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Vidakis N, Petousis M, Mountakis N, Papadakis V, Moutsopoulou A. Mechanical strength predictability of full factorial, Taguchi, and Box Behnken designs: Optimization of thermal settings and Cellulose Nanofibers content in PA12 for MEX AM. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2023; 142:105846. [PMID: 37084490 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.105846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
Optimization of reinforced nanocomposites for MEX 3D-printing remain strong industrial claims. Herein, the efficacy of three modeling methods, i.e., full factorial (FFD), Taguchi (TD), and Box-Behnken (BBD), on the performance of MEX 3D printed nanocomposites was investigated, aiming to reduce the experimental effort. Filaments of medical-grade Polyamide 12 (PA12) reinforced with Cellulose NanoFibers (CNF) were evolved. Besides the CNF loading, 3D printing settings such as Nozzle (NT) and Bed (BΤ) Temperatures were optimization goals aiming to maximize the mechanical response. Three parameters and three levels of FFD were compliant with the ASTM-D638 standard (27 runs, five repetitions). An L9 orthogonal TD and a 15 runs BBD were compiled. In FFD, wt.3%CNF, 270 °C NT, and 80 °C BΤ led to 24% higher tensile strength compared to pure PA12. TGA, RAMAN, and SEM analyses interpreted the reinforcement mechanisms. TD and BBD exhibited fair approximations, requiring 7.4% and 11.8% of the FFD experimental effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nectarios Vidakis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Heraklion, 71410, Greece.
| | - Markos Petousis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Heraklion, 71410, Greece.
| | - Nikolaos Mountakis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Heraklion, 71410, Greece.
| | - Vassilis Papadakis
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, N. Plastira 100, GR-70013, Heraklion, Greece.
| | - Amalia Moutsopoulou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Heraklion, 71410, Greece.
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He Q, Yang W, Wang J, Ren F, Wang D, Li F, Shi Z. Direct In-Mold Impregnation of Glass Fiber Fabric by Polypropylene with Supercritical Nitrogen in Microcellular Injection Molding Process. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15040875. [PMID: 36850159 PMCID: PMC9960510 DOI: 10.3390/polym15040875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Combining microcellular injection molding and insert injection molding, an injection molding technique for glass fiber fabric (GFF) reinforced polypropylene (PP) composite foams was proposed. The GFF was directly set in the mold cavity, and then the PP with supercritical nitrogen (SCN) was injected into the cavity for in-mold impregnation. The impregnation effects of two types of GFFs (EWR300 and EWR600) by the PP/SCF solutions at different injection temperatures (230, 240, and 250 °C) were investigated. The results of the morphological and tensile properties of the samples showed that the interfacial bonding was not good, because of the heterogeneity between the GFF and PP. In comparison with solid PP, the unfoamed GFF/PP did not present a higher tensile strength and presented a lower specific tensile strength. However, the increased tensile strength of the GFF/PP composite foams indicated an improvement in the impregnation effect and interfacial bonding. The SCN decreased the viscosity, which benefited the direct in-mold impregnation of the GFF. Increasing the temperature can improve the interfacial bonding, but it also influenced the foaming and thus led to a decrease in the tensile strength. According to the temperature distribution, the samples from different positions in the mold cavity had different properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qichao He
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Weimin Yang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jian Wang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +86-10-64434734
| | - Feng Ren
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Da Wang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Fuhai Li
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhonghe Shi
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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Ma Y, Xu Y, Dang K, Fu N, Jiao X, Xie P, Yang W. Study on the evaluation and compensating strategy for the wear damage of non‐return valve during injection molding process. POLYM ENG SCI 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.26246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yitao Ma
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Yuxuan Xu
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Kaifang Dang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Nanhong Fu
- Technology Department of Haitian Plastics Machinery Group Co., Ltd. Ningbo China
| | - Xiaolong Jiao
- Technology Department of Haitian Plastics Machinery Group Co., Ltd. Ningbo China
| | - Pengcheng Xie
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Artificial Intelligence Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic‐Inorganic Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Weimin Yang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic‐Inorganic Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
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Ma Y, Xie J, Li Z, Liu G, Yang W, Xie P. Lightweight, low temperature fatigue resistant, and low dielectric microcellular polyetheretherketone foams fabricated by microcellular injection molding. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yitao Ma
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Jinzhao Xie
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongjie Li
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Gonghan Liu
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Weimin Yang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic‐Inorganic Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Pengcheng Xie
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic‐Inorganic Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing People's Republic of China
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Artificial Intelligence Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing People's Republic of China
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Liu Y, Zhao X, Hua W, Yu T, Zhao D, Jin Y, Zhu T. Effects of process conditions on tensile strength and crystallinity of polymeric parts fabricated using ultrasonic
vibration‐assisted
injection molding. POLYM ENG SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- School of Mechanical Engineering Dalian University of Technology Dalian Liaoning China
| | - Xueli Zhao
- School of Mechanical Engineering Dalian University of Technology Dalian Liaoning China
| | - Weijian Hua
- Mechanical Engineering Department University of Nevada Reno Reno Nevada USA
| | - Tongmin Yu
- School of Mechanical Engineering Dalian University of Technology Dalian Liaoning China
| | - Danyang Zhao
- School of Mechanical Engineering Dalian University of Technology Dalian Liaoning China
| | - Yifei Jin
- Mechanical Engineering Department University of Nevada Reno Reno Nevada USA
| | - Tieli Zhu
- School of Mechanical Engineering Dalian University of Technology Dalian Liaoning China
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Li S, Jiang S, Gong S, Ma S, Yang H, Pan K, Deng J. Preparation Methods, Performance Improvement Strategies, and Typical Applications of Polyamide Foams. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c03715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Skorupska M, Kulczyk M, Przybysz S, Skiba J, Mizeracki J, Ryszkowska J. Mechanical Reinforcement of Polyamide 6 by Cold Hydrostatic Extrusion. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:6045. [PMID: 34683632 PMCID: PMC8537147 DOI: 10.3390/ma14206045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the effect of severe plastic deformation obtained using the cold hydrostatic extrusion (HE) method on the mechanical and structural properties of polyamide 6 (PA6). As a result of the plastic strain, a significant increase in ultimate tensile strength and tensile modulus were observed. Tensile strength rose by almost 500%, up to the level of 508 MPa, whereas the tensile modulus rose by about 65%. Flexural modulus increase was also observed to 3230 MPa, i.e., by approx. 160%. As a result of high plastic deformation, the structure of the polyamide 6 changed significantly, as evidenced by its fibrous nature as presented in the results of the scanning electron microscopy inspection (SEM). The surface quality of products investigated was tested using profilometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Skorupska
- Institute of High Pressure Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences (Unipress), Sokołowska 29/37, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland; (M.K.); (S.P.); (J.S.); (J.M.)
| | - Mariusz Kulczyk
- Institute of High Pressure Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences (Unipress), Sokołowska 29/37, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland; (M.K.); (S.P.); (J.S.); (J.M.)
| | - Sylwia Przybysz
- Institute of High Pressure Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences (Unipress), Sokołowska 29/37, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland; (M.K.); (S.P.); (J.S.); (J.M.)
| | - Jacek Skiba
- Institute of High Pressure Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences (Unipress), Sokołowska 29/37, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland; (M.K.); (S.P.); (J.S.); (J.M.)
| | - Jan Mizeracki
- Institute of High Pressure Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences (Unipress), Sokołowska 29/37, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland; (M.K.); (S.P.); (J.S.); (J.M.)
| | - Joanna Ryszkowska
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, ul. Wołoska 141, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland;
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High-Performance of a Thick-Walled Polyamide Composite Produced by Microcellular Injection Molding. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14154199. [PMID: 34361391 PMCID: PMC8348799 DOI: 10.3390/ma14154199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Lightweight moldings obtained by microcellular injection molding (MIM) are of great significance for saving materials and reducing energy consumption. For thick-walled parts, the standard injection molding process brings some defects, including a sink mark, warpage, and high shrinkage. Polyamide 66 (PA66)/glass fiber (GF) thick-walled moldings were prepared by MuCell® technology. The influences of moldings thickness (6 and 8.4 mm) and applied nitrogen pressure (16 and 20 MPa) on the morphology and mechanical properties were studied. Finally, the microcellular structure with a small cell diameter of about 30 μm was confirmed. Despite a significant time reduction of the holding phase (to 0.3 s), high-performance PA66 GF30 foamed moldings without sink marks and warpage were obtained. The excellent strength properties and favorable impact resistance while reducing the weight of thick-walled moldings were achieved. The main reason for the good results of polyamide composite was the orientation of the fibers in the flow direction and the large number of small nitrogen cells in the core and transition zone. The structure gradient was analysed and confirmed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images, X-ray micro computed tomography (micro CT) and finite element method (FEM) simulation.
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