporated polyaniline (Indigo-PANI), poly(1-naphthylamine) (Indigo-PNA), poly(o-phenylenediamine) (Indigo-POPD), polypyrrole (Indigo-PPy), and polythiophene (Indigo-PTh) via an ultrasound-assisted method. The synthesized oligomers were characterized using FTIR, UV-visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), fluorescence studies, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The experimental data were theoretically compared to analyze the vibrational and electronic spectra via time-dependent density-functional theory (TD-DFT) by applying the Becke, three-parameter, and Lee-Yang-Parr (B3LYP) method with a 6-311G (d,p) basis set. The experimental, theoretical vibrational, and electronic spectra were found to be in close agreement and confirmed the successful incorporation of indigo dye in PANI, PNA, POPD, PPy, and PTh. These studies confirmed that multifunctional oligomers could be synthesized through a facile technique by incorporating dye moieties to enhance their optoelectronic properties, allowing them to be utilized as near-infrared-emitting probes for photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tionna Douglas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Neetika Singh
- Materials Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Ufana Riaz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
- Materials Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
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2
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Głosz K, Fabin M, Janasik P, Kołodziej W, Stolarczyk A, Jarosz T. The Failure of Molecular Imprinting in Conducting Polymers: A Case Study of Imprinting Picric Acid on Polycarbazole. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:424. [PMID: 38257519 PMCID: PMC11154421 DOI: 10.3390/s24020424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to investigate the potential of utilising molecularly imprinted polycarbazole layers to detect highly toxic picric acid (PA) and to provide information about their performance. Quantum chemical calculations showed that strong interactions occur between PA and carbazole (bond energy of approximately 31 kJ/mol), consistent with the theoretical requirements for effective molecular imprinting. The performance of the sensors, however, was found to be highly limited, with the observed imprinting factor values for polycarbazole (PCz) layers being 1.77 and 0.95 for layers deposited on Pt and glassy carbon (GC) electrodes, respectively. Moreover, the molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) layers showed worse performance than unmodified Pt or GC electrodes, for which the lowest limit of detection (LOD) values were determined (LOD values of 0.09 mM and 0.26 mM, respectively, for bare Pt and MIP PCz/Pt, as well as values of 0.11 mM and 0.57 mM for bare GC and MIP PCz/GC). The MIP layers also showed limited selectivity and susceptibility to interfering agents. An initial hypothesis on the reasons for such performance was postulated based on the common properties of conjugated polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Głosz
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (K.G.); (M.F.); (P.J.)
| | - Magdalena Fabin
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (K.G.); (M.F.); (P.J.)
| | - Patryk Janasik
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (K.G.); (M.F.); (P.J.)
| | - Weronika Kołodziej
- Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Stolarczyk
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (K.G.); (M.F.); (P.J.)
| | - Tomasz Jarosz
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (K.G.); (M.F.); (P.J.)
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3
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Alkahtani ME, Elbadawi M, Chapman CAR, Green RA, Gaisford S, Orlu M, Basit AW. Electroactive Polymers for On-Demand Drug Release. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2301759. [PMID: 37861058 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202301759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Conductive materials have played a significant role in advancing society into the digital era. Such materials are able to harness the power of electricity and are used to control many aspects of daily life. Conductive polymers (CPs) are an emerging group of polymers that possess metal-like conductivity yet retain desirable polymeric features, such as processability, mechanical properties, and biodegradability. Upon receiving an electrical stimulus, CPs can be tailored to achieve a number of responses, such as harvesting energy and stimulating tissue growth. The recent FDA approval of a CP-based material for a medical device has invigorated their research in healthcare. In drug delivery, CPs can act as electrical switches, drug release is achieved at a flick of a switch, thereby providing unprecedented control over drug release. In this review, recent developments in CP as electroactive polymers for voltage-stimuli responsive drug delivery systems are evaluated. The review demonstrates the distinct drug release profiles achieved by electroactive formulations, and both the precision and ease of stimuli response. This level of dynamism promises to yield "smart medicines" and warrants further research. The review concludes by providing an outlook on electroactive formulations in drug delivery and highlighting their integral roles in healthcare IoT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manal E Alkahtani
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Moe Elbadawi
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Christopher A R Chapman
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Centre for Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Rylie A Green
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Simon Gaisford
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Mine Orlu
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Abdul W Basit
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
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4
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Li Y, Wang L, Wang L, Zhu B, Ma J. A novel carbazole-based fluorometric and colorimetric sensor for the highly sensitive and specific detection of Cu 2+ in aqueous solution. RSC Adv 2023; 13:33276-33287. [PMID: 37964909 PMCID: PMC10641437 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra04571d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on the typical Suzuki coupling reaction and Schiff base reaction, a novel fluorescent molecular PCBW is synthesized and applied as a fluorescence and colorimetric sensor to detect Cu2+ in aqueous solution. The PCBW sensor presents the aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ) effect and at 1 × 10-5 mol L-1 it emits the strongest turquoise fluorescence in the DMSO-H2O system (fw = 40%). The sensor exhibits a 'turn-off' fluorescent characteristic by adding Cu2+, and its fluorescent intensity shows a reliable linear relationship with the Cu2+ concentration in the range of 0-6 × 10-6 mol L-1, with a detection limit of 1.19 × 10-8 mol L-1. Meanwhile, the PCBW sensor also exhibits the colorimetric sensing from colorless to light yellow. The sensor has good selectivity and anti-interference and its pH application range can be extended from 5 to 10. The intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) is speculated as the main fluorescence mechanism of PCBW. In addition, the sensor presents good reusability and is practicable to detect Cu2+ in diverse aqueous samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiduo Li
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology Shanghai 200093 P. R. China
| | - Luyue Wang
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology Shanghai 200093 P. R. China
| | - Liqiang Wang
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology Shanghai 200093 P. R. China
| | - Baokun Zhu
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology Shanghai 200093 P. R. China
| | - Jie Ma
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology Shanghai 200093 P. R. China
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5
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Palomba M, Dias IFC, Cocchioni M, Marini F, Santi C, Bagnoli L. Vinylation of N-Heteroarenes through Addition/Elimination Reactions of Vinyl Selenones. Molecules 2023; 28:6026. [PMID: 37630278 PMCID: PMC10459632 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28166026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
A new protocol for the synthesis of N-vinyl azoles using vinyl selenones and azoles in the presence of potassium hydroxide was developed. This reaction proceeded under mild and transition metal-free conditions through an addition/elimination cascade process. Both aromatic and aliphatic vinyl selenones and various mono-, bi- and tri-cyclic azoles can be tolerated and give terminal N-vinyl azoles in moderate to high yields. A plausible mechanism is also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Luana Bagnoli
- Group of Catalysis, Synthesis and Organic Green Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Liceo, 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy
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Liu J, Perez OM, Lavergne D, Rasu L, Murphy E, Galvez-Rodriguez A, Bergens SH. One-Step Electropolymerization of a Dicyanobenzene-Carbazole-Imidazole Dye to Prepare Photoactive Redox Polymer Films. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3340. [PMID: 37631397 PMCID: PMC10457835 DOI: 10.3390/polym15163340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
To the best of our knowledge, this study reports the first direct electropolymerization of a dicyanobenzene-carbazole dye functionalized with an imidazole group to prepare redox- and photoactive porous organic polymer (POP) films in controlled amounts. The POP films were grown on indium-doped tin oxide (ITO) and carbon surfaces using a new monomer, 1-imidazole-2,4,6-tri(carbazol-9-yl)-3,5-dicyanobenzene (1, 3CzImIPN), through a simple one-step process. The structure and activities of the POP films were investigated as photoelectrodes for electrooxidations, as heterogeneous photocatalysts for photosynthetic olefin isomerizations, and for solid-state photoluminescence behavior tunable by lithium-ion concentrations in solution. The results demonstrate that the photoredox-POPs can be used as efficient photocatalysts, and they have potential applications in sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Steven H. Bergens
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
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Cimrová V, Výprachtický D, Růžička A, Pokorná V. Carbazole-Fluorene Copolymers with Various Substituents at the Carbazole Nitrogen: Structure-Properties Relationship. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2932. [PMID: 37447577 DOI: 10.3390/polym15132932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbazole derivatives, carbazole-containing polymers and iridium complexes are of interest due to many possible applications in photonics, electronics and biology, particularly as active or hole-transporting layers in organic as well as perovskite devices due to their interesting properties. Here, a series of carbazole-fluorene conjugated copolymers with various substituents at the N-carbazole position (2-methoxycarbonylethyl, 2-carboxyethyl, 2-ethylhexyl, and nonan-2,4-dionatoiridium(III)bis(2-phenylpyridine-N,C2')-9-yl) was prepared by Suzuki coupling. Their photophysical, electrochemical and electroluminescence (EL) properties were studied. Effects of molecular weight and substituents attached to carbazole unit on their properties are reported. The carbazole-fluorene copolymers in dilute solutions exhibited intense photoluminescence (PL) emission in the blue spectral region with high PL quantum yields (78-87%) except for the copolymer with the iridium complex (23%). Similar PL spectra were observed in dilute solutions. More pronounced differences were found in thin film PL and EL properties due to excimer/aggregate formation. Light-emitting devices (LEDs) made of copolymers with 2-ethylhexyl as N-carbazole substituent exhibited efficient EL emission with the best performance and the lowest EL onset voltages (3-4 V), while the LEDs made of copolymers with other substituents were not as efficient, but showed anomalous behavior and memory effects in current-voltage characteristics promising also for bio-inspired electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Věra Cimrová
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Drahomír Výprachtický
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Růžička
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Pokorná
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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8
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Mahmood R, Mananquil T, Scenna R, Dennis ES, Castillo-Rodriguez J, Koivisto BD. Light-Driven Energy and Charge Transfer Processes between Additives within Electrospun Nanofibres. Molecules 2023; 28:4857. [PMID: 37375412 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28124857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrospinning is a cost-effective and efficient method of producing polymeric nanofibre films. The resulting nanofibres can be produced in a variety of structures, including monoaxial, coaxial (core@shell), and Janus (side-by-side). The resulting fibres can also act as a matrix for various light-harvesting components such as dye molecules, nanoparticles, and quantum dots. The addition of these light-harvesting materials allows for various photo-driven processes to occur within the films. This review discusses the process of electrospinning as well as the effect of spinning parameters on resulting fibres. Building on this, we discuss energy transfer processes that have been explored in nanofibre films, such as Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET), metal-enhanced fluorescence (MEF), and upconversion. A charge transfer process, photoinduced electron transfer (PET), is also discussed. This review highlights various candidate molecules that have been used for photo-responsive processes in electrospun films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reeda Mahmood
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Toronto Metropolitan University, 350 Victoria St., Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Tristan Mananquil
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Toronto Metropolitan University, 350 Victoria St., Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Rebecca Scenna
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Toronto Metropolitan University, 350 Victoria St., Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Emma S Dennis
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Toronto Metropolitan University, 350 Victoria St., Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Judith Castillo-Rodriguez
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Toronto Metropolitan University, 350 Victoria St., Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Bryan D Koivisto
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Toronto Metropolitan University, 350 Victoria St., Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada
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9
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Liu J, Bergens SH. Electronically Conductive, Multifunctional Polymer Binder for Highly Active, Stable, and Abundant Composite Electrodes for Oxygen Evolution. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37184980 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c04573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The electrolysis of water to form hydrogen and oxygen is a promising method to store renewable energy. This method requires electrodes that convert water into protons, electrons, and oxygen. We report a multifunctional polymer that conducts electrons and ions and may coreact with the electrocatalyst in the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). The electrodes were prepared in two steps from off-the-shelf reagents. They operate with low loadings of abundant catalysts and are among the most active (100 mA cm-2 at 1.43 V vs RHE (1.41 V, iR-corrected)) and stable electrodes, reported to date under harsh conditions (85 °C, 6 M KOH, 120 h (0.69% loss over the first 14.5 h and then 0.61% loss over 105.5 h)). Control experiments on glassy carbon electrodes showed that the polycarbazole system significantly outperformed a Nafion system of the same catalyst loading. This simple strategy can be applied to other types of electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinkun Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Steven H Bergens
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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Kolcu F, Çulhaoğlu S, Kaya İ. Synthesis and investigation of bis(phenyl)fluorene and carbazole appended dipodal Schiff base for fluorescence sensing towards Sn(II) ion and its regioselective polymerization. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2023.114665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
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11
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Raichure PC, Kachwal V, Sengottuvelu D, Laskar IR. Achieving Single-Component Solid-State White-Light Emission through Polymerization-Induced Phosphorescent Emission. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pramod C. Raichure
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani Campus, Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India
| | - Vishal Kachwal
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani Campus, Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PJ, United Kingdom
| | - Dineshkumar Sengottuvelu
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani Campus, Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India
- Center for Graphene Research and Innovation, C06 Jackson Avenue Center, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Inamur Rahaman Laskar
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani Campus, Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India
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12
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Soroceanu M, Constantin CP, Damaceanu MD. Polynaphthylimide–Azomethines Containing Triphenylamine or Carbazole Moieties with Tuned Optoelectronic Properties through Molecular Design. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27185761. [PMID: 36144497 PMCID: PMC9504240 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27185761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyazomethines containing electron-donor triphenylamine (TPA) or carbazole (Cbz) and electron-acceptor naphthyl(di)imide were synthesized and investigated with regard to thermal, optical and electronic features, with a focus on their modulation by molecular design. The polycondesation of an imido-based diamine with a Cbz- or TPA-based dialdehyde led to donor-acceptor polymers with good thermostability, up to 318 °C. These displayed good solubility in organic solvents, which enabled easy polymer processability in thin films with different molecular assemblies. The molecular order improved the charge carrier’s mobility, with a direct impact on the bandgap energy. The optical properties studied by UV–Vis absorption and fluorescence experiments showed solvent-dependence, characteristic for donor-acceptor systems. The structural parameters exerted a strong influence on the light-emissive behavior, with the prevalence of intrinsic or intramolecular charge transfer fluorescence contingent on the donor-acceptor strength and polymer geometry. All polymers showed good electroactivity, supporting both electrons and holes transport. The exchange of Cbz with TPA proved to be an efficient tool with which to decrease the bandgap energy, while that of naphthyl(di)imide with bis(naphthylimide) was beneficial for fluorescence enhancement. This study may contribute to a deeper understanding of the physico-chemistry of electronic materials so as to make them more competitive in the newest energy-related or other optoelectronic devices.
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Fradin C, Guittard F, Perepichka IF, Darmanin T. Soft-template electropolymerization of 3,4-(2,3-naphtylenedioxy)thiophene-2-acetic acid esters favoring dimers: Controlling the surface nanostructure by side ester groups. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.140684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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Hou P, Zhang X, Lu Q, Chen S, Liu Q, Qiao C, Zhao H. Poly(carbazole-co-1,4-dimethoxybenzene): Synthesis, Electrochemiluminescence Performance, and Application in Detection of Fe3+. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14153045. [PMID: 35956560 PMCID: PMC9370792 DOI: 10.3390/polym14153045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, four polycarbazole derivatives (PCMB-Ds) with different alkyl side chains were designed and synthesized via Wittig–Horner reaction. A novel solid-phase electrochemiluminescence (ECL) system was prepared by immobilizing PCMB-D on an indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode with polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) in the presence of tripropylamine (TPrA). It could be found that the increase in alkyl side chain length had little effect on the ECL signal of PCMB-D, while the increase in the degree of polymerization (DP) greatly enhanced the ECL signal. Furthermore, the P-3/ITO ECL sensor based on the polyoctylcarbazole derivative (P-3) with the best ECL performance was successfully constructed and detected Fe3+ under the optimal experimental conditions. The ECL signal steadily diminished with the increased concentration of Fe3+ because of the competition and complexation between Fe3+ and P-3 under the condition of pH 7.4. This P-3/ITO platform could realize a highly sensitive and selective detection of Fe3+ with a wide detection range (from 6 × 10−8 mol/L to 1 × 10−5 mol/L) and low detection limit of 2 × 10−8 mol/L, which could allow the detection of Fe3+ in multiple scenarios, and would have a great application prospect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengchong Hou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China; (P.H.); (S.C.); (Q.L.); (C.Q.)
| | - Xian Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China; (P.H.); (S.C.); (Q.L.); (C.Q.)
- Correspondence: (X.Z.); (Q.L.); (H.Z.); Tel.: +86-134-7596-2648 (X.Z.); +86-187-6613-0996 (Q.L.)
| | - Qian Lu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China; (P.H.); (S.C.); (Q.L.); (C.Q.)
- Correspondence: (X.Z.); (Q.L.); (H.Z.); Tel.: +86-134-7596-2648 (X.Z.); +86-187-6613-0996 (Q.L.)
| | - Shunwei Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China; (P.H.); (S.C.); (Q.L.); (C.Q.)
| | - Qiang Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China; (P.H.); (S.C.); (Q.L.); (C.Q.)
| | - Congde Qiao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China; (P.H.); (S.C.); (Q.L.); (C.Q.)
| | - Hui Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- Correspondence: (X.Z.); (Q.L.); (H.Z.); Tel.: +86-134-7596-2648 (X.Z.); +86-187-6613-0996 (Q.L.)
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15
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Electrochromic polymers based on 3,5-di(9H-carbazol-9-yl)benzonitrile and bithiophene as anodically coloring films for high-contrast and rapid switching electrochromic devices. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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16
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Electrodeposition and Characterization of Conducting Polymer Films Obtained from Carbazole and 2-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)acetic Acid. ELECTROCHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/electrochem3020022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrochemical oxidation of electrolyte solutions containing carbazole (Cz) and 2-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)acetic acid (CzA) monomers was performed in acetonitrile solutions. Different Cz and CzA feed ratios were used to electrodeposit solid polymer films of various compositions, and to study the influence of the monomer ratio on the physicochemical properties (electroactivity, topography, adhesion, stiffness, wettability) of the polymer films. Thus, electrochemical oxidation led to the deposition of a solid film of micrometric thickness, but only for the solutions containing at least 30% of Cz. The proportion of Cz and CzA in the electrodeposited polymer films has little impact on the adhesion strength values measured by AFM. On the contrary, this proportion significantly modifies the stiffness of the films. Indeed, the stiffness of the polymer films varies from 9 to 24 GPa depending on the monomer ratio, which is much lower than the value obtained for unmodified polycarbazole (64 GPa). This leads to the absence of cracks in the films, which all have a fairly homogeneous globular structure. Moreover, among the different polymer films obtained, those prepared from 70:30 and 50:50 ratios in Cz:CzA monomer solutions seem to be the most interesting because these green films are conductive, thick, low in stiffness, do not show cracks and are resistant to prolonged immersion in water.
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Weak Polyelectrolytes as Nanoarchitectonic Design Tools for Functional Materials: A Review of Recent Achievements. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27103263. [PMID: 35630741 PMCID: PMC9145934 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The ionization degree, charge density, and conformation of weak polyelectrolytes can be adjusted through adjusting the pH and ionic strength stimuli. Such polymers thus offer a range of reversible interactions, including electrostatic complexation, H-bonding, and hydrophobic interactions, which position weak polyelectrolytes as key nano-units for the design of dynamic systems with precise structures, compositions, and responses to stimuli. The purpose of this review article is to discuss recent examples of nanoarchitectonic systems and applications that use weak polyelectrolytes as smart components. Surface platforms (electrodeposited films, brushes), multilayers (coatings and capsules), processed polyelectrolyte complexes (gels and membranes), and pharmaceutical vectors from both synthetic or natural-type weak polyelectrolytes are discussed. Finally, the increasing significance of block copolymers with weak polyion blocks is discussed with respect to the design of nanovectors by micellization and film/membrane nanopatterning via phase separation.
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Electrochromic Polymers Based on 1,4-Bis((9H-carbazol-9-yl)methyl)benzene and 3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene Derivatives as Promising Electrodes for Flexible Electrochromic Devices. COATINGS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings12050646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
A 1,4-bis((9H-carbazol-9-yl)methyl)benzene (DCB)-containing homopolymer (P(DCB)) and four DCB- and ED-derivative (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) and 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene-methanol (EDm))-containing copolymers (P(DCB-co-ED), P(2DCB-co-ED), P(DCB-co-EDm), and P(2DCB-co-EDm)) were electropolymerized on ITO-polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates and their electrochromic performances were studied. DCB displays a lower Eonset than that of EDOT and EDm, conjecturing that the biscarbazole-containing DCB group shows a stronger electron-donating property than that of the ED derivatives. The P(2DCB-co-ED) film presents slate grey, dark khaki, and dark olive green at 0.0, 1.0, and 1.2 V. Bleaching-to-coloring switching studies of polymers show that P(2DCB-co-EDm) shows a high ΔT (31.0% at 725 nm) in solutions. Five dual-layer flexible electrochromic devices (ECDs) based on P(DCB), P(DCB-co-ED), P(2DCB-co-ED), P(DCB-co-EDm), and P(2DCB-co-EDm) as the anodic materials and PEDOT-PSS as the cathodic material are constructed. The P(2DCB-co-ED)/PEDOT-PSS flexible ECD shows a high ΔT (40.3% at 690 nm) and long-term electrochemical cycling stability, while the P(DCB-co-EDm)/PEDOT-PSS ECD shows a high ΔT (39.1% at 640 nm) and short response time (≤1.5 s). These findings offer us a new structural insight for the valuable design of conjugated polymers in high-contrast, flexible ECDs.
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Alenezi GT, Rajendran N, Abdel Nazeer A, Makhseed S. Development of Uniform Porous Carbons From Polycarbazole Phthalonitriles as Durable CO2 Adsorbent and Supercapacitor Electrodes. Front Chem 2022; 10:879815. [PMID: 35548674 PMCID: PMC9081769 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.879815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in new porous materials have recognized great consideration in CO2 capture and electrochemical energy storage (EES) applications. In this study, we reported a synthesis of two nitrogen-enriched KOH-activated porous carbons prepared from polycarbazole phthalonitrile networks through direct pyrolysis protocol. The highest specific surface area of the carbon material prepared by pyrolysis of p-4CzPN polymer reaches 1,279 m2 g−1. Due to the highly rigid and reticular structure of the precursor, the obtained c-4CzPN–KOH carbon material exhibits high surface area, uniform porosity, and shows excellent CO2 capture performance of 19.5 wt% at 0°C. Moreover, the attained porous carbon c-4CzPN–KOH showed high energy storage capacities of up to 451 F g−1 in aqueous electrolytes containing 6.0 M KOH at a current density of 1 A g-1. The prepared carbon material also exhibits excellent charge/discharge cycle stability and retains 95.9% capacity after 2000 cycles, indicating promising electrode materials for supercapacitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Narendran Rajendran
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Ahmed Abdel Nazeer
- Petroleum Refining and Petrochemicals Research Center, College of Engineering and Petroleum, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Saad Makhseed
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
- *Correspondence: Saad Makhseed,
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Guo Q, Zhang J, Li X, Liu H, Tao L, Gong H, Wu S, Li J. Photophysical and electrochemical properties of alternating copolymers consisting of 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene and 4,4′-diphenylamine/3,6-carbazole. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2021.2005095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Guo
- College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, China
| | - Jincheng Zhang
- College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China
| | - Hui Liu
- College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Tao
- College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, China
| | - Heqi Gong
- College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuanghong Wu
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Li
- College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, China
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21
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Yao XQ, Wang YS, Wang J. Palladium-catalyzed carbene coupling polymerization: synthesis of E-poly(arylene vinylene)s. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:4032-4035. [PMID: 35257126 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc06587d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The Pd-catalyzed carbene coupling reaction of N-tosylhydrazones and benzyl bromides has been developed into a polymerization process for the first time, providing an efficient method for the synthesis of poly(arylene vinylene)s (PAVs). This method affords PAVs bearing E-vinylene units predominantly. It can also introduce a CF3 group on each vinylene carbon atom in the polymer main chain. The polymerization has a broad scope and the resultant polymers exhibit interesting optical properties and good thermal stabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Qi Yao
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Yi-Song Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Jianbo Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China. .,The State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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22
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Rapid and sensitive determination of nitrobenzene in solutions and commercial honey samples using a screen-printed electrode modified by 1,3-/1,4-diazines. Food Chem 2022; 372:131279. [PMID: 34628116 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a screen-printed electrode (SPE) modified by 1,3/1,4-diazines was prepared for the rapid and sensitive determination of nitrobenzene (NB). The obtained results indicated enhanced cathodic currents of direct NB reduction into hydroxylaminophenol on the diazine-modified SPEs. The enhanced effect was most likely due to the combination of complexation and collisional processes of diazines towards nitroaromatic compounds and also the diazine-modified electrodes' increased electroconductivity. The best electrochemical responses were obtained in square wave voltammetry mode by using the carbazolyl substituted diazines as a component of the sensitive layer, which was assembled by co-electropolymerization with the unsubstituted carbazole on the electrode during 5 cycles. The low detection limit estimated as 0.107 μM and wide linear range (1-1000 µM) enables NB in water and food samples to be determined. The developed modified electrode was applied in the analysis of commercial honey samples.
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23
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Ramadan DR, Ferretti F, Ragaini F. Catalytic Reductive Cyclization of 2-Nitrobiphenyls Using Phenyl formate as CO Surrogate: a Robust Synthesis of 9H-Carbazoles. J Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2022.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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24
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Teka S, Jebnouni A, Jaballah NS, Elgharbi S, Majdoub M. Anthracene and β‐Cyclodextrin Based Supramolecular Semi‐Conducting Thin Film: Effect of the Encapsulation on the Optical and Electrical Properties. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202103865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Safa Teka
- Department of Chemistry College of Science University of Hail Ha'il, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Achref Jebnouni
- Public Health Department College of Public Health University of Hail Ha'il, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Laboratory of Interfaces and Advanced Materials University of Monastir Faculty of Sciences Boulevard of the Environment 5019 Monastir Tunisia
| | - Nejmeddine Smida Jaballah
- Laboratory of Interfaces and Advanced Materials University of Monastir Faculty of Sciences Boulevard of the Environment 5019 Monastir Tunisia
- Chemistry Department College of Science and Humanities Al Quwayiyah Shaqra University Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarra Elgharbi
- Department of Chemistry College of Science University of Hail Ha'il, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mustapha Majdoub
- Laboratory of Interfaces and Advanced Materials University of Monastir Faculty of Sciences Boulevard of the Environment 5019 Monastir Tunisia
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25
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Belen’kii LI, Gazieva GA, Evdokimenkova YB, Soboleva NO. The literature of heterocyclic chemistry, Part XX, 2020. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aihch.2022.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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26
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Bekkar F, Bettahar F, Meghabar R, Hamadouche M, Moreno‐Benitez I, Vilas‐Vilela JL, Ruiz‐Rubio L. Study of the capacity of poly(N‐vinylcarbazole) derivatives to form honeycomb‐like patterns. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fadila Bekkar
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Université Oran1 Ahmed Ben Bella Oran Algeria
| | - Faiza Bettahar
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Université Oran1 Ahmed Ben Bella Oran Algeria
| | - Rachid Meghabar
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Université Oran1 Ahmed Ben Bella Oran Algeria
| | - Mohammed Hamadouche
- Laboratoire de Chimie Fine, Département de Chimie, Faculté des Sciences Exactes et Appliquées Université Oran1 Ahmed Ben Bella Oran Algeria
| | - Isabel Moreno‐Benitez
- Macromolecular Chemistry Group (LQM), Organic and Inorganic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Technology University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) Leioa Spain
| | - José Luis Vilas‐Vilela
- Macromolecular Chemistry Group (LQM), Physical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Technology University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) Leioa Spain
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures UPV/EHU Science Park Leioa Spain
| | - Leire Ruiz‐Rubio
- Macromolecular Chemistry Group (LQM), Physical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Technology University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) Leioa Spain
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures UPV/EHU Science Park Leioa Spain
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Lupidi G, Bassetti B, Ballini R, Petrini M, Palmieri A. A New and Effective One‐Pot Synthesis of Polysubstituted Carbazoles Starting from β‐Nitro‐β,γ‐Unsaturated‐Ketones and Indoles. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202100342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Lupidi
- Green Chemistry Group School of Sciences and Technology Chemistry Division University of Camerino Via S. Agostino n. 1 MC 62032 Camerino Italy
| | - Benedetta Bassetti
- Green Chemistry Group School of Sciences and Technology Chemistry Division University of Camerino Via S. Agostino n. 1 MC 62032 Camerino Italy
| | - Roberto Ballini
- Green Chemistry Group School of Sciences and Technology Chemistry Division University of Camerino Via S. Agostino n. 1 MC 62032 Camerino Italy
| | - Marino Petrini
- Green Chemistry Group School of Sciences and Technology Chemistry Division University of Camerino Via S. Agostino n. 1 MC 62032 Camerino Italy
| | - Alessandro Palmieri
- Green Chemistry Group School of Sciences and Technology Chemistry Division University of Camerino Via S. Agostino n. 1 MC 62032 Camerino Italy
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28
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Pocock IA, Alotaibi AM, Jagdev K, Prior C, Burgess GR, Male L, Grainger RS. Direct formation of 4,5-disubstituted carbazoles via regioselective dilithiation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:7252-7255. [PMID: 34190745 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc02892h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Carbazoles are widely exploited for their interesting photophysical and electronic properties, however bay (4,5-) functionalization is challenging, and previously inaccessible through carbazole C-H activation. We report a simple methodology which introduces a range of versatile 4,5-functionality, enabling the wider investigation of ring annulation and close proximity effects on carbazole properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian A Pocock
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
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29
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Bayat M, Izadan H, Santiago S, Estrany F, Dinari M, Semnani D, Alemán C, Guirado G. Study on the electrochromic properties of polypyrrole layers doped with different dye molecules. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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30
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Kuo CW, Chang JC, Chang JK, Huang SW, Lee PY, Wu TY. Electrosynthesis of Electrochromic Polymer Membranes Based on 3,6-Di(2-thienyl)carbazole and Thiophene Derivatives. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:125. [PMID: 33572342 PMCID: PMC7916168 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11020125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Five carbazole-containing polymeric membranes (PDTC, P(DTC-co-BTP), P(DTC-co-BTP2), P(DTC-co-TF), and P(DTC-co-TF2)) were electrodeposited on transparent conductive electrodes. P(DTC-co-BTP2) shows a high ΔT (68.4%) at 855 nm. The multichromic properties of P(DTC-co-TF2) membrane range between dark yellow, yellowish-green, gunmetal gray, and dark gray in various reduced and oxidized states. Polymer-based organic electrochromic devices are assembled using 2,2'-bithiophene- and 2-(2-thienyl)furan-based copolymers as anodic membranes, and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrene sulfonic acid) (PEDOT-PSS) as the cathodic membrane. P(DTC-co-TF)/PEDOT-PSS electrochromic device (ECD) displays a high transmittance change (ΔT%) (43.4%) at 627 nm as well as a rapid switching time (less than 0.6 s) from a colored to a bleached state. Moreover, P(DTC-co-TF2)/PEDOT-PSS ECD shows satisfactory optical memory (the transmittance change is less than 2.9% in the colored state) and high coloration efficiency (512.6 cm2 C-1) at 627 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Wen Kuo
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 80778, Taiwan; (C.-W.K.); (S.-W.H.)
| | - Jui-Cheng Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Engineering, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin 64002, Taiwan; (J.-C.C.); (P.-Y.L.)
- Bachelor Program in Interdisciplinary Studies, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin 64002, Taiwan
| | - Jeng-Kuei Chang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, No. 1001 University Road, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan;
| | - Sheng-Wei Huang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 80778, Taiwan; (C.-W.K.); (S.-W.H.)
| | - Pei-Ying Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Engineering, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin 64002, Taiwan; (J.-C.C.); (P.-Y.L.)
| | - Tzi-Yi Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Engineering, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin 64002, Taiwan; (J.-C.C.); (P.-Y.L.)
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