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Aziz SB, Brza MA, Abdulwahid RT, Hassan J, Tahir HB, Al-Saeedi SI, Abdullah RM, Hadi JM. Electrochemical properties of a novel EDLC derived from plasticized biopolymer based electrolytes with valuable energy density close to NiMH batteries. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21139. [PMID: 38036635 PMCID: PMC10689844 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48417-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This study introduces a novel system of solid electrolytes for electrical double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) utilizing biopolymer electrolytes with high energy density comparable to NiMH batteries. To prepare the electrolytes, a proton-conducting plasticized chitosan: poly(2-oxazoline) (POZ) with good film-forming properties was fabricated using a solution casting technique, and ammonium trifluoromethanesulfonate (NH4CF3SO3) salt was employed as a proton provider. Various glycerol concentrations were incorporated into the chitosan:POZ: NH4CF3SO3 system to enhance the ionic conductivity and fully transparent films were obtained. The impedance technique was utilized to determine the conductivity and measure the diffusion coefficient, mobility, and number density of ions. The electrochemical measurements, including linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) and cyclic voltammetry (CV), validated the high performance of the system. The EDLC was examined using galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) equipment, and the results revealed an energy density of 43 Wh/kg, specific capacitance of 300 F/g, and power density of 1800 W/kg over 500 cycles. These findings suggest that it is plausible to develop EDLCs that resemble batteries, making them a more desirable energy storage option for the industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujahadeen B Aziz
- Research and Development Center, University of Sulaimani, Qlyasan Street, Sulaimani, Kurdistan Regional Government, 46001, Iraq.
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Charmo University, Chamchamal, Sulaymaniyah, 46023, Iraq.
| | - Mohamad A Brza
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Charmo University, Chamchamal, Sulaymaniyah, 46023, Iraq
| | - Rebar T Abdulwahid
- Medical Laboratory Analysis Department, College of Health Sciences, Cihan University Sulaimaniya, Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan Region, 46001, Iraq
- Department of Physics, College of Education, University of Sulaimani, Old Campus, Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan Region, 46001, Iraq
| | - Jamal Hassan
- Department of Physics, Khalifa University, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Hawzhin B Tahir
- Research and Development Center, University of Sulaimani, Qlyasan Street, Sulaimani, Kurdistan Regional Government, 46001, Iraq
| | - Sameerah I Al-Saeedi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, 11671, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ranjdar M Abdullah
- Research and Development Center, University of Sulaimani, Qlyasan Street, Sulaimani, Kurdistan Regional Government, 46001, Iraq
| | - Jihad M Hadi
- Nursing Department, College of Nursing, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan Regional Government, Iraq
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Arrieta AA, Calabokis OP, Mendoza JM. Effect of Lithium Salts on the Properties of Cassava Starch Solid Biopolymer Electrolytes. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4150. [PMID: 37896394 PMCID: PMC10610839 DOI: 10.3390/polym15204150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study evaluates the effect of lithium salts on the structural, electrochemical, and thermal properties of cassava starch solid biopolymer electrolytes (SBPEs). Films of SBPEs were synthesized using plasticizing agents and lithium salts (LiCl, Li2SO4, and CF3LiSO3) via thermochemical method. The SBPEs with lithium salts exhibited characteristic FTIR bands starch, with slight variations in the vibration oxygen-related functional groups compared to salt-free biopolymer spectra. The RCOH/COC index (short-range crystallinity) was higher in the films synthesized without lithium salt and the lowest value was established in the films synthesized with Li2SO4. Thermal degradation involved dehydration between 40 to 110 °C and molecular decomposition between 245 to 335 °C. Degradation temperatures were close when synthesized with salts but differed in films without lithium salt. DSC revealed two endothermic processes: one around 65 °C linked to crystalline structure changes and the second at approximately 271 °C associated with glucose ring decomposition. The electrochemical behavior of the SBPEs varied with the salts used, resulting in differences in the potential and current of peaks from the redox processes and its conductivity, presenting the lowest value (8.42 × 10-5 S cm-1) in the SBPE films without salt and highest value (9.54 × 10-3 S cm-1) in the films with Li2SO4. It was concluded that the type of lithium salt used in SBPEs synthesis affected their properties. SBPEs with lithium triflate showed higher molecular ordering, thermal stability, and lower redox potentials in electrochemical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro A. Arrieta
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Universidad de Sucre, Sincelejo 700001, Colombia
| | - Oriana Palma Calabokis
- Faculty of Engineering and Basic Sciences, Fundación Universitaria Los Libertadores, Bogota 111221, Colombia;
| | - Jorge Mario Mendoza
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Córdoba, Monteria 230002, Colombia;
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Adam AA, Soleimani H, Dennis JO, Aldaghri OA, Alsadig A, Ibnaouf KH, Abubakar Abdulkadir B, Wadi IA, Cyriac V, Shukur MFBA. Insight into the Effect of Glycerol on Dielectric Relaxation and Transport Properties of Potassium-Ion-Conducting Solid Biopolymer Electrolytes for Application in Solid-State Electrochemical Double-Layer Capacitor. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28083461. [PMID: 37110697 PMCID: PMC10146172 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The increased interest in the transition from liquid to solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) has driven enormous research in the area polymer electrolyte technology. Solid biopolymer electrolytes (SBEs) are a special class of SPEs that are obtained from natural polymers. Recently, SBEs have been generating much attention because they are simple, inexpensive, and environmentally friendly. In this work, SBEs based on glycerol-plasticized methylcellulose/pectin/potassium phosphate (MC/PC/K3PO4) are investigated for their potential application in an electrochemical double-layer capacitor (EDLC). The structural, electrical, thermal, dielectric, and energy moduli of the SBEs were analyzed via X-ray diffractometry (XRD), Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), transference number measurement (TNM), and linear sweep voltammetry (LSV). The plasticizing effect of glycerol in the MC/PC/K3PO4/glycerol system was confirmed by the change in the intensity of the samples' FTIR absorption bands. The broadening of the XRD peaks demonstrates that the amorphous component of SBEs increases with increasing glycerol concentration, while EIS plots demonstrate an increase in ionic conductivity with increasing plasticizer content owing to the formation of charge-transfer complexes and the expansion of amorphous domains in polymer electrolytes (PEs). The sample containing 50% glycerol has a maximal ionic conductivity of about 7.5 × 10-4 scm-1, a broad potential window of 3.99 V, and a cation transference number of 0.959 at room temperature. Using the cyclic voltammetry (CV) test, the EDLC constructed from the sample with the highest conductivity revealed a capacitive characteristic. At 5 mVs-1, a leaf-shaped profile with a specific capacitance of 57.14 Fg-1 was measured based on the CV data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullahi Abbas Adam
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia
- Centre of Innovative Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (COINN), Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia
- Department of Physics, Al-Qalam University Katsina, Katsina 820252, Nigeria
| | - Hassan Soleimani
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia
| | - John Ojur Dennis
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Osamah A Aldaghri
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 13318, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Alsadig
- CNR Nanotec, University Campus Ecotekne, 73100 Lecce, LE, Italy
| | - Khalid Hassan Ibnaouf
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 13318, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Ismael Abdalla Wadi
- Preparatory Year Unit, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj 16273, Saudi Arabia
- Physics Department, Faculty of Education, University of Nyala, Nyala P.O. Box 155, Sudan
| | - Vipin Cyriac
- Department of Physics, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Muhammad Fadhlullah Bin Abd Shukur
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia
- Centre of Innovative Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (COINN), Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia
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Chavan C, Bhajantri RF, Cyriac V, Ismayil, Bulla SS, Sakthipandi K. Investigations on anomalous behavior of ionic conductivity in
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salt loaded hydroxyethyl cellulose biodegradable polymer electrolyte for energy storage applications. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.6004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chetan Chavan
- Department of Studies in Physics Karnatak University Dharwad Karnataka India
| | | | - Vipin Cyriac
- Department of Sciences Manipal Academy of Higher Education Manipal Karnataka India
- Nanomaterials and Polymer Physics Lab, Department of Physics Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education Manipal Karnataka India
| | - Ismayil
- Nanomaterials and Polymer Physics Lab, Department of Physics Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education Manipal Karnataka India
| | - Soumya S. Bulla
- Department of Studies in Physics Karnatak University Dharwad Karnataka India
- Department of Studies in Physics Davangere University, Shivagangotri Davangere Karnataka India
| | - K. Sakthipandi
- Department of Physics SRM TRP Engineering College Tiruchirappalli Tamil Nadu India
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Palmieri E, Pescosolido F, Montaina L, Carcione R, Petrella G, Cicero DO, Tamburri E, Battistoni S, Orlanducci S. A Sustainable Hydroxypropyl Cellulose-Nanodiamond Composite for Flexible Electronic Applications. Gels 2022; 8:gels8120783. [PMID: 36547307 PMCID: PMC9777684 DOI: 10.3390/gels8120783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Designing fully green materials for flexible electronics is an urgent need due to the growing awareness of an environmental crisis. With the aim of developing a sustainable, printable, and biocompatible material to be exploited in flexible electronics, the rheological, structural and charge transport properties of water-based hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC)-detonation nanodiamond (DND) viscous dispersions are investigated. A rheological investigation disclosed that the presence of the DND affects the orientation and entanglement of cellulose chains in the aqueous medium. In line with rheological analyses, the NMR diffusion experiments pointed out that the presence of DND modifies the hydrodynamic behavior of the cellulose molecules. Despite the increased rigidity of the system, the presence of DND slightly enhances the ionic conductivity of the dispersion, suggesting a modification in the charge transport properties of the material. The electrochemical analyses, performed through Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), revealed that the HPC-DND system is remarkably stable in the explored voltage range (-0.1 to +0.4 V) and characterized by a lowered bulk resistance with respect to HPC. Such features, coupled with the printability and filmability of the material, represent good requirements for the exploitation of such systems in flexible electronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Palmieri
- Chemical Sciences Department, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Francesca Pescosolido
- Chemical Sciences Department, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Montaina
- Chemical Sciences Department, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Rocco Carcione
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche—Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism (CNR-IMEM), Parco Area delle Scienze 37A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Greta Petrella
- Chemical Sciences Department, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Daniel Oscar Cicero
- Chemical Sciences Department, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuela Tamburri
- Chemical Sciences Department, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Battistoni
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche—Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism (CNR-IMEM), Parco Area delle Scienze 37A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Silvia Orlanducci
- Chemical Sciences Department, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy
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Adam AA, Ali MKM, Dennis JO, Soleimani H, Shukur MFBA, Ibnaouf KH, Aldaghri OA, Ibrahem MA, Abdel All NFM, Bashir Abdulkadir A. Innovative Methylcellulose‐Polyvinyl Pyrrolidone‐Based Solid Polymer Electrolytes Impregnated with Potassium Salt: Ion Conduction and Thermal Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14153055. [PMID: 35956570 PMCID: PMC9370478 DOI: 10.3390/polym14153055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In this research, innovative green and sustainable solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) based on plasticized methylcellulose/polyvinyl pyrrolidone/potassium carbonate (MC/PVP/K2CO3) were examined. The MC/PVP/K2CO3 SPE system with five distinct ethylene carbonate (EC) concentrations as a plasticizer was successfully designed. Frequency-dependent conductivity plots were used to investigate the conduction mechanism of the SPEs. Electrochemical potential window stability and the cation transfer number of the SPEs were studied via linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) and transference number measurement (TNM), respectively. Additionally, the structural behavior of the SPEs was analyzed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) techniques. The SPE film complexed with 15 wt.% EC measured a maximum conductivity of 3.88 × 10−4 Scm−1. According to the results of the transference number examination, cations that record a transference number of 0.949 are the primary charge carriers. An EDLC was fabricated based on the highest conducting sample that recorded a specific capacitance of 54.936 Fg−1 at 5 mVs−1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullahi Abbas Adam
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia; (J.O.D.); (H.S.); (M.F.B.A.S.); (A.B.A.)
- Centre of Innovative Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (COINN), Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia
- Department of Physics, Al-Qalam University Katsina, Katsina 820252, Nigeria
- Correspondence: (A.A.A.); (M.K.M.A.)
| | - Mohammed Khalil Mohammed Ali
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 13318, Saudi Arabia; (K.H.I.); (O.A.A.); (M.A.I.); (N.F.M.A.A.)
- Correspondence: (A.A.A.); (M.K.M.A.)
| | - John Ojur Dennis
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia; (J.O.D.); (H.S.); (M.F.B.A.S.); (A.B.A.)
| | - Hassan Soleimani
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia; (J.O.D.); (H.S.); (M.F.B.A.S.); (A.B.A.)
| | - Muhammad Fadhlullah Bin Abd. Shukur
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia; (J.O.D.); (H.S.); (M.F.B.A.S.); (A.B.A.)
- Centre of Innovative Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (COINN), Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia
| | - Khalid Hassan Ibnaouf
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 13318, Saudi Arabia; (K.H.I.); (O.A.A.); (M.A.I.); (N.F.M.A.A.)
| | - Osamah A. Aldaghri
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 13318, Saudi Arabia; (K.H.I.); (O.A.A.); (M.A.I.); (N.F.M.A.A.)
| | - Moez A. Ibrahem
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 13318, Saudi Arabia; (K.H.I.); (O.A.A.); (M.A.I.); (N.F.M.A.A.)
| | - Naglaa F. M. Abdel All
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 13318, Saudi Arabia; (K.H.I.); (O.A.A.); (M.A.I.); (N.F.M.A.A.)
| | - Abubakar Bashir Abdulkadir
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia; (J.O.D.); (H.S.); (M.F.B.A.S.); (A.B.A.)
- Centre of Innovative Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (COINN), Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia
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Dennis JO, Adam AA, Ali MKM, Soleimani H, Shukur MFBA, Ibnaouf KH, Aldaghri O, Eisa MH, Ibrahem MA, Bashir Abdulkadir A, Cyriac V. Substantial Proton Ion Conduction in Methylcellulose/Pectin/Ammonium Chloride Based Solid Nanocomposite Polymer Electrolytes: Effect of ZnO Nanofiller. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12070706. [PMID: 35877909 PMCID: PMC9319390 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12070706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this research, nanocomposite solid polymer electrolytes (NCSPEs) comprising methylcellulose/pectin (MC/PC) blend as host polymer, ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) as an ion source, and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) as nanofillers were synthesized via a solution cast methodology. Techniques such as Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) were employed to characterize the electrolyte. FTIR confirmed that the polymers, NH4Cl salt, and ZnO nanofiller interact with one another appreciably. EIS demonstrated the feasibility of achieving a conductivity of 3.13 × 10−4 Scm−1 for the optimum electrolyte at room temperature. Using the dielectric formalism technique, the dielectric properties, energy modulus, and relaxation time of NH4Cl in MC/PC/NH4Cl and MC/PC/NH4Cl/ZnO systems were determined. The contribution of chain dynamics and ion mobility was acknowledged by the presence of a peak in the imaginary portion of the modulus study. The LSV measurement yielded 4.55 V for the comparatively highest conductivity NCSPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Ojur Dennis
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia; (J.O.D.); (H.S.); (M.F.B.A.S.); (A.B.A.)
| | - Abdullahi Abbas Adam
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia; (J.O.D.); (H.S.); (M.F.B.A.S.); (A.B.A.)
- Centre of Innovative Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (COINN), Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia
- Department of Physics, Al-Qalam University Katsina, Katsina 820252, Nigeria
- Correspondence: (A.A.A.); (M.K.M.A.)
| | - M. K. M. Ali
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 13318, Saudi Arabia; (K.H.I.); (O.A.); (M.H.E.); (M.A.I.)
- Correspondence: (A.A.A.); (M.K.M.A.)
| | - Hassan Soleimani
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia; (J.O.D.); (H.S.); (M.F.B.A.S.); (A.B.A.)
| | - Muhammad Fadhlullah Bin Abd. Shukur
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia; (J.O.D.); (H.S.); (M.F.B.A.S.); (A.B.A.)
- Centre of Innovative Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (COINN), Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia
| | - K. H. Ibnaouf
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 13318, Saudi Arabia; (K.H.I.); (O.A.); (M.H.E.); (M.A.I.)
| | - O. Aldaghri
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 13318, Saudi Arabia; (K.H.I.); (O.A.); (M.H.E.); (M.A.I.)
| | - M. H. Eisa
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 13318, Saudi Arabia; (K.H.I.); (O.A.); (M.H.E.); (M.A.I.)
| | - M. A. Ibrahem
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 13318, Saudi Arabia; (K.H.I.); (O.A.); (M.H.E.); (M.A.I.)
| | - Abubakar Bashir Abdulkadir
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia; (J.O.D.); (H.S.); (M.F.B.A.S.); (A.B.A.)
- Centre of Innovative Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (COINN), Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Vipin Cyriac
- Department of Physics, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India;
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Raghavan A, Ghosh S. Recent Advancements on Biopolymer‐ Based Flexible Electrolytes for Next‐Gen Supercaps and Batteries: A Brief Sketch. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202103291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Akshaya Raghavan
- Polymers & Functional Materials division CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Hyderabad 500007 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad 201002 India
| | - Sutapa Ghosh
- Polymers & Functional Materials division CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Hyderabad 500007 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad 201002 India
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9
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Epoxy-Based Interlocking Membranes for All Solid-State Lithium Ion Batteries: The Effects of Amine Curing Agents on Electrochemical Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13193244. [PMID: 34641061 PMCID: PMC8513100 DOI: 10.3390/polym13193244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a series of crosslinked membranes were prepared as solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) for all-solid-state lithium ion batteries (ASSLIBs). An epoxy-containing copolymer (glycidyl methacrylate-co-poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate, PGA) and two amine curing agents, linear Jeffamine ED2003 and hyperbranched polyethyleneimine (PEI), were utilized to prepare SPEs with various crosslinking degrees. The PGA/polyethylene oxide (PEO) blends were cured by ED2003 and PEI to obtain slightly and heavily crosslinked structures, respectively. For further optimizing the interfacial and the electrochemical properties, an interlocking bilayer membrane based on overlapping and subsequent curing of PGA/PEO/ED2003 and PEO/PEI layers was developed. The presence of this amino/epoxy network can inhibit PEO crystallinity and maintain the dimensional stability of membranes. For the slightly crosslinked PGA/PEO/ED2003 membrane, an ionic conductivity of 5.61 × 10−4 S cm−1 and a lithium ion transference number (tLi+) of 0.43 were obtained, along with a specific capacity of 156 mAh g−1 (0.05 C) acquired from an assembled half-cell battery. However, the capacity retention retained only 54% after 100 cycles (0.2 C, 80 °C), possibly because the PEO-based electrolyte was inclined to recrystallize after long term thermal treatment. On the other hand, the highly crosslinked PGA/PEO/PEI membrane exhibited a similar ionic conductivity of 3.44 × 10−4 S cm−1 and a tLi+ of 0.52. Yet, poor interfacial adhesion between the membrane and the cathode brought about a low specific capacity of 48 mAh g−1. For the reinforced interlocking bilayer membrane, an ionic conductivity of 3.24 × 10−4 S cm−1 and a tLi+ of 0.42 could be achieved. Moreover, the capacity retention reached as high as 80% after 100 cycles (0.2 C, 80 °C). This is because the presence of the epoxy-based interlocking bilayer structure can block the pathway of lithium dendrite puncture effectively. We demonstrate that the unique interlocking bilayer structure is capable of offering a new approach to fabricate a robust SPE for ASSLIBs.
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Nofal MM, Hadi JM, Aziz SB, Brza MA, Asnawi ASFM, Dannoun EMA, Abdullah AM, Kadir MFZ. A Study of Methylcellulose Based Polymer Electrolyte Impregnated with Potassium Ion Conducting Carrier: Impedance, EEC Modeling, FTIR, Dielectric, and Device Characteristics. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14174859. [PMID: 34500952 PMCID: PMC8432717 DOI: 10.3390/ma14174859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In this research, a biopolymer-based electrolyte system involving methylcellulose (MC) as a host polymeric material and potassium iodide (KI) salt as the ionic source was prepared by solution cast technique. The electrolyte with the highest conductivity was used for device application of electrochemical double-layer capacitor (EDLC) with high specific capacitance. The electrical, structural, and electrochemical characteristics of the electrolyte systems were investigated using various techniques. According to electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), the bulk resistance (Rb) decreased from 3.3 × 105 to 8 × 102 Ω with the increase of salt concentration from 10 wt % to 40 wt % and the ionic conductivity was found to be 1.93 ×10-5 S/cm. The dielectric analysis further verified the conductivity trends. Low-frequency regions showed high dielectric constant, ε' and loss, ε″ values. The polymer-salt complexation between (MC) and (KI) was shown through a Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) studies. The analysis of transference number measurement (TNM) supported ions were predominantly responsible for the transport process in the MC-KI electrolyte. The highest conducting sample was observed to be electrochemically constant as the potential was swept linearly up to 1.8 V using linear sweep voltammetry (LSV). The cyclic voltammetry (CV) profile reveals the absence of a redox peak, indicating the presence of a charge double-layer between the surface of activated carbon electrodes and electrolytes. The maximum specific capacitance, Cs value was obtained as 118.4 F/g at the sweep rate of 10 mV/s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muaffaq M. Nofal
- Department of Mathematics and General Sciences, Prince Sultan University, P.O. Box 66833, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Jihad M. Hadi
- Department of Medical Laboratory of Science, College of Health Sciences, University of Human Development, Sulaimaniyah 46001, Iraq;
| | - Shujahadeen B. Aziz
- Hameed Majid Advanced Polymeric Materials Research Laboratory, Physics Department, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Qlyasan Street, Sulaimaniyah 46001, Iraq;
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Komar University of Science and Technology, Sulaimaniyah 46001, Iraq
- Correspondence:
| | - Mohamad A. Brza
- Hameed Majid Advanced Polymeric Materials Research Laboratory, Physics Department, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Qlyasan Street, Sulaimaniyah 46001, Iraq;
| | - Ahmad S. F. M. Asnawi
- Chemical Engineering Section, Malaysian Institute of Chemical & Bioengineering Technology (UniKL MICET), University Kuala Lumpur, Alor Gajah 78000, Malaysia;
| | - Elham M. A. Dannoun
- General Science Department, Woman Campus, Prince Sultan University, P.O. Box 66833, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Aziz M. Abdullah
- Department of Applied Physics, College of Medical and Applied Sciences, Charmo University, Peshawa Street, Chamchamal 46023, Iraq;
| | - Mohd F. Z. Kadir
- Centre for Foundation Studies in Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia;
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11
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I J, K V, S K, S M, M A, D JS. Characterization of solid polymer electrolyte based on gum tragacanth and lithium nitrate. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2021.1934018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jenova I
- Department of Physics, Madras Christian College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Venkatesh K
- Department of Physics, Madras Christian College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Karthikeyan S
- Department of Physics, Madras Christian College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Madeswaran S
- Centre for Functional Materials(CFM), Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arivanandhan M
- Centre for Nanoscience and Technology, Anna University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Joice Sheeba D
- Department of Physics, Madras Christian College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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12
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Plasticized Polymer Blend Electrolyte Based on Chitosan for Energy Storage Application: Structural, Circuit Modeling, Morphological and Electrochemical Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13081233. [PMID: 33920346 PMCID: PMC8069213 DOI: 10.3390/polym13081233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan (CS)-dextran (DN) biopolymer electrolytes doped with ammonium iodide (NH4I) and plasticized with glycerol (GL), then dispersed with Zn(II)-metal complex were fabricated for energy device application. The CS:DN:NH4I:Zn(II)-complex was plasticized with various amounts of GL and the impact of used metal complex and GL on the properties of the formed electrolyte were investigated.The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements have shown that the highest conductivity for the plasticized system was 3.44 × 10−4 S/cm. From the x-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements, the plasticized electrolyte with minimum degree of crystallinity has shown the maximum conductivity. The effect of (GL) plasticizer on the film morphology was studied using FESEM. It has been confirmed via transference number analysis (TNM) that the transport mechanism in the prepared electrolyte is predominantly ionic in nature with a high transference number of ion (ti)of 0.983. From a linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) study, the electrolyte was found to be electrochemically constant as the voltage sweeps linearly up to 1.25 V. The cyclic voltammetry (CV) curve covered most of the area of the current–potential plot with no redox peaks and the sweep rate was found to be affecting the capacitance. The electric double-layer capacitor (EDLC) has shown a great performance of specific capacitance (108.3 F/g), ESR(47.8 ohm), energy density (12.2 W/kg) and power density (1743.4 W/kg) for complete 100 cycles at a current density of 0.5 mA cm−2.
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13
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Imaduddin IS, Majid SR, Aziz SB, Brevik I, Yusuf SNF, Brza MA, Saeed SR, Kadir MFZA. Fabrication of Co 3O 4 from Cobalt/2,6-Napthalenedicarboxylic Acid Metal-Organic Framework as Electrode for Supercapacitor Application. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:573. [PMID: 33530457 PMCID: PMC7866231 DOI: 10.3390/ma14030573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, cobalt-based metal-organic framework (MOF) powder was prepared via the solvothermal method using 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid (NDC) as the organic linker and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) as the solvent. The thermal decomposition of the pristine cobalt-based MOF sample (CN-R) was identified using a thermogravimetric examination (TGA). The morphology and structure of the MOFs were modified during the pyrolysis process at three different temperatures: 300, 400, and 500 °C, which labeled as CN-300, CN-400, and CN-500, respectively. The results were evidenced via field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The crystallite size of all samples was calculated using Scherrer's equation. The smallest crystallite size of 7.77 nm was calculated for the CN-300 sample. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra were acquired for all the samples. The graphical study of the cyclic voltammogram (CV) gave the reduction and oxidation peaks. The charge transfer resistance and ionic conductivity were studied using electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) responses of all samples were analyzed. The relatively high specific capacitance of 229 F g-1 at 0.5 A g-1 was achieved in the sample CN-300, whereby 110% of capacitance was retained after 5000 cycles. These findings highlighted the durability of the electrode materials at high current densities over a long cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibnu Syafiq Imaduddin
- Centre for Ionics University Malaya, Department of Physics, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (I.S.I.); (S.N.F.Y.)
| | - Siti Rohana Majid
- Centre for Ionics University Malaya, Department of Physics, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (I.S.I.); (S.N.F.Y.)
| | - Shujahadeen B. Aziz
- Advanced Polymeric Materials Research Lab., Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Qlyasan Street, Sulaimani 46023, Iraq;
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Komar University of Science and Technology, Sulaimani 46023, Iraq
| | - Iver Brevik
- Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Siti Nor Farhana Yusuf
- Centre for Ionics University Malaya, Department of Physics, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (I.S.I.); (S.N.F.Y.)
| | - M. A. Brza
- Advanced Polymeric Materials Research Lab., Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Qlyasan Street, Sulaimani 46023, Iraq;
| | - Salah R. Saeed
- Charmo Research Center, Charmo University, Peshawa Street, Chamchamal, Sulaimani 46023, Iraq;
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14
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Murad AR, Iraqi A, Aziz SB, Abdullah SN, Brza MA, Saeed SR, Abdulwahid RT. Fabrication of Alternating Copolymers Based on Cyclopentadithiophene-Benzothiadiazole Dicarboxylic Imide with Reduced Optical Band Gap: Synthesis, Optical, Electrochemical, Thermal, and Structural Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 13:E63. [PMID: 33375228 PMCID: PMC7795047 DOI: 10.3390/polym13010063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of alternating copolymers containing cyclopentadithiophene (CPDT) flanked by thienyl moieties as electron-donor units and benzothiadiazole dicarboxylic imide (BTDI) as electron-acceptor units were designed and synthesized for solar cell applications. Different solubilizing side chains, including 2-ethylhexyl chains and n-octyl chains were attached to CPDT units, whereas 3,7-dimethyloctyl chains and n-octyl chains were anchored to the BTDI moieties. The impact of these substituents on the solubilities, molecular weights, optical and electrochemical properties, and thermal and structural properties of the resulting polymers was investigated. PCPDTDTBTDI-EH, DMO was synthesized via Suzuki polymerization, whereas PCPDTDTBTDI-8, DMO, and PCPDTDTBTDI-EH, 8 were prepared through direct arylation polymerization. PCPDTDTBTDI-8, DMO has the highest number average molecular weight (Mn = 17,400 g mol-1) among all polymers prepared. The PCPDTDTBTDI-8, DMO and PCPDTDTBTDI-8, 8 which have n-octyl substituents on their CPDT units have comparable optical band gaps (Eg ~ 1.3 eV), which are around 0.1 eV lower than PCPDTDTBTDI-EH, DMO analogues that have 2-ethylhexyl substituents on their CPDT units. The polymers have their HOMO levels between -5.10 and -5.22 eV with PCPDTDTBTDI-EH, DMO having the deepest highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy level. The lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) levels of the polymers are between -3.4 and -3.5 eV. All polymers exhibit good thermal stability with decomposition temperatures surpassing 350 °C. Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies have shown that all polymers have the amorphous nature in solid state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ary R. Murad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Medical and Applied Sciences, Charmo University, Chamchamal 46023, Iraq;
| | - Ahmed Iraqi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK;
| | - Shujahadeen B. Aziz
- Hameed Majid Advanced Polymeric Materials Research Lab., Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimani 46001, Iraq; (M.A.B.); (R.T.A.)
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Komar University of Science and Technology, Sulaimani 46001, Iraq
| | - Sozan N. Abdullah
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimani 46001, Iraq;
| | - Mohamad A. Brza
- Hameed Majid Advanced Polymeric Materials Research Lab., Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimani 46001, Iraq; (M.A.B.); (R.T.A.)
- Department of Manufacturing and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, International Islamic University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Gombak 53100, Malaysia
| | - Salah R. Saeed
- Charmo Research Center, Charmo University, Chamchamal 46023, Iraq;
| | - Rebar T. Abdulwahid
- Hameed Majid Advanced Polymeric Materials Research Lab., Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimani 46001, Iraq; (M.A.B.); (R.T.A.)
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15
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Energy Storage Behavior of Lithium-Ion Conducting poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA): Chitosan(CS)-Based Polymer Blend Electrolyte Membranes: Preparation, Equivalent Circuit Modeling, Ion Transport Parameters, and Dielectric Properties. MEMBRANES 2020; 10:membranes10120381. [PMID: 33266006 PMCID: PMC7760691 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10120381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Plasticized lithium-ion-based-conducting polymer blend electrolytes based on poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA):chitosan (CS) polymer was prepared using a solution cast technique. The conductivity of the polymer electrolyte system was found to be 8.457 × 10-4 S/cm, a critical factor for electrochemical device applications. It is indicated that the number density (n), diffusion coefficient (D), and mobility (μ) of ions are increased with the concentration of glycerol. High values of dielectric constant and dielectric loss were observed at low frequency region. A correlation was found between the dielectric constant and DC conductivity. The achieved transference number of ions (tion) and electrons (te) for the highest conducting plasticized sample were determined to be 0.989 and 0.011, respectively. The electrochemical stability for the highest conducting sample was 1.94 V, indicated by linear sweep voltammetry (LSV). The cyclic voltammetry (CV) response displayed no redox reaction peaks through its entire potential range. Through the constructing electric double-layer capacitor, the energy storage capacity of the highest conducting sample was investigated. All decisive parameters of the EDLC were determined. At the first cycle, the specific capacitance, internal resistance, energy density, and power density were found to be 130 F/g, 80 Ω, 14.5 Wh/kg, and 1100 W/kg, respectively.
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16
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Characteristics of Glycerolized Chitosan: NH 4NO 3-Based Polymer Electrolyte for Energy Storage Devices with Extremely High Specific Capacitance and Energy Density Over 1000 Cycles. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12112718. [PMID: 33212879 PMCID: PMC7698417 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, plasticized polymer electrolyte films consisting of chitosan, ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) and glycerol for utilization in energy storage devices was presented. Various microscopic, spectroscopic and electrochemical techniques were used to characterize the concerned electrolyte and the electrical double-layer capacitor (EDLC) assembly. The nature of complexation between the polymer electrolyte components was examined via X-ray diffraction analysis. In the morphological study, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) was used to investigate the impact of glycerol as a plasticizer on the morphology of films. The polymer electrolyte (conducting membrane) was found to have a conductivity of 3.21 × 10-3 S/cm. It is indicated that the number density (n), mobility (μ) and diffusion coefficient (D) of ions are increased with the glycerol amount. The mechanism of charge storing was clarified, which implies a non-Faradaic process. The voltage window of the polymer electrolyte is 2.32 V. It was proved that the ion is responsible for charge-carrying via measuring the transference number (TNM). It was also determined that the internal resistance of the EDLC assembly lay between 39 and 50 Ω. The parameters associated with the EDLC assembly are of great importance and the specific capacitance (Cspe) was determined to be almost constant over 1 to 1000 cycles with an average of 124 F/g. Other decisive parameters were found: energy density (18 Wh/kg) and power density (2700 W/kg).
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17
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R. Murad A, Iraqi A, Aziz SB, N. Abdullah S, Brza MA. Conducting Polymers for Optoelectronic Devices and Organic Solar Cells: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2627. [PMID: 33182241 PMCID: PMC7695322 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review paper, we present a comprehensive summary of the different organic solar cell (OSC) families. Pure and doped conjugated polymers are described. The band structure, electronic properties, and charge separation process in conjugated polymers are briefly described. Various techniques for the preparation of conjugated polymers are presented in detail. The applications of conductive polymers for organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs), organic field effect transistors (OFETs), and organic photovoltaics (OPVs) are explained thoroughly. The architecture of organic polymer solar cells including single layer, bilayer planar heterojunction, and bulk heterojunction (BHJ) are described. Moreover, designing conjugated polymers for photovoltaic applications and optimizations of highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO)-lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy levels are discussed. Principles of bulk heterojunction polymer solar cells are addressed. Finally, strategies for band gap tuning and characteristics of solar cell are presented. In this article, several processing parameters such as the choice of solvent(s) for spin casting film, thermal and solvent annealing, solvent additive, and blend composition that affect the nano-morphology of the photoactive layer are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ary R. Murad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK;
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Medical and Applied Sciences, Charmo University, Chamchamal, Sulaimani 46023, Iraq
| | - Ahmed Iraqi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK;
| | - Shujahadeen B. Aziz
- Hameed Majid Advanced Polymeric Materials Research Lab., Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Qlyasan Street, Sulaimani 46001, Iraq
- Department of Civil engineering, College of Engineering, Komar University of Science and Technology, Sulaimani 46001, Iraq
| | - Sozan N. Abdullah
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Qlyasan Street, Kurdistan Regional Government, Sulaimani 46001, Iraq;
| | - Mohamad A. Brza
- Department of Manufacturing and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, International Islamic University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Gombak 53100, Malaysia;
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